Colligative Properties - Dilute solutions containing non-volatile solute: a. Lowering of Vapor Pressure b. Elevation of the Boiling Point c.

Depression of the Freezing Point d. Osmotic Pressure - Depend ONLY ON THE NUMBER OF SOLUTE PARTICLES present in the solution - Does not depend on size or chemical nature Lowering of Vapor Pressure Raoults Law - vapor pressure of PURE SOLVENT, when NON-VOLATILE SOLUTE is dissolved in it - Relative lowering of vapor pressure lowering of vapor pressure relative to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent Ideal solution obeys Raoults law In very dilute solutions of nonelectrolytes, the solvent and solute molecules are very much alike in both molecular size and molecular attractions ideal behavior Elevation of Boiling Point - When a liquid is heated, its vapor pressure rises when it equals atmospheric pressure -> liquid boils - Addition of a NONVOLATILE SOLUTE lowers the vapor pressure and consequently elevates the boiling point as the solution has to be heated to a higher temperature to make its vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure Molal elevation constant may be defined as the boilingpoint elevation produced when 1 mol of solute is dissolved in 1 kg of the solvent Freezing Point Depression - The vapor pressure of a PURE LIQUID changes with temperature

There is a sharp break at B where, in fact, the freezingpoint curve commences. Thus the point B corresponds to the freezing point of pure solvent, Tf. The vapor pressure curve of a solution (solution1) of a nonvolatile solute in the same solvent. It is similar to the vapor pressure curve of the pure solvent and meets the freezing point curve at F, indicating that T1 is the freezing point of the solution. Depression of freezing point is directly proportional to the lowering of vapor pressure Molal depression constant may be defined as the freezing-point depression produced when 1 mol solute is dissolved in 1 kg of the solvent Colligative Properties of Electrolytes Colligative effect of an electrolyte solution is ALWAYS GREATER than that of a nonelectrolyte of the same molal concentration Vant Hoff ratio of the colligative effect produced by an electrolyte solution to the corresponding effect for the same concentration of a nonelectrolyte solution Degree of dissociation fraction of an electrolyte which is dissociated into ions in aqueous solution. - If an electrolyte is 50% dissociated, its degree of dissociation is 0.5 - Represented by alpha