Random

Miriam Balogh,

repeat
Harold A.

24-hour
Kahn2 and Jack

dietary
H. Medalie3

recalls

The dietary

present state of the art of collecting data on individuals for epidemiologic

purposes has been well summarized by Mojonnier and Hall (1) who report that direct measurement of food intake is feasible only

for small
the subject

groups;
to

that
change

food

diaries
his normal

may

cause
eating

lschemic Heart Disease Project in 1963 (3). Ceramic food models in three sizes were used for foods, the smallest size was counted as a standard unit, the medium size was equivalent to two units and the large size to three units. Other food models made use of natural products in three sizes (nuts, olives, candy, seeds, chocolate, et
cetera). Similarly were also displayed easier for cups, in glasses, different plates, sizes and spoons to make it

habits; that general problems of memory;

histories are subject and that although

to 24-

used
ect

for
(4)

hr recall histories may be more objective than general histories, they suffer because only 1 day is measured. Against this background the present paper investigates the results obtained in repeating a 24-hr recall interview on
several random dates.

the subjects. A food table based on that the Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease Projwas used in conjunction with multipliers

Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org by guest on November 7, 2013

Objective

We wanted
dietary recall

to learn
as a tool

more
for

about
estimating

the 24-hr
dietary in rewere

intake,
the
lation

with particular
to the

attention

to the size of

error

in measuring number

average intake of days that data

collected.
the repeat

In addition,
24-hr recall

we wanted
with the

to compare history of

usual
Method

dietary

intake.

One hundred volunteers were selected from the male civil service employees who were taking part in the Israel Ischemic Heart Disease Project (2) and attending the Jerusalem Clinic for their third medical examination early in 1968. For ease in
study

representing the number of standard portions of each food reported. Unusual foods or special recipes were hand calculated by the nutritionist into basic nutrients and these were then punched for addition to the nutrients derived from the report of standard foods. Nutrients were calculated the same way for both the dietary history of usual intake and the monthly 24-hr recall histories now to be described. On a randomly chosen day in each calendar month, the nutritionist asked for appointments with several volunteers in a particular office. In the arrangements for interviews we were assisted by a contact man in each location. Subjects were asked to come at an agreed time to the interview room where the food models were on display. The interview proceeded through a recollection of the activities of the previous day with a stop for details at each eating period. After this questioning, the nutritionist repeated to the subject the menu for the whole day and cross-checked him with questions like: Didnt you eat any fruit yesterday? Didnt you have any eggs at all? If they were in the office, subjects were questioned each month (except August) during the year beginning March 1968. Every effort was made to interview the subjects on the same day conIsrael Ischemic Heart Disease Study, P.O.B. 2631, Jerusalem, Israel. Heart and Lung Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Department of Family Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. The study began with randomized dates assigned to each participant but because of special office conditions it was not practical to continue with random assignments. The actual dates selected for contact in any one office represented a com-

operations

subjects

were

limited

to those

in

one of the three following offices: Finance, the Customs Office, and Knesset (Israeli Parliament). Men
are principally They were told clerical the

the Ministry of workers in the in these offices

workers. study and

and administrative objectives of the

that, if included, we would contact them on a random day once a month to inquire in detail what they had eaten on the preceding day. We specifically discouraged those who felt unwilling or unable to keep up this schedule for a full year. The persons who consented to take part were immediately questioned about their usual food intake. The questionnaire used was the same short questionnaire that was designed for the Israeli 304 The American
Journal of Clinical

plex interaction

of all relevant

facts

regarding

the

three offices (e.g., subjects might be interviewed in one office because the interview room in another office was unavailable that day). To the best of
our able knowledge, interview dates by the subjects themselves. were not predict-

Nutrition

24:

MARCH

1971, pp. 304-310.

Printed

in U.S.A.

RANDOM

REPEAT

DIETARY

RECALLS

305

TABLE
Number number
Number

1
of subjects providing specified of 24-hr dietary histories
o f reports (or more) Number of subjects

2 3 4

90 87 84

5 6
7

84 79
73 71

8 9 10 11 (exactly)

take for specific days for an individual in an attempt to obtain data that are representative of the annual dietary intake for that individual. As knowledge accumulates and questions become more precise, randomization so as to permit generalization to the population sampled will become essential. All calculations of sampling error in this paper should be interpreted as applicable to populations with parameters similar to our volunteer group and are offered solely for rough guidance in planning studies aimed at more specific measurements. In the simplest terms, we think the use of volunteers is justified in getting started.

