1.About how large is the average human heart? What is the average heart rate for an adult?

A Healthy adult heart is about the size of an adult fist. The Average heart rate for an adult is 60 to a 100 beats per minute (BP !. 2.How many chambers make up the human heart? Name these chambers. The Heart is made up of " #hambers and they are$ %eft atria& right atria& left ventri#le right ventri#le. .What are the four valves in the heart? What is the importance of properly functioning heart valves? The four valves in the heart are the& mitral valve& tri#uspid valve& aorti# valve& pulmonary valve and their fun#tion is to ensure the blood flo's only in one dire#tion. The mitral valve and tri#uspid valve& #ontrol blood flo' from the atria to the ventri#les. The aorti# valve and pulmonary valve& #ontrol blood flo' out of the ventri#les. !.What large veins are directly responsible for returning blood to the heart? What parts of the body is each responsible for? The superior and inferior vena #avae are responsible for returning blood to the heart. The superior #arries o(ygen)poor blood from the upper body& any'here from the arms up& and the inferior is responsible for the lo'er parts of the body. ".#ifferentiate between the left $ right sides of the human heart. What type of blood does each side carry? Where is the blood going? Which is responsible for supplying o%ygenated blood to the heart? The left side of the heart #arries o(ygen)ri#h blood from the lungs through the pulmonary arteries and then to the body& 'hile the right side of the heart #arries o(ygen)poor blood from the body. &.Arteries $ veins make up a network of vessels that allow blood to circulate the human body. How are these vessels similar? How are they different? Both arteries and veins are vital for the pro#ess of moving o(ygen throughout the body. They differ in 'hi#h dire#tion they pump blood. '.What causes a heart attack? A heart atta#* is #aused 'hen o(ygen)ri#h blood is blo#*ed and #annot get through to the heart. (.What are ma)or* unchangeable risk factors for heart disease? What risk factors are under your control? The ris* fa#tors 'e #an+t #ontrol are age& genes& and pree#lampsia. ,ome of the things 'hi#h are 'ithin #ontrol are smo*ing& blood pressure& #holesterol& 'eight& diet& glu#ose and physi#al a#tivity. +.What are the ma)or warning signs of a heart attack? How do these signs often differ from what you may see in the movies or on television?

Heart atta#* symptoms in#lude-.hest pain or dis#omfort& un#omfortable pressure& s/ueezing& fullness& or pain in the #enter or left side of the #hest. dis#omfort in one or both arms& the ba#*& ne#*& 0a'& or upper part of the stoma#h. ,hortness of breath& 'hi#h may o##ur 'ith or before #hest dis#omfort. 1ausea& vomiting& feeling light)headed or sudden dizziness& or brea*ing out in a #old s'eat. ,ymptoms also may in#lude insomnia and fatigue. 1,.What are the -key. heart attack tests given on the website? /n your own words* e%plain what each one is. The 2ey heart atta#* tests 'hi#h 'ere given are 324& Blood tests (.2 or .2 ) B& ,erum myoglobin! and #oronary angiography. 324 (ele#tro#ardiogram! is a pro#edure that re#ords ele#tri# a#tivity. The test sho's the BP & rhythm (steady or irregular!&strength and timing of ele#tri#al signals. 11.How does aspirin affect the risk of a heart attack? /s aspirin beneficial for everyone? What side0 effects are possible with aspirin therapy? Aspirin redu#es the ris* of heart atta#* and blood #lots forming by thinning the blood& Although aspirin is not benefi#ial for everyone& side)effe#ts may lead to a hemorrhagi# stro*e& gastrointestinal bleeding and ul#ers. 12./n your own words* discuss the five strategies outlined on the website to prevent heart disease listed. How do each of these strategies reduce the risk of heart disease? The five strategies are$ don+t use toba##o& e(er#ise& eat a healthy diet& maintain a healthy 'eight& and get regular health s#reenings. 5sing toba##o produ#ts may lead to atheros#lerosis. 3(er#ise #an redu#e high blood pressure& high #holesterol& diabetes and stress. A heart)healthy diet 'ill prote#t your heart and also help maintain 'eight. 3ating a healthy diet 'ill help #ontrol B 6 and lastly& regular s#reenings #an tell you 'hat your numbers are (#holesterol& blood)pressure& and sugar levels!. 1 .1elect four of the eight nutrition strategies from the -Nutrition. website. 1ummari2e the selected strategies and e%plain how you can implement them into your daily life. 1!.ontrol portion sizes. 7! 3at more fruits and vegetables. 8! ,ele#t 'hole grains. "! %imit unhealthy fats and #holesterol. .ontrolling your portion sizes 'ill ensure that the body is not overloaded 'ith #alories& #holesterol& and fat. 3ating more fruits and vegetables 'ill supply the body 'ith vitamins& minerals and redu#e the ris* of #ardiovas#ular disease. 3ating 'hole grains #an help regulate blood)pressure and heart)health. %imiting fats and high #holesterol foods #an redu#e of #oronary artery disease. As abnormal as this may sound& 6 implement these strategies intuitively. 6 naturally en0oy healthy foods and en0oy vegetables. 1!.3ist one of your favorite meals to prepare at home. 4ased on the heart0healthy nutrition recommendations* how can you make this meal healthier? 9ne of my favorite meals to ma*e is Ali#e #hi#*en 'ith bro'n ri#e& although 6 rarely ever ma*e this meal. A##ording to the suggestions 6 #ould use oil instead of butter& su#h as olive oil or #anola oil.

