THE NOCTURNAL BITING HABIT OF VARIOUS GENERA OF MOSQUITO

IN TAMAN BERSATU, ARAU, PERLIS

AHMAD AZFAR BIN ABDUL HAMID (2011601818)

MOHD SHAHNIZAM BIN AHMAD (2011815026)
KHAIRULAMIRIN BIN AUZIRUL AZNAN (2011298156)
MOHD ANAS BIN MOHD RASHIP (2011670154)
MOHD IZWAN BIN IBRAHIM (2011453154)
MOHD FAUZAN BIN ISMAIL (2011850372)

BIO 300 Final Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Diploma in Science in the Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalamualaikum warahmatullahhi wabarakatuh.
First and foremost, we are truly grateful to Allah S.W.T for all His Divine Guidance. The
Biology 300 project was successfully completed with guidance, grace and inspiration that had
been awarded by Him.
Our deepest appreciation and gratitude to the lecturer, lab assistants and others who
had contributed to our project. We are most thankful towards our own supervisor, Mr. Abdul
Hamid Bin Khalid for being very supportive and helpful in the process of completing our project.
With his guidance and advices, we are able to understand more about the project and the
methods to make it succesful. We are also very grateful for the assistance rendered by En. Abu
Yarasid bin Che Mahmud and En. Baharuddin bin Salleh who had helped us when we were
conducting experiments in the lab.
Finally, not forgetting all of our family members and fellow friends, we are very thankful
to them for they had encouraged and supported us during the whole process. May Allah give
great rewards to all those that had helped in the making of this project. Thank you.

ABSTRACT
Mosquitoes were caught by human landing catch twice a week for ten consecutive week
with the catching time from 7pm to 7am at Taman Bersatu Arau, Arau, Perlis. From the results
obtained the highest percentage mosquito caught was Culex sp. which is 53% followed by
Anopheles sp., 21%, Mansonia sp., 13%, and Aedes sp., 13%. From the entomology studies
showed that Culex mosquito was the predominant genus in the study area. Culex sp. was the
predominant genus in Taman Bersatu Arau, Arau, Perlis with the number caught biting being at
345.
Nyamuk telah ditangkap oleh pendaratan manusia menangkap dua kali seminggu
selama sepuluh minggu berturut-turut dengan masa menangkap 7:00-7:00 di Taman Bersatu
Arau, Arau, Perlis. Daripada keputusan yang diperolehi tertinggi peratusan nyamuk ditangkap
adalah Culex sp. yang merupakan 53% diikuti oleh Anopheles sp., 21%, Mansonia sp., 13%,
dan Aedes sp., 13%. Dari kajian entomologi menunjukkan bahawa nyamuk Culex adalah genus
utama di kawasan kajian. Culex sp. telah genus utama di Taman Bersatu Arau, Arau, Perlis
dengan bilangan ditangkap menggigit berada di 345.

INTRODUCTION
Mosquitoes are members of a family of nematocerid flies: the Culicidae .The word
"mosquito" is from the Spanish or Portuguese for"little fly". Superficially,mosquitoes
resemble crane flies and chironomid flies as a result, casual observers seldom realize the
important differences between the members of the respective families. In particular, the females
of many species of mosquitoes are blood-eating pests and dangerous vectors of diseases,
whereas members of the similar-looking Chironomidae and Tipulidae are not. Many species of
mosquitoes are not blood eaters, and many of those that do create a "high to low pressure" in
the blood to obtain it do not transmit disease. Also, in the bloodsucking species, only the
females suck blood. Furthermore, even among mosquitoes that do carry important diseases,
neither all species of mosquitoes, nor all strains of a given species transmit the same kinds of
diseases, nor do they all transmit the diseases under the same circumstances; their habits
differ. For example, some species attack people in houses, and others prefer to attack people
walking in forests. Accordingly, in managing public health, knowing which species, even which
strains, of mosquitoes with which one is dealing is important.
Mosquitoes are blood sucking insects that are responsible for the transmission of many
diseases throughout the human and animal populations of the world. Mosquitoes belong to the
family of flies called Culicidae and are small fragile insects that have six delicate legs and two
wings covered in scales. The head of a mosquito is equipped with a projecting proboscis which
conceals and protects the long piercing and sucking mouthparts. Female mosquito are studied
due to their habit in sucking blood from human and animals and thus accidentally they will bring
diseases to human. The time of Culex sp. has two peak biting period that is from 9pm to 12 am
and another at 5am. Besides that , the Anopheles sp. was found to have a peak biting period
from 12am to 2am.
Mosquitoes transmit disease in a variety of ways. In the case of malaria, parasites attach
themselves to the gut of a female mosquito and enter a host as she feeds. In other cases, such
as yellow fever and dengue, a virus enters the mosquito as it feeds on an infected human and is
transmitted via the mosquitos saliva to a subsequent victim.
All mosquitoes need water to breed, so eradication and population-control efforts usually
involve removal or treatment of standing water sources. Insecticide spraying to kill adult
mosquitoes is also widespread. However, global efforts to stop the spread of mosquitoes are