50 28 12

Results Table
with 24-hr

1 presents
dietary

the

number The

of persons
covering 2

histories

tacted; if this was impossible, no substitute day was chosen. Therefore, no report on the subjects intake for that month was taken. The study covers working days during all seasons of the year, including days of slight indisposition when subjects complained of having a common cold, indigestion, or were not feeling too well. For each subject an attempt was made to include two interviews falling on a Sunday or after holidays so as to comprise food eaten on the Sabbath or on a holiday. A comment on the use of volunteers may be helpful. If we were trying to estimate the diet of Israeli male civil service workers, we would not have chosen volunteers, but would have tried to select at random members of that population. But our objective is different. We want to learn something about how people vary in day-to-day nutrient consumption and about the relation between what they report eating usually and the average of what they report eating on several specific days. Our efforts in this study are not directed toward measuring individuals representative of other persons in the population but to measuring dietary in-

months,

3 months,

et cetera.

10 persons

who dropped ing at least cluded. We

interview

for

only

out of the study before providtwo 24-hr recall reports are exwere successful in obtaining an in each of the 11 months contacted 12 people. For 71 persons we were

able to obtain 8 or more months though we regret not being able more complete coverage, we are
satisfied in the light be of our

data. Alto report generally

whenever unable or same day, were made
with re-

rule that
and
was

a subject
unwilling no further

was
to
efforts 2

contacted
interviewed to interview

that

until
spect

the following
presents

calendar
the

him month.
data

Table

basic

to how

within
largest
variable

variable the 24-hr reports individuals. Because those with

intakes as the also coefficient tend
in

are the

reported presented

to be more

day-to-day

consumption,
of

the data
variation

are

TABLE after
Number

2
variation: median values of the coefficient of variation within individuals (S/)

Intraindividual

specified
of

number
Total

of 24-hr

dietary

reports
Vegetable protein Total fat

Number subjects

calories

Total carbo hydrate

Starch

Sugar

Animal protein

Oleic acid

Linoleic acid

Cholesterol

2 3 4 5 6 7
8

90 87 84 84 79 73
71

9 10 11

50 28 12

0.13 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.22

0.16 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.21 0.23 0.21 0.22 0.20

0.25 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29

0.27 0.29 0.33 0.34 0.32

0.29
0.28 0.27 0.28 0.27

0.29
0.31

0.30
0.32 0.33

0.29 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.38 0.43

0.17 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.24 0.20

0.25 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.33

0.24 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.30 0.30 030

0.24 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.33 0.33 0.36

0.35

0.40
0.44 0.45 0.44 0.48 0.45

0.35 0.38
0.42

0.50
0.51 0.50

0.42 0.42 0.45 0.45 0.51 0.49

0.46

306

BALOGH

ET

AL.

the standard deviation among for an individual to the average of the daily reports for that individual). Thus, a value of 0.20 signifies a standard deviation (within an individual) that is one-fifth as large as the mean value for that individual. The data in Table 2 are the median values for the entire group under study and show the first 2 months data for those with two or more reports, the first 3 months data for those with

(the

ratio

of

daily

reports

other findings in particular subjects

our we

study, relates to the have studied and may

or may not have wider it would seem desirable,

application. However, before placing much

reliance on 24-hr dietary data derived entirely within a few months period, to investigate seasonal variation to determine if it is in fact negligible. Because of these findings, the remainder of this paper will relate only to those 71 individuals for whom we have 8

three

or more

reports,

et cetera.

