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Chapter 1 : Introduction and Fundamental Concepts Exercise Problems

Exercise Problems - Chapter 1 1. A thin film of liquid flows down an inclined channel. The velocity distribution in the flow is given by

where, h = depth of flow, = angle of inclination of the channel to the horizontal, u = velocity at a depth h below the free surface, = density of liquid, = dynamic viscosity of the fluid. Calculate the shear stress: (a) at the bottom of the channel (b) at mid-depth and (c) at the free surface. The coordinate y is measured from the free surface along its normal

[(a)

, (b)

, (c) 0]

2. Two discs of 250 mm diameter are placed 1.5 mm apart and the gap is filled with an oil. A power of 500 W is required to rotate the upper disc at 500 rpm while keeping the lower one stationary. Determine the viscosity of the oil. [ 0. 71 kg/ms] 3. Eight kilometers below the surface of the ocean the pressure is 100 MPa. Determine the specific weight of sea water at this depth if the specific weight at the surface is 10 kN/m3 and the average bulk modulus of elasticity of water is 2.30 GPa. Neglect the variation of g. [ 10. 44 kN/m3 ] 4. The space between two large flat and parallel walls 20 mm apart is filled with a liquid of absolute viscosity 0.8 Pas. Within this space a thin flat plate 200 mm 200mm is towed at a velocity of 200 mm/s at a distance of 5 mm from one wall. The plate and its movement are parallel to the walls. Assuming a linear velocity distribution between the plate and the walls, determine the force exerted by the liquid on the plate. [1. 71 N] 5. What is the approximate capillary rise of water in contact with air (surface tension 0.073 N/m) in a clean glass tube of 5mm in diameter? [ 5.95]

Chapter 2 : Fluid Statics Exercise Problems

Exercise Problems - Chapter 2 1. For the system shown in Fig 5.10,determine the air pressure pA which will make the pressure at N one fourth of that at M. [3.33 kPa]

Fig 5.10 2. Consider the pipe and manometer system as shown in Fig 5.11. The pipe contains water. Find the value of manometer reading h, and the difference in pressure between A and B if there is no flow. If there is a flow from A towards B and the manometer reading is h = 60 mm, then determine the static pressure difference pA - pB [0, 2.94 kPa; 3.53 kPa]

Fig 5.11

3. Determine the air pressure above the water surface in the tank if a force of 8 kN is required to hold the hinged door in position as shown in Fig 5.12. [10.76 kPa]

Fig 5.12

4. The profile of the inner face of a dam takes the form of a parabola with the equation 18y = x2 , where y is the height above the base and x is the horizontal distance of the face from the vertical reference line. The water level is 27m above the base. Determine the thrust on the dam (per meter with) due to the water pressure, its inclination to the vertical and the point where the line of action of this force intersects the free water surface [ 5.28 MN/m, 42o 33', 30.29 m from face ]

5. A solid uniform cylinder of length 150 mm and diameter 75 mm is to float upright in water. Determine the limits within which its mass should lie. [ 0.641 kg and 0.663 kg]

6. A long prism, the cross-section of which is an equilateral traingle of side a, floats in water with one side horizontal and submerged to a depth h. Find (a) h/a as a function of the specific gravity, S of the prism. (b) The metacentric height in terms of side a, for small angle of rotation if specific gravity, S=0.8. 7. A metal sphere of volume , specific gravity and fully immersed in

water is attached by a flexible wire to a buoy of volume

and specific gravity

. Calculate the tension T in the wire and volume of the buoy that is submerged. Refer to Fig 5.13.

Fig 5.13

Chapter 4 : Kinematics of Fluid Exercise Problems

Exercise Problems - Chapter 3 1. The velocity field for a steady flow in a rectangular cartesian system is given by which is at (5, 3, 4) at t = 1s ? [ What is the path line of the particle

2. Verify whether the following flow fields are rotational. If so, determine the components of rotation about the coordinate axes

(i) (iii)

(ii)

[(i) irrotational; (iii)

; (ii) ]

3. For a steady two-dimensional incompressible flow through a nozzle, the velocity field is given by where x is the distance along the axis of the nozzle from its inlet plane and L is the length of the nozzle. Find (i) an expression of the acceleration of a particle flowing through the nozzle and (ii) the time required for a fluid particle to travel from the inlet to the exit of the nozzle

[ (i) ] 4. The velocity field for a steady two-dimensional flow in a cartesian coordinate system is given by

, (ii)

, where a and b are constants. .