having little effect, and many scientists think global warming will likely increase their number and
range.
OBJECTIVES
1) To catch various genera of mosquitoes in Taman Bersatu Arau, Perlis.
2) To identify the various genera of mosquitoes.
3) To determine the nocturnal biting period of the various genera of mosquitoes.

SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT
1) We will be able to identify what genera of mosquito that lives and breed in Taman
Bersatu, Arau.
2) We can gain knowledge about the nocturnal habit of mosquito in Taman Bersatu, Arau.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Mosquitoes are blood sucking insects that are responsible for the transmission of many
diseases throughout the human and animal populations of the world. Mosquitoes belong to the
family of flies called Culicidae and are small fragile insects that have six delicate legs and two
wings covered in scales. The head of a mosquito is equipped with a projecting proboscis which
conceals and protects the long piercing and sucking mouthparts. These biting insects have a
complex life cycle; the immature stage is totally aquatic and the adult is terrestrial. (Kettle, D.S.
1995)
In addition, Mosquitoes can thrive in a variety of habitats with fresh water, brackwish
water, or any water (clear, turbid or polluted) except in marine habitats with high-salt
concentration. (Rueda, L.M. 2008). Construction techniques and design of construction sites,
such as the building of roads, drainage and canal developments, may create artificial breeding
sites for mosquitoes and biting midges because of the environmental modification. (John Scott,
2002).
According Dr. M. Kadletz and Dr. L. Kusmina (June 1934) say that only female mosquito
are studied due to their habit in sucking blood from human and animals and thus accidentally
they will bring diseases to human.
The phylogeny of anopheline mosquitoes (Culicidae:Anophelinae) is re-examined using
morphological data derived from adults, fourth-instar larvae and pupae. Based on the data set of
Sallum et al. (2000), we add some previously missing data and simplify and recode characters
to eliminate ambiguities and more accurately reflect homologies, with special emphasis on
characters of the male genitalia that provide the main criteria for the subgeneric classification of
genus Anopheles. The principal aim of the study is to assess objectively the phylogenetic
relationships and classification of two taxa not included by Sallum et al. (2000).
General anopheles have largely shown to me nocturnal (Otsuru and Ohmari,1960;
Moorhouse and Wharthon,1965; The Thevasgayem et al. 1970; Chiang et al. 1968; Jall, 1990).
In Malaysia An.maculatus bite throughout the night but shows two biting peaks during the early
part of the night. And have similarity been shown in studies carried out in Philiphinies. However
in Thailand, An. Maculatus shown a biting peak between 1900 to 2100 hours. ( Wikinson et al.
1970; Rattanarithikul et al.1996).
6