1".What is diabetes? /s diabetes life threatening? How many people in the 5nited 1tates have this condition? 6an this disease be cured? :iabetes is a disorder of metabolism and this disease #annot be #ured& only treated. An estimated ;.<= of the 5., population have diabetes. 1&.What are the symptoms for diabetes? Are there differences in symptoms between 7ype 1 and 7ype 2 diabetes? How does management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes differ? ,ymptoms for diabetes are
Excessive thirst and appetite Increased urination Unusual weight loss or gain Fatigue Nausea, perhaps vomiting Blurred vision Dry mouth Slow-healing sores or cuts

6n diabetes& the immune system atta#*s and destroys the insulin)produ#ing beta #ells in the pan#reas and in type 7 diabetes the insulin may be normally produ#ed but the body 'on+t use it effe#tively for an un*no'n reason. 1'.What is gestational diabetes? /s it common? /s it a permanent condition? About 8= to <= of 'omen develop gestational diabetes late in pregnan#y and usually disappears but may still lead to type 7 diabetes. 6t is not permanent if some preventive measures are ta*en. 1(.What is prediabetes? How is this condition diagnosed? What can be done to prevent prediabetes from progressing to diabetes? People 'ith prediabetes have blood glu#ose levels that are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. This #ondition raises the ris* of developing type 7 diabetes& heart disease& and stro*e. losing > to ; per#ent of body fat through diet and in#reased physi#al a#tivity #an lo'er the ris* of developing diabetes by 60 per#ent. 1+.What was your diabetes risk? Were you surprised? What can you do to decrease your risk level or keep your risk level low? y diabetes ris* level 'as 1& and no 6 am not surprised& 6f 6 maintain my routine 6 'ill probably stay at a lo' ris* level. 2,.What is cancer? How do cancer cells differ from normal cells? How many men are predicted to get some type of cancer in their lifetimes? How many women?

There are many *inds of #an#er& but all #an#ers start be#ause of abnormal #ell gro'th. Half of all men and one)third of all 'omen in the 5, 'ill develop #an#er during their lifetimes. 21.How does cancer start? What does the term metastasis mean? /s it usually easy to determine the cause of cancer? .an#er starts 'hen #ells in a part of the body start to gro' out of #ontrol and 6nstead of dying& #an#er #ells #ontinue to gro' and form ne'& abnormal #ells. .an#er #ells #an also invade other tissues. The term etastasis means the pro#ess of #an#er spreading. 22.What are some general signs of cancer given by the website? /n your own words* e%plain what makes these symptoms a concern.
ancer is a group o! diseases that can cause almost any sign or symptom" #he signs and symptoms will depend on where the cancer is, how $ig it is, and how much it a!!ects the organs or tissues" I! a cancer has spread %metastasized&, signs or symptoms may appear in di!!erent parts o! the $ody" 6 find this #on#erning be#ause the