Only

trivial

changes would result if Table 2 were to be restricted to just those subjects for whom eight or more reports are available. Table 2

indicates

a tendency

for larger

values

of the

coefficient of variation to be associated with additional months of data collection. This means that for most nutrients two or three monthly reports fairly close together do not reflect as much variation within the diet as will be observed if additional months of data are collected. Probably this reflects both seasonal variation, which will be missed if the data are collected within the span of only a few months, and also the effect of increasing sample size in reducing the estimation bias for the coefficient of variation. Starch seems to be least affected by a short period of data collection and our estimate of the median coefficient of variation for starch within individuals was subsequently little changed from that derived from only three months data. On the other hand total fat, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and cholesterol seem to reflect

or more months of data collection. We have chosen 8 months because of the sharp drop in number of individuals (only 50) for whom we have 9 or more months data, but we do so with full appreciation that our estimates for total fat, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and
cholesterol may be somewhat biased. Table 3 is based on the 8 to 11 recalls available for the 71 subjects for whom we have 8 or more months data. It shows both the median and 90th percentile value of the coefficient of variation within individuals for each dietary element in our study. Except perhaps for total fat, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and cholesterol, the coefficients of variation are all reasonable estimates of variability for these items in our population. Given this degree of variability the relative standard error of the mean estimated for an individual will, of course, be a function of how many dietary histories are included in the average. The relative standard error of the mean is simply the coefficient of variation divided by the square root of the number of 24-hr reports. For example, assuming that daily reports

greater variability than was evident

over the entire study in the first few months.

period Table

are randomized

throughout

the year

to elimi-

2 suggests that unbiased estimates of most dietary elements are not likely to be derived from data collected for less than about 6 months (in our study data for 6 months covered at least a 7-month calendar period), and for some nutrients almost a whole year

would
TABLE Median

be

required.

Of

course,

this,

as

all

nate or minimize effects of seasonal variation, on the basis of our study population, the number of daily reports needed to estimate an individuals diet with about 0.95 probability of being within 20% of his true value are presented in Table 4. The probability and range of sampling error specified above serve

3 and 90 percentile
Total calories

values
Total carbohydrate

of S
Animal protein Vegetable protein Total fat Oleic acid Linoleic acid Cholesterol

Starch

Sugar

fat

Median 90th percentile Data cover

0.19

0.29
at least

0.22 0.31

0.28 0.48
period

0.33

0.48

0.32 0.52

0.25 0.36

0.28 0.48 eight

0.30

0.46
or more

0.31 0.54 24-hr

0.48 0.66
dietary

0.44
0.67 histories.

a 9-month

for 71 individuals providing

RANDOM

REPEAT

DIETARY

RECALLS

307

simply required
this

to illustrate

the

number

of replicates

TABLE required

at those

levels.

In

order

to reach

Approximate
for

number
20%

of random
accuracy

24-hr

reports
mean

of accuracy for those individuals reporting more varied diets, it becomes necessary to obtain more daily reports. Thus, Table 4 shows the number of replicates needed to achieve the specified accuracy for a) that half of the population with the least varied diets, and b) 90% of the population, omitting only the 10% with the greatest

level

of individual

Nutrient

Approximate number of random reports required for 95% probability that the sample average is within 20% of the true individual mean

For half population

of

For 90% population

of

Total
Total Starch
Sugar Animal

calories
carbohydrate

variation

in day

to day

consumption.

It is

10
23

apparent from spread over the vide inadequate

the table that four reports four seasons of the year proprecision for classifying in-

8
protein 11 11
7

23 27
13 23

dividuals
we have

by nutrient
studied,

intake.
only total for

Of the nutrients
calories, total

carbohydrate,
reasonably cation.

and
practical

vegetable

protein

seem
appli-

Vegetable protein Total fat Saturated fat Oleic acid

Linoleic acid

8 9
10 23

widespread

22 30 44
45

Cholesterol

20

Of course, short cuts are possible and in measuring an individuals diet, each individual is a separate population, so to speak. In order to measure saturated fat intake with about 95% probability of limiting sampling error to 20% of the mean value for 90% of the individuals in a population, it should not be necessary to collect 22 24-hr recall interviews on everyone. As Table 4 shows, nine interviews are adequate for that half of the population eating a less varied diet, and it should be possible to discontinue data collection for such individuals long before obtaining 22 reports. Table 5 contrasts
dietary history in the interview about usual dietary intake that preceded the series of 24-hr recalls. Considering group averages, it is noteworthy that not one of the usual diet averages exceeds the average derived from 24-hr recalls. In the case of starch the averages are equal. For all other nutrients the averages based on 24-hr recalls are slightly larger. The correlation coefficients between nutrients estimated from usual diet history and the same nutrients estimated from an average of 24-hr recalls range from 0.56 for starch to 0.83 for oleic acid with that for total calories about midway between these values at 0.69. Clearly with correlation coefficients in this range we are likely to get substantially different results in epidemiologic studies concerned with classifying individuals if we

were to methods

use dietary as compared

data from with the

one other.