Find the equation of stream line passing through the point Find also the condition for irrotationality of the flow. [ 5. Show that the velocity field given by of a fluid represents a rigid body motion. 6. For a flow field is given by . (a) Find ]

, if it vanishes on

(b) Also find the stream function that will give these velocity components [ (a) 7. A two-dimensional flow field is given by and acceleration in flow field at point A ( (b) . Find the velocity ) Velocity = Acceleration= To view the recap, click next button or select from left-hand-side. ]

Chapter 4 : Conservation Equations and Analysis of Finite Control Volume Exercise Problems

Exercise Problems - Chapter 4 1. Which of the following velocity fields are kinematically possible for an incompressible flow ? (i) u = x2 + y2 , v = y2 + z2 , w = -2 (x + y) z (ii)

(iii)

(iv) (k is a constant) (iv) No] [(i) yes, (ii) No, (iii) yes,

2. The x component of velocity in a two-dimensional incompressible flow is prescribed as u = By3 - Ax4 , where A and B are constants. Find out the y component of velocity. Assume that for all values of x, v = 0 at y = 0. Check whether the flow is irrotational. [ v = 4 Ax3y, No ]

3. Consider a vertical nozzle of inlet and outlet diameters of 0.6 m and 0.3 m respectively as shown in Fig 13.2. The pressure at section 1 is 20 kPa (gauge), and the volume flow rate is 0. 6 m3 /s. Find (i) the velocities at section 1 and section 2, (ii) total force acting on the walls of the nozzle. [Neglect frictional resistance]

[(i) V1 = 2.12 m/s, V2 = 8.45 m/s

(ii) 0.517 kN (vertically upwards]

Fig 13.2 4. Water flows through a 5 m high conical vertical pipe whose diameter changes from 0.5m at the top end to 1.5 m at the bottom end. Measurements indicate that when velocity at the smaller section is 18 m/s, the frictional head loss is 1m of water for flow in either direction. For a pressure of 1.8 m of water gauge at the smaller section, determine the pressure ( in meter of water gauge) at the larger section when the flow is (i) in the downward direction, (ii) in the upward direction. [ (i) 24. 11m, (ii) 26.11 m]

5. A force of 1 kN is required to hold the plate in position for a flow of oil of specific gravity of 0. 8 as shown in Fig.13.3. Find the velocity V of the flow of oil [42 m/s]

Fig 13.3 6. Water flows as two free jets from the tee attached to the pipe shown in Figure 13.4 below. The exit speed is 15 m/s. If viscous effects and gravity are negligible, determine the x and y components of the force that the pipe exerts on the tee.

Fig 13.4 7. A horizontal jet of water with velocity V and cross sectional area A impinges on a stationary vane, which deflects the jet through an angle (see Fig 13.5). Derive expressions for the horizontal and vertical force components X and Y acting on the vane. Neglect effects of gravity and friction.

Fig 13.5

Chapter 5 : Equations of Motion and Mechanical Energy Exercise Problems

Exercise Problems - Chapter 5 1. An open cylindrical tank 2m high and 1 m in diameter, is filled with water to a depth of 1m. If the cylinder rotates about its vertical axis. Determine (a) the maximum angular velocity of the cylinder without spilling any water (b) the depth at the center and gauge pressure at the bottom 02 m from the center at the condition of maximum angular velocity (6.26 rad/s, zero, 783.75 Pa.) 2. The velocity distribution for laminar flow between two parallel plates is given by

where

is the center plane velocity, h is the half spacing between the plates and y is the normal distance from the center plane. Determine the (a) average velocity

(b) momentum correction factor 3. Flow of air at 50C is measured by a pilot-static tube. The differential reading in a water manometer is 24 mm. Determine the velocity of air if the coefficient of tube is 095. Assume the density of air to be constant at 12 kg/m3 (6 m/s)

4. Consider a short cylindrical duct whose cross-section enlarges abruptly from a diameter D1 to a diameter D2 . Find the ratio D1 /D2 so that the pressure drop for a given flow rate of a fluid through the duct is independent of the direction of flow. Neglect the losses due to skin friction. (Take co efficient of contraction Cc = 0.6) (0.577) 5. A venturimeter is placed at 30 to the horizontal ( sloping upwards in the direction of flow) to a pipe line carrying an oil of specific gravity 08. A differential manometer with mercury as the manometric fluid is attached to the inlet and throat of the venturimeter. The manometer shows a deflection ( the difference in height between the menisci of mercury at the two limbs) of 100mm. The pipe diameter is 200 mm, while the diameter of venturi throat is 100 mm. (a) Find the volume flow rate of oil if the coefficient of discharge of the venturimeter is 096. (b) What will be the reading of differential manometer if the venturimeter is turned horizontal? The length of venturimeter between the inlet and the throat is 320 mm. (0.044 m3 /s, 110 mm) 6. Fig. 16.6 shows the weight W supported by the pressure difference created in the venturi and applied across the piston. At the inlet the air velocity is 10 m/s and the area is 100 cm2. The throat area is 4 cm2. Given that the air density is equal to 1.2 kg/m3, calculate the weight W that will be in equilibrium. Assume ideal flow in the duct, no friction between the piston and cylinder, and the piston has no mass.

Figure 16.6 (18.72 N) 7. A fire-fighting hose with an exit nozzle diameter = 50 mm discharges water at the rate of 3000 litres per minute. The height of the nozzle exit from the pump is 4 m and water level in the sump is 1 m below the pump (see Fig. 16.7 ). Calculate the head and power developed by the pump. Assume there are no losses in the pipeline and pump.

Figure 16.7 (38.17 m, 18.72 kw) 8. A free jet of water is produced using a 75 mm diameter nozzle attached to a 200 mm diameter pipe, as shown in Figure 16.8. If the average velocity of water at plane B is 3.8 m/s, calculate the velocity of water at point A in the free jet. Neglect friction losses in the nozzle and pipe.

(19.4 m/s) Figure 16.8 To view the recap, click next button or select from left-hand-side.

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