MODAL VERBS Such concepts as capacity, possibility, necessity and obligation are expressed in English by modal-auxiliary verb: CAN,

COU !, S"A , S"OU !, #$ , #OU !, %A&, %$'"(, %US(, NEE!, OU'"( (O, USE! (O) (hese verbs have some common characteristics: *) (hey are de++ective verbs ,some o+ their +orms are missing- they don.t have ong $n+initives - they don.t have /ing +orms - they don.t have +orms +or all the tenses ,substitutes must be used0) (hey get no s- in the third person sg, 1resent (ense She can sing) (om must go) 2) (he negative is +ormed 3ith the help o+ the negation not) (he negation is 3ritten together 3ith the modal verb: %ary cannot open that 3indo3) $nterrogative: Can he help you4 %ust 3e go4 %ay they come4 5) (hey are +ollo3ed by short $n+initves ,except ought to and used to#e can translate the text) &ou may ta6e my bi6e) (hey must go no3) 7ut:She ought to be more care+ul) &ears ago he used to spend his holidays here) CAN / COULD CAN *) (o expres a present or +uture physical or mental ability: %y sister can spea6 three +oreign languages) She can help us tommoro3) 0) (o express continuity 3ith verbs o+ perception ,to hear, to see-: $ can hear the noise no3) "e can see the plane no3) 2) (o express permission: Can $ borro3 your umbrella4 %ay $ borro3 your umbrella4 5) (o express possiblity 3hen certain circumstances permit: $+ my cousin come to my village, 3e can s3im) ,(here is a big river near the village)$+ my cousin come to my village 3e may s3im ,but 3e may also do other things too: 3e may play in the +ield, 3e may +eed the animals-)

8) (o express impossibility or disbelie+: Can 9ane ma6e such a mista6e4 $t.s only : o.cloc6: they can.t be at school no3) ;) (o express polite re<uest: Can 3e call on you later4 COULD *) (o express a past physical or mental ability: #hen she 3as young, she could s6ate very 3ell) 0) (o express a 1resent Conditional: &ou could get there in time i+ you too6 a taxi) 2) (o express a polite re<uest: Could you sho3 me the 3ay to the rail3ay station4 5) (o express past occurences 3hich are no longer possible today: 7e+ore #orld #ar $$ such cars could o+ten be seen in the streets) 8) (o express a past posibility: At the seaside 3e could buy a lot o+ souvenirs) ;) (o express past permission: As 3e had all our papers in order, 3e could pass through the customs very rapidly) MAY / MIGHT MAY Use: *) (o express a +ormal permission: %ay $ open this 3indo34 &es, you may) = No, you may not = mustn.t) 0) (o express possibility: &ou may 6no3 her) %ay can be replaced by it is possible / maybe / perhaps. 2) (o express prohibition: Candidates may not bring dictionaires into the examination room) 5) (o express doubt, uncertainty: #ho may that old man be4 8) (o express 3ish, hope: %ay all your dreams come true> ;) $n subordinate clause o+ concesion: No matter ho3 di++icult these exercises may be you must do them all) :) $n direct ob?ect caluses +ollo3ing the verbs to hope, to trust: She hopes = trusts that you may +ind tic6ets +or this per+ormance) @) $n subordinate clauses o+ purpose: Spea6 louder so that all o+ us may hear you)