of these Which,

if either, is correct? The simplest and truest answer is that we dont know, but we do think it is almost an axiom that most people
must better usually remember than they eat. what can they ate remember yesterday what they

TABLE 5 Comparison of data from usual diet with the average of eight or more
24-hr dietary reports
Group means1 Average of eight or 24-hr more dietary histories

interview

the results of our 24-hr findings with the data obtained

Item

Usual diet history

Correlation coefficient between usual diet and average of eight or more 24-hr reports

Total calories

2,390 333

2,577 344

0.69
0.61 0.56 0.61

Total carbohydrate, g
Starch, g#{176} Sugar, g Animal protein, g Vegetable protein, g Total fat, g Saturated fat, g Oleic acid, g Linoleic acid, g

190
135 54 41 73 25 26 15

190
145 60 42 84 28 30 18

0.69
0.63 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.70

Cholesterol, Data
of daily

mg
71 subjects. consumption. from cereal, rice,

424
1
C

470 Expressed
exactly More

0.82 in units
carbolegumes.

from

hydrate

potatoes,

and

308

BALOGH

ET

AL.

In order to investigate whether our observed correlations are low simply because the variables have a large component of

independent

variables

(9).

We

were

also

in-

terested might

in avoiding exist for a

whatever day of

special known

effects dietary

measurement

error,

we estimate

the

true

value of the correlation between the variables measured with error according to the following formula rearranged slightly from that given in (5)
=

record as opposed to a nonrecord day. Our data are summarized in the form of coefficients of variation for an individual.

These much

data clearly and simply variation there is within

present how an individual

Unforin the with in the studies

(r*)2

(i

VeX\
-

w)

VeY\
w)

where
r VeX VX
= = = =

observed

correlation

coefficient

true total

correlation variance

coefficient
of X (similarly for Y) of X (similarly for Y)

error variance

in relation to his own mean value. tunately, the authors whose reports literature we wish to use for comparison our findings do not present their data form of coefficients of variation. Two (10, 11) present analysis of variance from which we were able to calculate

tables
pooled

within

person

sum

of squares

and,

in com-

The data are as follows: variance among individuals for average calorie intake, 320,500; average variance of the individuals mean, 32,300; and percentage of variance among individuals represented by the average variance of the individuals mean, 10%. We have no replicated data for the usual diet interview in this study and simply assume its error variance is of the same order

bination with additional data reported on mean values, were able to derive coefficients of variation. One study (12) presented the detailed data for individual subjects and we calculated the coefficients of variation. The comparisons are shown in Table 6. Six of the
seven reasonably values we similar have to the for comparison are

Considering

the range

data in our study. of populations studied,

as that
at 10% culation the true estimated

for the 24-hr

average

and

estimate

it

of the total. Carrying out the calwe obtain 0.77 (instead of 0.69) as correlation between caloric intake from a history of usual intake and

Israeli men, Japanese-American Francisco (10), British cadets

men

in San

caloric intake estimated eight or more 24-hr recall

Discussion

as the average interviews.

of

The need for improved dietary measurement techniques to classify individuals for epidemiologic studies has been frequently stated (1, 6-8, 20). Because replications of a 24-hr dietary recall interview offer some promise as a practical tool for research in this area, we felt it would be valuable to determine how much daily variation exists as a guide to the number of replications needed for estimates with a specified range of sampling error. In particular, we thought it necessary to introduce a random element in the selection of the date of interview to avoid whatever problems might exist because the data are serially correlated, or are otherwise not randomly distributed even though we found one report stating that daily diet data for individuals can be considered as

York State University staff whom were women (11), it is quite surprising to find so much agreement. Of course it may be coincidental and real differences may have been offset by procedural or sampling differences. The one statistic not in agreement with our own is a coefficient of variation of 0.07 for daily caloric intake of the University study (11). The three other measures we have of coefficients of variation for daily caloric intake within individuals are 0.16, 0.19 and