symptoms are so vague ma*ing it very hard for the average individual to gauge 'hether or not the person has #an#er until it is too late. 2 .What is a carcinogen? 8ive some e%amples of known carcinogens. #o all carcinogens cause cancer all the time? 8ive an e%ample. A #ar#inogen is a #ell 'hi#h had #hanges made to the :1A& some e(amples of #ar#inogens in#lude pollution& 'or*pla#e e(posure(dust?metals! and medi#al treatment(#hemotherapy!. 1ot all #ar#inogens #ause #an#er all the time& e(posure& intensity and other fa#tors de#ide 'hether or not a #ell be#omes #an#erous. 2!.Where is the prostate located and what is its function? Are all cases of an enlarged prostate the result of cancer? The prostate is a gland in the male reprodu#tive system lo#ated 0ust belo' the bladder and in front of the re#tum. The fun#tion of the prostate gland is to produ#e fluid that ma*es up part of semen. 1ot all #ases of an enlarged prostate are due to #an#er& although surgery may be need it is not ne#essarily #an#er. 2".How common is prostate cancer? What are the four primary risk factors for prostate cancer? Prostate #an#er is the most #ommon non)s*in #an#er among men in the 5nited ,tates. ,ome ris* fa#tors that ma*e someone prone to prostate #an#er are being >0 years of age or older& being bla#*& having a brother& son& or father 'ho had prostate #an#er. 3ating a diet high in fat or drin*ing al#oholi# beverages. 2&.What are the two most common tests used to detect prostate cancer? 9%plain each in your own words. What are the risks associated with prostate cancer screening? 9ne method 'ould be a digital re#tum e(am and the other is a prostate)spe#ifi# antigen test. ,ome ris*s of s#reening in#lude& false)negative test results and false)positive test results. Also a biopsy of the prostate may result in #ompli#ations& these may in#lude fever& pain& blood in the urine or semen& and urinary tra#t infe#tion. 3ven if a biopsy sho's that a patient does not have prostate #an#er& he may 'orry more about developing prostate #an#er later in the future.

2'.What factors affect prognosis and treatment options? The prognosis (#han#e of re#overy! and treatment options depend on the follo'ing The stage of the #an#er ('hether it affe#ts part of the prostate& involves the 'hole prostate& or has spread to other pla#es in the body!. The patient@s age and health. Ahether the #an#er has 0ust been diagnosed or has re#urred (#ome ba#*!. Prognosis also depends on the 4leason s#ore and the level of P,A. 2(. /n your own words* describe the four -standard. treatments for prostate cancer? What are the risks associated with each? 6n stage 6& #an#er is found by needle biopsy or in a small amount of tissue during surgery usually for other reasons (su#h as benign prostati# hyperplasia!. The P,A level is lo'er than 10 and the 4leason s#ore is 6 or lo'er$ it 'ould ma*e it diffi#ult to dete#t during a digital re#tal e(am. 6n stage 66& #an#er is more advan#ed than in stage 6& but has not spread outside the prostate. ,tage 66 is divided into stage 66A and stage 66B. stage 66A #an#er is found similarly to stage 6 (by needle biopsy! often during surgery for other reasons. 6n this #ase the The P,A level is at least 10 but lo'er than 70 and the 4leason s#ore is ;$ or is found in one)half or less of one lobe of the prostate. ,tage 66B #an#er is found in opposite sides of the prostate. The P,A #an be any level and the 4leason s#ore #an range from 7 to 10$ or #annot be felt during a digital re#tal e(am and is not visible by imaging& and the tumor has not spread outside the prostate. 6n stage 666& #an#er has metastasized beyond the outer layer of the prostate and may have spread to the seminal vesi#les. The P,A #an be any level and the 4leason s#ore #an range from 7 to 10. ,tage 6B is similar to 666 but the .an#er has spread to nearby lymph nodes$ or has spread to distant parts of the body& 'hi#h may in#lude lymph nodes or bones& 'hi#h prostate #an#er often does.