MIGHT *) (o express permission connected 3ith the past: $ understood then that he might go out o+ the room 3henever he 3anted) 0) (o express present = +uture = past possibility: &our cousin might be in the garden no3 ,present-) 'ranny might arrive on (hursday ,+uture-) (he +oreigner thought that he might +ind the 3ay to the museum by himsel+ ,past-) 2) (o express a 1resent Conditional: $+ you spea6 English you might get that ?ob) 5) (o express a persuasive re<uest: &ou might go there at one ,please go there-) 8) (o express iritation, reproach: &ou might loo6 at me 3hen $ am tal6ing to you) ;) $n subordinate clauses o+ concesion: No matter ho3 badly he might spea6 o+ me, don.t believe him) :) $n direct ob?ect clauses +ollo3ing the verbs to hope, to trust: (hey hoped that $ might give them some good advice) @) $n subordinate clauses o+ purpose: 1eter +inished his home3or6 in the morning) So that he might be +ree in the a+ternoon) A) (o express uncertainty: $ 3onder 3ho that tall boy might be) MUST *) (o express obligation, command, necesity ,substitute is to have to-: (oday is %onday, so %i6e must go to school) ,obligation&ou must sho3 me your identity card) ,command(hey must 3rite all the exercises i+ they 3ant to understand this theorem 3ell) ,necessity- Must expresses an obligation imposed by the spea6er) 7ut 3hen this obligation is external, imposed by external authority 3hich the spea6er cannot control 3e use to have to. $ have to tell my little daughter a story 3henever she as6s me) MUST NOT - expresses prohibition: Cars must not stop at the crossing) (he absence o+ obligation is never rendered by must not but by dont have to, havent (got) to, neednt. %ust 3e do exercise 8, too4 &es, you must) No, you don.t have to = haven.t got to = needn.t) 0) (o express deduction, a logical conclusion, probability: $+ she le+t home at :, she must be at the airport no3) Negative deduction is expressed by cant / couldnt B 1resent = 1er+ect $n+initive)

$+ she hasn.t learnt anything up to no3, she can.t pass = can.t have passed such a di++icult exam) Must expressing probability in such sentence: She must be at school no3) $.m sure = certain = positive she is at school) Certainly = obviously) $t.s li6ely = probable) 1robably) NEED Use: there are t3o verbs need: *) One o+ them is a +uul verb meaning to require: or to be in need o : %y brother needs a ne3 pair o+ shoes) (hey don.t need to hurry) $nterrogative and negative is made 3ith the help o+ do or did: !id she need her umbrella yesterday4 (om doesn.t need his car today) 0) (he other need is a modal auxiliary meaning to have to: Need she get up early4 &es, she must) #e needn.t come to the o+ice tomorro3, but the manager must) !eed can occur in a++irmative sentences 3ith 3ords as: never, hardly, scarcely 3hich have negative implications: She hardley = scarcely need mention his name, since 3e already 6no3 it) "idnt need to # neednt have B 1ast 1articiple $ didn.t need to 6noc6 at the door since it 3as open ,so, $ didn.t 6noc6-) / the action 3asn.t necessary but it 3asn.t per+ormed) $ needn.t have 6noc6ed at the door since, in this 3ay $ 3o6e the baby ,but $ 6noc6ed-) / the action expressed an unnecessary action 3hich 3as per+ormed) !o $ need to go there every day4 / habitual action Need $ go there no34 / particular occasion) SHOULD *) (o express obligation, advice, recommandation in the opinion o+ the spea6er) (his obligation is 3ea6er than the one expressed by must: She must learn this poem by heart ,she has no other choise-) She should learn this poem by heart ,$ recommend this thing to her-) #hen should is +ollo3ed by 1er+ect $n+initive, it indicates that the past obligation 3as not +ul+illed) &ou should have loc6ed the door be+ore leaving the house ,but you didn.t loc6 it-) 0) (o express surprise: #hom should he meet there but his +ormer classmate4 2) (o express supposition: $+ he is eight years old he should be taller than your daughter) (he children shloud have +inished their home3or6 by no3)