(12), and New almost all of

0.20, outlier

so

the 0.07 value is somewhat of an and so low as to raise a question

is not something to lead to such peculiar uniformity in in

whether there that population

daily caloric intake. Because of the seeming

data tions with those reported

consistency
from

in our
popula-

other

which

it may cover

be satisfactory to use our data, a wider spectrum of nutrients

rough repeat planning 24-hr purposes recall data

than elsewhere, for prior to obtaining in other populations. We were able to literature correlating cated 24-hr recall

locate one report in the the averages of repliinterviews (3 consecutive

RANDOM

REPEAT

DIETARY

RECALLS

309

TABLE Coefficient

6 of variation of daily dietary

This study

intake

within
Hankin

individuals
et al. (10)

(S5/X)
Young et al (ii) Edholm et al. (12)

Nutrient

Median value among those individuals with eight or more daily reports

7-day

food records for 93 men5

28-day for

food records iS adults#{176}

14-day

records 12 cadets1

for

Total calories Total carbohydrate Animal protein

Vegetable protein

0.19
0.22

0.20
0.22

0.07 0 . 22

0.16

Total
Pooled S,/X

fat

0.32 0.25 0.28

0 . 25 0.32 analysis of variance

ated

variance within individuals from directly frcm data reported.

table divided

by average.

Calcu

days)

with

results

obtained

from

an interview

24-hr

reports,

-0.00;

3) based

on average

of

of usual
coefficient

dietary
of 0.67

intake
for

(13).
total

A correlation
(the only

protein

five 24-hr reports, -0.06; and 4) based on average of eight 24-hr reports, +0.00. Similar calculations between serum of the correlation cholesterol and coefficient linoleic acid 0.06 and
-

nutrient comparable was quite similar

obtained mal and
as correlation

to those to the 0.69

coefficients

in our study) and 0.63 we

for ani-

vegetable

protein,

respectively.

intake +0.00
reports, reports,
subjects

results in -0.09, -0.11, for data based on usual diet,

five 24-hr respectively.

two 24-hr

However,

this

report

did not

agree

with

our
to use is in

finding that the 24-hr data averaged higher levels than the usual diet history. A special and potentially very valuable of replicated 24-hr dietary interviews

reports and eight 24-hr On the basis of only 62

these values are subject to substantial sampling error but we do not see any evidence of correlations approaching

studies

in which

particularly
required studies for have

high
individual shown

orders

of

large

values overall

with

increasing is

precision that repeated

of

precision are Epidemiologic

data. that inThis

dietary
Our

measurement.
conclusion

dividual
are
seeming

dietary
poorly
contradiction

data

and

serum

cholesterol
experimental

very

correlated
of strong

(14-16).

24-hr recall histories are valuable aids in the difficult and complex area of classifying individual dietary intakes and should be used
more lations frequently, and for particularly for those poputhose specific nutrients for

association between diet and cholesterol (17, 18) has been explained by Keys (19) principally on the basis of error in measurement of individual diets. Repeated 24-hr recall interviews on random dates offer a tool for controlling the degree of error in individual

which the range of variability is not extreme. When daily variation is extreme, the method of replicated 24-hr recall interview will reveal this situation and point toward the hard fact
that no method short large of extensive numbers of daily sam-

dietary

intake

to a level

sufficient

to demon-

strate whether or not correlation between specific nutrients and serum cholesterol increases to substantial levels with improved precision in dietary estimates for individuals. Looking at our own data from this viewpoint we find that the 62 subjects, for whom we have both eight or more 24-hr dietary recalls and a 1968 serum cholesterol meas-

pling with

is likely respect

to be successful to dietary intake.

in accurately
individuals

categorizing

Summary

urement, show correlation coefficients tween serum cholesterol and saturated intake as follows: 1) based on usual diet
tory, -0.00; 2)
based on average of

befat histwo

Following an initial interview on usual dietary intake, volunteers were contacted on a random day each month and given a 24-hr dietary recall interview. For 71 subjects data were obtained from eight or more monthly
interviews. The variation

within

individuals

310

BALOGH

ET

AL.

is reported trients with The number

obtain

for specific nutrients, and nuseasonal variation are identified. of 24-hr interviews required to

estimates of individual mean values an approximately 20% margin of sampling error is presented for each nutrient. Correlation coefficients are reported

within

dietary method for epidemiologic Development of questionnaire. Am. i. Epidemiol. 87: 285, 1968. 9. CHALMERs, F., M. CLAYTON, L. GATES, R. Tucicna, A. WERTZ, C. YOUNG AND W. FosTER. The dietary record-how many and which days? i. Am. Dietet. Assoc. 28: 711, 1952. 10. HANKIN, J. H., W. E. REYNOLDS AND S. MARA short

studies.

