Cellplan 2 PDF

11.
CELL PLANNING FOR CME 20

Contents
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 The hexagon cell shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 The Cell planning process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Traffic calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Nominal cell plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Coverage and interference predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 System installation and tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 System growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
CME 20 System Survey
Preface Introduction to GSM Subscriber services System overview Digital radio transmission problems and solutions Mobile Station Digital radio air interface
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Identity numbers Switching System Base Station System Traffic cases Cell planning for CME 20 Operation and Support System Charging and accounting
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Terms and concepts Index Next page Previous page
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Objectives
After this chapter the student will:
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be acquainted with the basic cell planning concept be able to describe the cell planning process for CME 20 be able to understand the problems encountered during the cell planning process
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Introduction
Every cellular network needs cell planning, in order to ensure coverage and avoid interference. As can be seen in Figure 100, the cell planning process consists of many different tasks, all together making it possible to achieve a well working network.
Denitions
Some denitions are important to understand, before going deeper into the cell planning process: Radio coverage Received signal strength in the MS (from the BTS) above a chosen value. Cell The area that is covered from a BTS. Omni cell A cell with an omnidirectional BTS antenna system. Sector cell A cell with a (uni-) directional BTS antenna system. Site The geographical location where the RBS equipment is stored, and the BTS antennas are mounted. 3sectorsite A site with equipment for three sector cells. So what is the maximum size of a cell? Well, there are limiting factors for how big an area a base station can cover. A crucial factor is the ability for the sent burst from the MS to arrive in the intended time slot at the base station. This depends on the relation between how far away the MS is, and the timing advance parameter. With 8 time slots per carrier a maximum distance between the base station and the cell border is 35 km. 4 time slots per carrier extends the allowed distance to 72 km.
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The hexagon cell shape

If we have two BTSs with omniantennas and we require that the border between the coverage area of each BTS is the set of points where the signal strength from both BTSs is the same, we obtain a straight line. If we repeat the procedure placing 5 more BTSs around the original one, the obtained coverage area, i.e. the cell, has a hexagonal shape, see Figure 99.
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Figure 99
Borders between omni cells
Base Station System Traffic cases Cell planning for CME 20 Operation and Support System Charging and accounting
The hexagons have become a symbol for cells in a radio network. Realworld planning must, however, consider the fact that radio propagation is very much dependent on terrain and other factors, and that hexagons are extremely simplied models of radio coverage patterns. Still, the rst geometrical plan based on hexagons (the nominal cell plan) gives a good view when planning a system.
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The Cell planning process
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System growth System Requirements
System tuning
Nominal cell plan
System installation
Coverage and interference predictions
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Identity numbers Switching System Base Station System
System Design
Surveys
Traffic cases Cell planning for CME 20
The cellplanning work never ends
Operation and Support System Charging and accounting
Figure 100 Cell planning Process
System Requirements
The cell planning process will start with some sort of trafc and coverage analysis, for example by the operator, showing that a cellular network (in our case, a CME 20 system) is needed. The analysis should also produce information about the geographical area of interest, and the expected capacity (trafc load.)
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Collection of input data

The next task, after the analysis has been made, is to start collecting input data. The trafc demand - that is, how many subscribers will join the system and how much trafc will they generate - will provide the basis for all the cellular network engineering. Examples of important input data are: Cost Capacity Coverage Grade Of Service (GOS) Available frequencies Speech quality System growth capability Geographical distribution of trafc demand can be calculated by the use of demographical data, such as: Population distribution Car usage distribution Income level distribution Land usage data Telephone usage statistics Other factors, like subscription/call charge and price of mobile stations
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Trafc calculations
The input for the trafc calculations is mentioned above. The output should be information about how many sites and cells are needed. In order to be able to decide this, the available number of frequencies per cell, as well as the Grade Of Service (GOS), have to be known. Available number of frequencies per cell can only be decided when knowing which cell pattern should be used; (see Figure 104 and Figure 105). Then, the total number of available frequencies are evenly divided into frequency groups.
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Which cell pattern to choose depends on the type of system, as it is based upon frequency reuse distance. This will be explained below (see Frequency reuse). GOS is defined as allowed percentage of unsuccessful call setups due to congestion. Normally, a value between 2% and 5% is applicable in mobile telephone systems. The Erlang table can be seen in Figure 101. It is used when wanting to nd out the third factor, when knowing two of the three factors: number of trafc channels, trafc (in Erlang) and GOS. Traffic per subscriber is calculated with the Erlang formula, as below: A = n T [Erlang] 3600 where n = number of calls per hour T = average conversation time A = offered trafc from one or several users in the system If n = 1 and T = 90 s: A = 1 90 = 25 mE 3600
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Example of traffic calculation