5) $n direct ob?ect clauses a+ter: to suggest, to propose, to insist, to recommend, to advice. $ suggest that you should be present) 8) $n sub?ect clauses a+ter impersonal construction li6e: it is / $as advisable / essential / better / air important / natural / neccesary / right that. $t is important that she should arive here be+ore noon) ;) $n subordinate clauses o+ purpose a+ter: so that / in order that / lest / or ear that $ 3o6e her early so that she should not miss the train) #e s3itched o++ the light in order that nobody should notice that 3e 3ere there) &ou closed the door lest = +or +ear that mother should hear you) :) $n conditional clauses to stress the improbability o+ the condition: $+ you should meet him, tell him to ring me up ,i+ you happened to meetC@) (o omit i+ in conditional sentences: &ou should read that novel i+ she lent it to you) A) A+ter verbs o+ emotion ,to eel sorry, to be delighted to, to be annoyed-: She +eels sorry that she should give him such bad ne3s) *D) A+ter: dont %no$ $hy, see no reason $hy, cant thin% $hy: She doesn.t 6no3 3hy you should as6 her such <uestions) **) $n $ndirect Speech to build up the Euture in the 1ast: $ explained to ucy that $ should go on an interesting trip in 9uly) OUGHT TO Use: *) (o express duty, moral obligation: &ou ought to phone your parents at once) (he advice constructed 3ith ought to is much less +orce+ull than the one 3ith must) &ou ought to mind the tra++ic rules) &ou must mind the tra++ic rules) &ught to +ollo3ed by 1er+ect $n+initive may express an un+ul+illed duty or obligation) 1aul ought to have 3aited until the lights 3ere green be+ore he crossed the street ,but he didn.t-) 0) (o indicate 3hat is regarded as probable: (he 3eather +orecast says it ought to be +ine today) WOULD Use: *) $n polite re<uests: #ould you pass me the salt, please4 #ould you be so 6ind as to explain this rule to me4 #ould you mind repeating the <uestion4 (he re<uests built 3ith $ould are considered to be more polite than the ones 3ith $ill. 0) Eollo3ed by the verbs to li%e or to care: $ 3ould li6e to read that boo6 ,$ 3ant to read it-) #ould you li6e to visit this museum4 ,!o you 3ant to visit tis museum4-

2) Eollo3ed by rather / sooner to express pre+erence: $ 3ould rather = sooner 3atch the (F programme than go +or a 3al6) 5) (o express a habit, a repeated action in the past: $ 3ould meet that man 3henever $ crossed the road ,$ used to meetC)8) A+ter the verb $ish or a+ter i only: $ 3ish it 3ould stop sno3ing) $+ only it 3ould stop sno3ing) ;) (o build up Euture in the 1ast: "e boy promised he 3ould be here at noon) :) (o express probability: (hat 3oman 3ould be his neighbour) @) (o express 3illingness: $ explained to her that she had to go there 3hether she 3ould or 3ould not ,3anted = didn.t 3ant to-) USED TO Use: $t usually express a past habit or condition 3hich no3 has ceased: #e used to live in this house 3hrn 3e 3ere young ,3e no longer live there-) $nterrogative and negative o+ this verb are made 3ith do or $ithout: !id 9ac6 use to smo6e a lot 3hen he 3as in the army4 Used 9ac6 to smo6e C))4 Eather didn.t use to come home late) *) Espress discontinued habit: #hen she 3as a student, she used to eat in this restaurant ,she doesn.t eat there any longer-) 0) A past routine, not necessarily discontinued: %y sister used to go to the concrt every Eriday morning ,it is very li6ely she still goesCNote: 3e shouldn.t con+use used to ,expressing a past habit- G to be / get used to: She is = gets used to such noise) DARE $n a++irmative sentences it is a normal verb: She dares to invite me there) (hey dared to do it again) $n interrogative and negative sentences: a- normal verb: !oes he dare to come here4 !id you dare to contradict her4 "e doesn.t dare to sho3 himsel+ in +ront o+ us) "e didn.t dare to C) b- li6e a modal verb: !are he come here4 !ared you contradict her4

$ = he daren.t sho3 himsel+ in +ront o+ us) "are say / daresay is used 3ith the +irst person singular only having 0 meanings: a- $ daresay H $ suppose %y brother hasn.t arrived yet, but $ daresay he 3ill come soon) b- $ daresay H $ accept 3hat you say A: $ am a member o+ this club) 7: $ daresay you are, ho3ever you must sho3 me your identity card) 'o$ dare(d) you / he / they express indignation: "o3 dare you interrupt me> "o3 dared they come home so late4 (he construction: She dared me to say all these things) has the meaning: She challenged me to say all these things)