Anopheles aconitus is active throughout the night with two small peak between 18.0023.00 hours (Rahman et al. 1995), although in Indonesia its biting activity is around 18.00-24-00
hours (Krinowardono,1985). Anopeheleskochi and An.vagus have similar biting cycles, is a
peak activity immediately after dusk (Rahman et al. 1995). In Philippines, Schultz(1992) also
reported similar behavior for An. kochi.
Peninsular Malaysia has rich mosquito fauna distributed in various habitats. Mosquitoes
are a group of athropods placed in the Oder Diptera class insect that are wildly distributed in the
world.( Jeffery, J. et al. 2012).
West Malaysia lies in the equatorial zone with a constantly high temperature and
humidity well suited for the transmission of malaria. In recent years there has been growing
concern about the increase of reported cases of malaria, especially in the more rural areas of
the northern-most states of the country that border Thailand. (Abdul Hamid Khalid 1989)
South-east Asia includes four hotspots containing high biodiversity and a large number
of endemic species (Myers et al. 2000), but also has one of the highest rates of deforestation of
any tropical region (Sodhi et al. 2004; Sodhi et al. 2010).
Costantini et al. (1993) use the Odour Baited Entry Trap (OBET), composed of a tent
with a either a man or cow whose odour are drawn to a cage trap by a fan via polythene tunnel.
OBET used both man and cow: the mosquitoes seeking for hosts were collected in a protected
chamber before reaching the host.
Costantini et al. (1993) was used The Human Landing Catch (HLC), the same man
(Tanzanian, 34 years old) exposed his feet while using mechanical respirator for collecting
landing mosquitoes at each collection site, one collector worked from 6:00 pm to 6:00 a.m,
mosquito were stroed by an hour interval. OBET used both man and cow: the mosquitoes
seeking for hosts were collected in a protected chamber before reaching the host.
The other method is Mbita traps also known as mosquito traps, were provided by Dr.
Evans Mathenge of Kenya Medical Research Institute. They were used as described and baited
with a man resting in bed and in the trap for 12 hours from 18.00 to 06.00 hours . In each
village, in parallel to human landing collections, three traps were used per night, with one
outdoors, and two indoors in separate bedrooms without people other than this under the trap in
order to avoid local competition between the trap and other more accessible people for
mosquitoes.
7

Lastly, A Guide to the Genera Of Mosquitoes ( Diptera : Culicidae ) of Thailand with

Illustrated keys, Biological notes and Preservation and Mounting Techniques by Rampa
Rattanarithikul et al. (1982) are use to determine the genera of the mosquitoes by us in this
project. In this Guide, the purpose of Rampa Rattanarithikul study was to determine the
anopheline composition and the indoor and outdoor nocturnal biting patterns of anopheline
mosquitoes in an endemic malarious village near the Malaysia-Thailand border.

MATERIAL METHODS
The research will be conducted at Taman Bersatu, Arau. The catching of mosquito will
be done once a week on Saturday night from sundown to sunrise. For each hour two persons
from the group will be involved. One will act as the attractor and the other will act as the catcher.
After one hour, the position will be reversed. The attractor will expose part of his arm to attract
the mosquito while the catcher will catch it using the test tube. After the mosquito has been
caught, a piece of cotton wool, will be inserted into the test tube to trap the mosquito. Catching
of mosquito will be repeated after two hours by another two members group. This will repeated
until sunrise. All the mosquitoes caught will be brought to the laboratory to be identified. A drop
of chloroform will be introduced into the test tube to kill the mosquitoes. The mosquitoes will be
taken out and placed on a glass slide covered by the cover slip to be identified under the
compound light microscope.
These are parts of the mosquito that will be used for identification purposes:
1. Proboscis and maxillary palpus.

Anopheles sp.

Aedes sp.

Culex sp.

Mansonia sp.
9

2. Shape of scutellum.

Culex sp.

Mansonia sp.

No lobes

Scutellum with lobes shape.

Anopheles sp.
No lobes.

Aedes sp.
With lobes shape.

10

3. Markings on the scutum for Aedes sp.

Aedes albopictus
Scutum has one silvery-white stripe down the middle.

Aedes aegypti
Scutum has lyre-shaped silvery-white scales

11

4. Markings on the legs.

Figure 8. 1 Culex sp.

Legs dark, no bands

Figure 8. 3 Aedes sp.

Legs have white basal band.

Figure 8. 2 Anopheles sp.

Legs dark, sometimes with pale knee spots

Figure 8. 4 Mansonia sp.

Hind legs have narrow basal bands.

12

5. Scales on the wings.

Culex sp.

Anopheles sp.

Aedes sp.

Mansonia sp

13

Proboscis
Part of
the
mosquito

Lon
g

Sho
rt

Maxillary
Palpus

Scutellum

Lon
g

Hav
e
lobe
s

Sho
rt

No
lobe
s

Mark on
Scutum
Pres
-ent

Abse
nt

Aedes
X
X
X
X
sp.
Anophel
X
X
X
X
es sp.
Culex sp.
X
X
X
X
Mansoni
X
X
X
X
a sp.
Table of Identification of Genera Mosquito In Taman Bersatu Arau.

Marking on Legs

Scale on

Dar
k

Whit
e
basal
band

Narro
w
basal
band

Dar
k

Na
rro
w

* (X) is the characteristic that present on the mosquitoes observed.

(-) is the characteristic that absent on the mosquitoes observed.

