UROLITHIASIS Definition Urolithiasis may be defined as the formation of stone(s) in the urinary tract.

As part of urinary tract, stone could be formed in . Pathogenecity & pathophysiology Two components that needed to form urolithiasis are stone matrix and crystal. Matrix is mucoprotein which usually known as matrix substance A. Most of urolithiasis are idiopathic, and it can be simptomatic or asimptomatic. ome of the theory of formation of stone in urinary tract ! Matrix nucleus theory The formation of urolithiasis needs or"anic substance as nucleus of the stone. #r"anic substances such as ! mucopolisacharide and mucoprotein A could fascilitated crystali$ation and a"re"ation of stone formation substances. upersaturation theory upersaturation of stone formation substances such as ! cystein, xantin, uric acid and calcium oxalate in urine may fascilitated stone formation in urinary tract. %ressipitation&'rystalisation theory Urine acidity may sedimented cystein, xantin and uric salt, otherwise alcalic urine may sedimented phospate salts. (ecrease of inhibitin" factors theory (ecreament of inhibitin" factors such as ! phospate peptide, phyrophospate, polyphospate, citrat, ma"nesium, etc may fascilitated urolithiasis. kidney (known as nephrolithiasis), ureter (ureterolithiasis) or bladder (vesicolithiasis).

everal factors that may influence urolithiasis occurrence ! ). *nfection. *nfection could necroti$in" part of the urinary tract and it will be the matrix of urolithiasis. Urinary tract infection cuold also alcalini$e urine. +. #bstruction and stasis of urine flow. ,oth cold fascilitated stone formation. -. ex. Most urolithiasis cases are found in male patients. .. /ace. Urolithiasis cases are commonly found in Africa and Asia, on contrary rarely found in America and 0urope. 1. 2ereditary. 3amily of urolithiasis patients have more chances to suffer urolithiasis than other family. 4. (rinkin" water. (rink more water may increase diuresis and than decrease the chance of urolithiasis. (rinkin" water saturation of some minerals, especially calcium probably related to the stone formation. 5. Type of 6ob. 2ard worker especially who needs more physical activities such as ! farmer, have less chance to suffer urolithiasis than desk 6ob worker. 7. 3ood. %eople who eat more meat protein usually have lower morbidity rate of urolithiasis. 8ower class patient have mor chances to suffer urolithiasis. 9. Temperature. 2ot temperature environment such as ! tropic areas, machinary room that produce more sweat, would minimi$e urine production and fascilitated urolithiasis.

Clinical manifestation ymptoms of urolithiasis may consist of waist pain, haematuria, waist pain plus referred pain to the abdominal area, or asymptomatic. The stone may obstruct urinary tract which could infect the urinary tract and may cause piuria. Diagnose of Urolithiasis ome way to dia"nose urolithiasis are from ! ). 'linical manifestation. +. 8aboratory findin"s. -. *ntravenous %yelo"raphy. .. U :. 1. /etro"rade %yelo"raphy. 4. /adiolo"y. 5. 'ystoscopy. Treatment of Urolithiasis The aim of urolithiasis treatments are ! o #bstruction removals o *nfection treatments o %ain treatment o %revention of renal failure and prevention of recurrence. *n order to make them happenned, some ways below may necessary! ). /i"ht in dia"nosin" of stone, stone location, and stone volume. +. 3indin" of symptoms of urolithiasis. -. #bstruction, infection and pain treatments. .. tone analysis. 1. ,ack"round history of the stone. 4. /ecurrence preventions. 3urther treatments of urolithiasis may need sur"ical intervention, such as litotryption and sur"ery.

Prognosis The pro"nosis of urolithiasis depends on some factors ! o ;olume of the stone. o tone location.

o *nfection followin" urolithiasis. o #bstruction followin" urolithiasis. ,i""er stone, location of the stone that obstruct urinary tract may facilitate infection, and then can decrease renal functions.