Input data: Trafc per subscriber: 25 mE Number of subscribers: 10 000 Number of available frequencies: 24 Cell pattern: 4/12 (12 frequency groups) GOS: 2% How many 3sector-sites are needed? frequencies per cell = 24/12 = 2 frequencies trafc channels per cell = 2 x 8 - 2 (control channels) = 14 TCH trafc per cell = 14 TCH, 2% GOS 8.2 E/cell (use the Erlang table, Figure 101) subscribers per cell = 8.2 E / 0.025 E = 328 subscribers per cell needed number of cells = 10 000 / 328 = 30 cells needed number of 3sectorsites = 30 / 3 = 10
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Grade of Service (GOS)

Ch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Ch 1% .01010 .15259 .45549 .86942 1.3608 1.9090 2.5009 3.1276 3.7825 4.4612 5.1599 5.8760 6.6072 7.3517 8.1080 8.8750 9.6516 10.437 11.230 12.031 12.838 13.651 14.470 15.295 16.125 16.959 17.797 18.640 19.487 20.337 21.191 22.048 22.909 23.772 24.638 25.507 26.378 27.252 28.129 29.007 29.888 30.771 31.656 32.543 33.432 34.322 35.215 36.109 37.004 37.901 2% .02041 .22347 .60221 1.0923 1.6571 2.2759 2.9354 3.6271 4.3447 5.0840 5.8415 6.6147 7.4015 8.2003 9.0096 9.8284 10.656 11.491 12.333 13.182 14.036 14.896 15.761 16.631 17.505 18.383 19.265 20.150 21.039 21.932 22.827 23.725 24.626 25.529 26.435 27.343 28.254 29.166 30.081 30.997 31.916 32.836 33.758 34.682 35.607 36.534 37.462 38.392 39.323 40.255 3% .03093 .28155 .71513 1.2589 1.8752 2.5431 3.2497 3.9865 4.7479 5.5294 6.3280 7.1410 7.9667 8.8035 9.6500 10.505 11.368 12.238 13.115 13.997 14.885 15.778 16.675 17.577 18.483 19.392 20.305 21.221 22.140 23.062 23.987 24.914 25.844 26.776 27.711 28.647 29.585 30.526 31.468 32.412 33.357 34.305 35.253 36.203 37.155 38.108 39.062 40.018 40.975 41.933 5% .05263 .38132 .89940 1.5246 2.2185 2.9603 3.7378 4.5430 5.3702 6.2157 7.0764 7.9501 8.8349 9.7295 10.633 11.544 12.461 13.385 14.315 15.249 16.189 17.132 18.080 19.031 19.985 20.943 21.904 22.867 23.833 24.802 25.773 26.746 27.721 28.698 29.677 30.657 31.640 32.624 33.609 34.596 35.584 36.574 37.565 38.557 39.550 40.545 41.540 42.537 43.534 44.533 45.533 5% 10% .11111 .59543 1.2708 2.0454 2.8811 3.7584 .6662 5.5971 6.5464 7.5106 8.4871 9.4740 10.470 11.473 12.484 13.500 14.522 15.548 16.579 17.613 18.651 19.692 20.737 21.784 22.833 23.885 24.939 25.995 27.053 28.113 29.174 30.237 31.301 32.367 33.434 34.503 35.572 36.643 37.715 38.787 39.861 40.936 42.011 43.088 44.165 45.243 46.322 47.401 48.481 49.562 20% .25000 1.0000 1.9299 2.9452 4.0104 5.1086 6.2302 7.3692 8.5217 9.6850 10.857 12.036 13.222 14.413 15.608 16.807 18.010 19.216 20.424 21.635 22.848 24.064 25.281 26.499 27.720 28.941 30.164 31.388 32.614 33.840 35.067 36.295 37.524 38.754 39.985 41.216 42.448 43.680 44.913 46.147 47.381 48.616 49.851 51.086 52.322 53.559 54.796 56.033 57.270 58.508 40% .66667 2.0000 3.4798 5.0210 6.5955 8.1907 9.7998 11.419 13.045 14.677 16.314 17.954 19.598 21.243 22.891 24.541 26.192 27.844 29.498 31.152 32.808 34.464 36.121 37.779 39.437 41.096 42.755 44.414 46.074 47.735 49.395 51.056 52.718 54.379 56.041 57.703 59.365 61.028 62.690 64.353 66.016 67.679 69.342 71.006 72.669 74.333 75.997 77.660 79.324 80.988 Ch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Ch
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38.800 41.189 42.892 1% 2% 3%
50.644 59.746 82.652 10% 20% 40%
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Published by courtesy of Ericsson Telecom, Sweden
Figure 101 Erlang table
Frequency reuse
A fundamental principle in the design of cellular systems is the frequency reuse patterns. Frequency reuse is dened as the use of radio channels on the same carrier frequency, covering geographically different areas. These areas must be separated from one another by a sufcient distance, in order to avoid cochannel interference. Based on the trafc calculations, the cell pattern and frequency plan are worked out. Not only for the initial network but with the possibility to adapt smoothly to the demands of trafc growth.
Interference C/I
