TNT Near-Field Burst Mapping Model The SECTION_ ALE2D method is available for two types of

shells (axisymmetric and plane strain elements) and two types of ALE formulations (single and multi-materials).

2D ALE code provides the same functionalities as 3D such as pure Euler, ALE with grid motion and Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI). LS-DYNA new technique named Mapping has been developed to allow the decomposition of a calculation in several steps. The last cycle of a 2D or 3D ALE model can be mapped into another 2D or 3D ALE model. This technique offers very large possibilities since it enables to change the mesh length or the model size, to add Lagrangian or Eulerian parts. Due to its properties, Mapping technique is a perfect method to study such problems where the quality of initiation is a determining parameter. Indeed, starting with a very fine mesh is the crucial point, because having the right initial energy guarantees a good final % Error with experimental data. Mapping enables to combine a good accuracy in a first very fine mesh with a reasonable CPU time with a second larger mesh [17,18]. Numerical simulations of near-field burst model are divided into air and explosive. A sphere of TNT explosive weighing 30 g, radius 1.638 cm, detonated in a central location to simulate the near-field burst. The 2D

simplified axisymmetric computations are performed analysis on nearfield burst Model, which are modelled with shell elements. The air models mapping side lengths are 10 cm 10 cm, 20 cm 20 cm and 40 cm 40 cm. The sizes of the air and explosive elements are 0.00390625, 0.0078125 and 0.015625 cm. The data of overpressure histories capture ranges are 3 to 5cm, 6 to 14 cm, 15 to 19 cm, as shown in Figure 4. Air and explosives are defined multi-material ALE element, calculations using the 1 Point ALE multi material element and axisymmetric solid of area weighted. The numerical simulation results were through INITIAL ALE MAPPING setting, that a very fine mesh result mapping to a

second larger mesh. The DATABASETRACER retrieve location along the x-axis 3 to 19 cm from the centre of charge, the overpressure can be obtained from the air. The scaled distance Z of overpressure was between 0.09 to 0.611 m/kg1/3. Results of overpressure from the mapping model were compared with TM5-1300. 3. Result 3.1 TNT Near-Field Burst Model To investigate the model convergence, Near-field burst models with the element sizes 0.3125, 0.015625, 0.0078125 and 0.00390625 cm were set up with the ratio of 0.5. The results shown in Figure 5 indicated that when scale distance Z greater than 0.1 mkg13 the relative differences

of elements overpressure were less than 5had reached convergence, which the elements sizes in 0.3125, 0.015625 and 0.0078125 cm.

The relative difference (%) = (coarse mesh overpressure value - fine mesh overpressure value)fine mesh overpressure value 100. The

relative overpressure of four mesh size are greater than 5when the scale distance between 0.09 to 0.1 mkg13. However, element size in 0.0078125 cm the relative overpressure was less than 8. In addition, the numerical simulation results of overpressure compared with TM5-1300, as shown in Figure 6.With the scale distance Z

increased, the peak overpressure shows a decreasing trend. For comparing the relative overpressure relation between numerical simulation and TM5-1300, element size in 0.00390625 cm shows agreement with relative difference ranges from 4.25 to - 0.13 %, as shown in Figure 7. The outcomes show consistent results can be obtained with numerical simulation for near-field explosion and empirical formula that conducive to the peak incident pressure predicted, but mesh size must be very fine. 3.2 TNT Near-Field Explosion Mapping Model Figure 8 shows numerical simulation overpressure of air compared with TM5-1300. With the scale distance Z increased, the peak overpressure shows a decreasing decreasing trend. This figure confirms the very good results given bymapping technique in simulating air blast problems. Since relative overpressure between simulation and TM5-1300 are 3.30 to -0.29% when the scale distances Z from 0.090 to 0.611 mkg13, as shown in Figure 9. The relative difference (%) = (coarse mesh overpressure value - fine mesh overpressure value)fine