Sentence pattern Transformations

The basic sentence patterns in the English language may be transformed in the following ways: 1. Transform to passive voice

This transformation requires using a sentence with an action verb and a direct object. The sentence may be any of the following patterns: NP1 + V-tr + NP2 The dog ate the bone NP1 + V-tr + NP2 + NP! "oe ga#e $ary a ring NP1 + V-tr + NP2 + %d& 'e consider "oe intelligent NP1 + V-tr + NP2 + NP2 The people made (laf )ing To create the transformation* 1 ma)e the direct ob&ect into the sub&ect* 2 add the +be+ au,iliary and the -en ending to the main #erb* and ! place the original doer of the action into a prepositional phrase beginning with by E,amples

NOTE: -o not change #erb tense when transforming sentences from acti#e to passi#e ate = was eaten gave = was given consider = is considered made = was made 2. Transform to the expletive there is / there are This transformation re.uires using a sentence with a #erb of being as the main #erb The sentence pattern must be NP1 + V-be + %-V/TP % fly is on the wall Two dogs were at the par) To create the transformation* 1 place there at the beginning of the sentence and 2 re#erse positions of the sub&ect and #erb E,amples

NOTE: -o not change #erb tense when creating the there is / there are transformation is = there is were = there were 3. Transform to cleft This transformation allows the writer to emphasi0e a the sentence sub&ect or ob&ect This transformation may be used with any of the sentence patterns There are two ways to create this transformation $ethod 11 1 2egin the sentence with It and the appropriate number and tense of the #erb of being* 2 focus on either the sub&ect or direct ob&ect* and ! create a second half for the sentence that begins with who, whom, or that.

E,amples

3n the abo#e e,ample* the first cleft transformation emphasi0es the sub&ect* dog* using three words to refer to the dog: it, dog* and that. The second cleft transformation emphasi0es the direct ob&ect* bone* using three words to refer to the bone: it, bone, and that

3n the abo#e e,ample* the first cleft transformation emphasi0es the direct ob&ect* Joe* using three words to refer to "oe: it, Joe* and whom. The second cleft transformation emphasi0es the sub&ect we* using three words to refer to us it, we, and who. $ethod 12 1 2egin the sentence with What 2 follow with the sub&ect and #erb* and ! insert the appropriate tense of the #erb of being and follow with the direct ob&ect E,amples

3n the abo#e e,ample* the cleft transformation emphasi0es the direct ob&ect* bone* using two words to refer to bone: what and bone

This cleft transformation emphasi0es the direct ob&ect* ring* * using two words to refer to the ring: what and ring. NOTE: -o not change #erb tense when creating the cleft transformation P%4T TEN4E: The dog ate the bone 3t was the dog who ate the bone 3t was the bone that the dog ate. 'hat the dog ate was the bone P5E4ENT TEN4E: 'e consider "oe intelligent 3t is "oe whom we consider intelligent P%4T TEN4E: "oe ga#e $ary a ring 'hat "oe ga#e $ary was a ring