The carriertointerference ratio (C/I) is dened as the ratio of the level of the received desired signal to the level of the received undesired signal; see Figure 102. This C/I ratio is dependent on the instantaneous position of the mobile and is due to irregular terrain and various shapes, types and numbers of local scatterers. Other factors such as antenna type, directionality and height, site elevations and positions, and the number of local sources of interference also affect the distribution of the C/I ratio in a system. GSM states C/I > 9dB, with frequency hopping implemented. Ericsson recommends C/I > 12dB when frequency hopping is not employed.
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Identity numbers Switching System Base Station System Traffic cases Cell planning for CME 20
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Carrier, f1 C > 0dB I
Interferer, f1
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Distance
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Figure 102 Carriertointerference ratio
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C/A
The carriertoadjacent ratio (C/A) is dened as the relation in dB in signal strength between the serving and an adjacent frequency. In GSM, a multiple of 200 kHz away, as in Figure 103. GSM species C/A > -9dB.
Preface Introduction to GSM Subscriber services
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Carrier, f1 C < 0dB A
Adjacent, f2 f2=f1 + 200kHz
System overview Digital radio transmission problems and solutions Mobile Station Digital radio air interface
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A C
Distance
Figure 103 Carriertoadjacent ratio
Traffic cases Cell planning for CME 20 Operation and Support System Charging and accounting
Cell patterns
The distribution of the C/I ratio desired in a system determines the number of frequency groups, F, which may be used. If the total allocation of N channels is partitioned into F groups, then each group will contain N/F channels. Since the total number of channels (N) is xed, a smaller number of frequency groups (F) would result in more channels per set and per cell. Therefore, a reduction in the number of frequency groups would allow each site to carry more trafc, reducing the total number of sites needed for a given trafc load. However, decreasing the number of frequency groups and reducing the frequency reuse distance will result in a lower average C/I distribution in the system. Ericsson uses three types of frequency reuse patterns: 7/21, 4/12 and 3/ 9. Only 4/12 and 3/9 are interesting for CME 20. In all three cases the site geometry has the following features: Three cells (sectors) at each site. The antenna pointing azimuths of the cells are separated by 120 degrees and the cells are arranged with antennas pointing at one of the nearest site locations thus forming cells in a cloverleaf fashion, see Figure 104 and Figure 105.
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Each cell uses one 60degree transmitting antenna and two 60degree diversity receiving antennas with the same pointing azimuths. Each cell approximates the shape of a hexagon. We assume that the trafc is homogeneously distributed within the cells. The cell size is normally given in terms of the distance between two neighboring sites. The cell radius R (= the side of the hexagon) is always onethird of the sitetosite distance when 3sector sites are used. A group of neighboring cells using all the channels in the system, but not reusing them, according to the patterns described below is called a cluster. The 4/12 cell pattern uses 12 frequency groups in a 4 site reuse pattern; see Figure 104.
B3 C1 C3 B1 B3 C1 C3 B1 B3 C1 C3
B2 A3 C2 D1 B2 A3 C2 D1 B2 A3 C2
A1 A2 D3 D2 A1 A2 D3 D2 A1 A2 D3
C3 B1 B2 C1 C3 B1 B2 C1 C3 B1 B3
C2 D1 B2 A3 C2 D1 B2 A3 C2 D1 B2
D3 D2 A1 A2 D3 D2 A1 A2 D3 D2 A1
B3 C1 C3 B1 B3 C1 C3 B1 B3 C1 C3
B2 A3 C2 D1 B2 A3 C2 D1 B2 A3 C2
A A2 D3
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Traffic cases
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Cell planning for CME 20