III.

between

the data

obtained

in the interview

of
11.

GEN.

usual intake and the average of eight or more 24-hr recall interviews.. Correlation between serum cholesterol and selected nutrients is presented for dietary

A short dietary method for epidemiologic studies. II. Variability of measured nutrient intakes. Am. i. Clin. Nutr. 20: 935, 1967.
YOUNG, AND

B.

C. M., F.

R. E.
STEELE.

FRANKLIN,

nutrient Assoc. 12.

EDHOLM, DOWSON

data

based
five,

on usual
and eight

diet and also the average

24-hr reports.

of two,
References

fl

intake of young 29: 459, 1953. 0. G., J. 0. FLETCHER, AND R. A. MCCANCE. and food intake

Weekly adults.

W. D. FOSTER variation in I. Am. Dietet. E. M. Winenergy ex-

The

penditure
Brit. I. Nuir.

of individual

men.

1. MoJONNIER, L., AND Y. HALL. The national diet heart study-assessment of dietary adherence. I. Am. Dietet. Assoc. 52: 288, 1968. 2. GROEN, J. J., J. H. MrjuE, H. N. NEUFELD, E. Riss, C. A. BACHRACH, F. W. MOUNT AND H. SMITh. An epidemiologic investigation of

hypertension
a defined

and ischemic

heart

disease

within

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3. BALOGH,

segment of the adult male population Israeli. Med. Sci. 4: 177, 1968. M., J. H. MEDALIE, H. Stnm AND

9: 286, 1955. 13. TRULSON, M. Assessment of dietary study methods. I. Comparison of methods for obtaining data for clinical work. i. Am. Dietet. Assoc. 30: 991, 1954. 14. KANNEL, W., T. DAWBER, W. GLENNON AND M. Thoa. Preliminary report: the determinants and clinical significance of serum cholesterol. Mass. i. Med. Technol. 4: 11, 1962. 15. STULB, S. C., J. R. MCDONOUGH, B. 0. GREENBERG AND C. G. Hs. The relationship of

J. J.

GROEN.

The

development

of

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nutrient intake and exercise to serum cholesterol levels in white males in Evans County, Georgia. Am. I. Clin. Nutr. 16: 238, 1965.
H. A., J. H. MEDALIE, H. N. NEUFELD, E. Riss, M. BALOGH AND J. J. GROEN. Serum cholesterol: its distribution and association with dietary and other variables in a survey of 10,000 men. Israel i. Med. Sci. 5: 1117, 1969. HEOSTED, D. M., R. B. MCGANDY, M. L. MYERS AND F. J. STA.iu. Quantitative effects of dietary fat on serum cholesterol in man. Am. i. Clin. Nutr. 17: 281, 1965. KEYS, A., D R. W. PARLIN. Serum cholesterol response to changes in dietary lipids. Am. i. Clin. Nutr. 19: 175, 1966. KEYS, A. Dietary survey methods in studies on cardiovascular disease epidemiology. Voeding 26: 464, 1965. WIERL, D. 0., AND R. RERD. Development of new or improved dietary methods for epidemiologic investigations. Am. I. Public Health 50: 824, 1960.
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6.
BECKER,

Statistics.
AND

New 18.

B.,

B.

INDIX

A.

BEEUWKES.

Dietary

OffIce igan, 1960.

7.
HANKIN,

Methodologies. Res. Admin., Ann Arbor:

J. H.,
ANI)

Intake

A Review. Univ. of Mich19.

R.

HUENEMANN.

A short
I.

dietary method for epidemiologic studies. Developing standard methods for interpreting
7-day
Assoc.
8.
HANKIN,

20.

measured 50: 487,

J., R.

food
1967.
STALLONES

records.
AND

I. H.

Am.

Dietet.

MESSINGER.