A2 D3 D2 A A2 D3
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Figure 104 4/12 Cell Pattern The 3/9 cell pattern uses 9 frequency groups in a 3 site reuse pattern; see Figure 105.
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Example of how to divide the available frequencies into frequency groups:

24 frequencies in a 3/9 cell pattern
Preface Introduction to GSM Subscriber services System overview
It should be noted, that when using 3/9, there will be adjacent channels in neighboring cells, which gives lower C/A values. To see this, the example above can be compared with Figure 105. Cells with frequency groups A1 and C3 are neighbors, as well as A2C1, and A3C2.
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Digital radio transmission problems and solutions Mobile Station Digital radio air interface Identity numbers Switching System Base Station System
C1 C3 A1 A3 B1 B3 C1 C3 A1 A3 A2 C2 B2 A2 C2
A3 B1 B3 C1 C3 A1 A3 B1 B3 C1
A2 C3 B2 A3 C2 B3 A2 C3 B2 A3
C1 C2 A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 A1 A2
A3 B1 B3 C1 C1 A1 A3 B1 B3 C1
A2 C3 B2 A3 C2 B3 A2 C3 B2 A3
C1 C2 A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 A1 A2
A3 B1 B3 C1 C3 A1 A3 B1 B3 C1
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Traffic cases Cell planning for CME 20
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Figure 105 3/9 Cell Pattern
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In CME 20 R5 the hierarchical cell structure allows building the cell network in a two or threelayered structure. The higher layers can be used for larger cells, the lower for small cells and the possibility to pass between the layers in a controlled way is introduced. This feature will ensure good coverage, by covering up holes in the cell plan and, will also provide extra hot spot capacity.
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Nominal cell plan

Having come this far in the cell planning process, it is time to produce the nominal cell plan. This is a theoretical rst cell plan, which is produced without the help of advanced planning tools or computers. The nominal cell plan looks simply as a cell pattern on a map, but as described above, a lot of work lies behind it. Quite often, a nominal cell plan, together with one or two examples of coverage predictions, is included in tenders.
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Figure 106 Nominal cell plan for Singapore
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Coverage and interference predictions

Nominal plans are only a theoretical rst basis for further planning. Successive planning must take into account the radio propagation properties of the actual environment. Such planning needs powerful measurement facilities and computeraided analysis tools for radio propagation studies. The Ericsson concept is to establish an interactive relationship between survey measurements and theoretical propagation models. Ericssons planning tool EET (Ericsson Engineering Tool) includes a prediction package capable of: Coverage predictions Composite coverage synthesis Cochannel interference predictions Adjacent channel interference predictions. The propagation model is an improved version of the OkumuraHata model and takes among other things into account: Terrain prole Carrier frequency Base station antenna height and also: Edge diffractions through the analysis of elevation contours Land usage factors that identify different type of surfaces. The theoretical predictions are supplemented with measurements which are used to optimize the parameters in the propagation model. If there are doubts about the risks of time dispersion, the proposed site location should be changed or measured with respect to time dispersion or, as a second theoretical analysis step, it should be analyzed with a C/R (Carriertoreection ratio) prediction tool.
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Surveys
Having produced a nominal cell plan, and roughly veried it with coverage and interference predictions, it is time to visit the area of interest.
Site surveys
Site surveys are performed for all proposed site locations. Many issues have to be checked and veried, such as: Exact location Space for equipment, including antennas Cable runs Power facilities Contract with owner Also, the radio environment has to be checked, so that there is no other radio equipment on the site that will cause intermodulation problems, or too high buildings surrounding the possible site.
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Identity numbers Switching System
Radio measurements
Radio measurements are performed to be able to adjust the parameters used in the planning tool to reality, to the specic climate and terrain in the area of interest. Parameters used in Sweden, would be different to the ones to be used in a tropical country, for example. A test transmitter is mounted, and then the signal strength is measured while driving around in the area. Back in the ofce, the results from the measurements can be compared with the values the planning tool produces when simulating the same type of transmitter, and the parameters for the planning are adjusted to match reality.
Base Station System Traffic cases Cell planning for CME 20 Operation and Support System Charging and accounting
System Design
Now, when we know that the predictions run by the planning tool can be trusted, the dimensioning of the RBS equipment, BSC and MSC is adjusted and the nal cell plan is produced. As the name says, this plan is then used when installing the system. New predictions, both on coverage and interference, are run. Also, a document called CDD, Cell Design Data, is lled out, containing all cell parameters for each cell.
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System installation and tuning

Some time after the system has been installed and started up, it is time to once again look at how well the system is adjusted to reality. This is called system tuning. The tasks include: Checking that the nal cell plan was realized Evaluating possible customer complaints Checking that the network performance is acceptable Changing parameters and performing other measures, if needed.
Preface Introduction to GSM Subscriber services System overview Digital radio transmission problems and solutions Mobile Station
System growth
Most CME 20 networks that have been installed up till know, have grown signicantly. When adding more and more subscribers, getting more and more trafc in the network and possibly also wanting to increase the coverage area, a new trafc and coverage analysis has to be performed. This leads to that we have to start all over again and that the cell planning work never ends.
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Digital radio air interface Identity numbers Switching System Base Station System Traffic cases Cell planning for CME 20 Operation and Support System Charging and accounting
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11.

CELL PLANNING FOR CME 20

CME 20 System Survey

Terms and concepts Index Next page Previous page

CME 20 System Survey

Terms and concepts Index Next page Previous page

CME 20 System Survey

Terms and concepts Index Next page Previous page

The hexagon cell shape

CME 20 System Survey

Identity numbers Switching System

Borders between omni cells

Terms and concepts Index Next page Previous page

The Cell planning process

CME 20 System Survey

Nominal cell plan

Coverage and interference predictions

Identity numbers Switching System Base Station System

Traffic cases Cell planning for CME 20

The cellplanning work never ends

Operation and Support System Charging and accounting

Figure 100 Cell planning Process

Terms and concepts Index Next page Previous page

Collection of input data

CME 20 System Survey

Terms and concepts Index Next page Previous page

CME 20 System Survey

Example of traffic calculation

Terms and concepts Index Next page Previous page

Grade of Service (GOS)

CME 20 System Survey

Terms and concepts Index Next page Previous page

38.800 41.189 42.892 1% 2% 3%

50.644 59.746 82.652 10% 20% 40%

Published by courtesy of Ericsson Telecom, Sweden

Figure 101 Erlang table

CME 20 System Survey

Carrier, f1 C > 0dB I

Operation and Support System Charging and accounting

Terms and concepts Index Next page Previous page

CME 20 System Survey

Preface Introduction to GSM Subscriber services

Carrier, f1 C < 0dB A

Adjacent, f2 f2=f1 + 200kHz

Identity numbers Switching System Base Station System

Figure 103 Carriertoadjacent ratio

Terms and concepts Index Next page Previous page

CME 20 System Survey

Identity numbers Switching System Base Station System

Cell planning for CME 20

Operation and Support System Charging and accounting

Terms and concepts Index Next page Previous page

Example of how to divide the available frequencies into frequency groups:

CME 20 System Survey

Preface Introduction to GSM Subscriber services System overview

Traffic cases Cell planning for CME 20

Operation and Support System Charging and accounting

Terms and concepts Index Next page Previous page

CME 20 System Survey

Terms and concepts Index Next page Previous page

Nominal cell plan

CME 20 System Survey

Terms and concepts Index Next page Previous page