14

RESULTS
FIRST WEEK
Date : 23.6.2013 - 24.6.2013
Genera
Anophele Aede Cule
Time
s sp.
s sp. x sp.
7.00pm
0
1
2
8.00pm
1
2
1
9.00pm
2
0
2
10.00pm
2
0
3
11.00pm
1
1
2
12.00am
3
0
2
1.00am
1
0
4
2.00am
2
0
3
3.00am
2
0
2
4.00am
1
2
1
5.00am
0
1
3
6.00am
0
2
3
7.00am
1
1
2
Total
16
10
30
Date : 24.6.2013 - 25.6.2013
Time
7.00pm
8.00pm
9.00pm
10.00pm
11.00pm
12.00am
1.00am
2.00am
3.00am
4.00am
5.00am
6.00am
7.00am
Total

Anophele
s sp.
0
1
2
2
1
3
1
2
2
1
0
0
1
16

Genera
Aede Cule
s sp. x sp.
1
2
2
1
0
2
0
3
1
2
0
2
0
4
0
3
0
2
2
1
1
3
2
3
1
2
10
30

Mansoni
a sp.
2
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
9

Mansoni
a sp.
2
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
9

15

Mansonia sp.
Culex sp.
Aedes sp.
Anopheles sp.

Figure 1 Graft of Mosquitoes Collection in First Week.

Total mosquitoes genera collected this week:
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Culex sp. : 57
Anopheles sp. : 35
Aedes sp. : 18
Mansonia sp. : 20

16

SECOND WEEK
Date : 30.6.2013 - 1.7.2013
Anopheles
sp.
7.00pm
0
8.00pm
0
9.00pm
2
10.00pm
1
11.00pm
1
12.00am
2
1.00am
3
2.00am
2
3.00am
2
4.00am
2
5.00am
0
6.00am
1
7.00am
0
Total
16
Date : 1.7.2013 2.7.2013
Time

Time
7.00pm
8.00pm
9.00pm
10.00pm
11.00pm
12.00am
1.00am
2.00am
3.00am
4.00am
5.00am
6.00am
7.00am
Total

Anopheles
sp.
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
0
0
0
16

Genera
Aedes
Culex
sp.
sp.
2
2
2
1
0
1
0
3
0
4
0
2
0
2
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
3
3
1
2
1
12
24

Mansonia
sp.
1
2
2
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
2
13

Genera
Aedes
Culex
sp.
sp.
1
2
2
1
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
2
1
2
0
3
0
2
0
3
0
5
2
2
2
2
8
33

Mansonia
sp.
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
8

17

Mansonia sp.
Culex sp.
Aedes sp.
Anopheles sp.

Figure 2 Graft of Mosquitoes Collection in Second Weeks

Total mosquitoes genera collected this week:
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Culex sp. : 57
Anopheles sp. : 32
Aedes sp. : 20
Mansonia sp. : 21

18

THIRD WEEK
Date : 7.7.2013 - 8.7.2013
Anopheles
sp.
7.00pm
0
8.00pm
0
9.00pm
1
10.00pm
2
11.00pm
1
12.00am
2
1.00am
3
2.00am
1
3.00am
0
4.00am
2
5.00am
0
6.00am
1
7.00am
0
Total
13
Date : 8.7.2013 - 9.7.2013
Time

Time
7.00pm
8.00pm
9.00pm
10.00pm
11.00pm
12.00am
1.00am
2.00am
3.00am
4.00am
5.00am
6.00am
7.00am
Total

Anopheles
sp.
1
1
0
0
1
0
2
3
1
1
0
1
1
12

Genera
Aedes
Culex
sp.
sp.
1
4
2
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
2
1
3
1
3
0
3
1
4
2
2
2
2
10
34

Mansonia
sp.
0
1
2
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
8

Genera
Aedes
Culex
sp.
sp.
2
2
0
3
1
3
0
5
0
4
0
5
0
3
0
2
0
3
0
2
1
4
1
3
2
1
7
40

Mansonia
sp.
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
6

19

Mansonia sp.
Culex sp.
Aedes sp.
Anopheles sp.

Figure 3 Graft of Mosquitoes Collection in Third Weeks

Total mosquitoes genera collected this week:
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Culex sp. : 74
Anopheles sp. : 25
Aedes sp. : 17
Mansonia sp. : 14

20

FOURTH WEEK
Date : 14.7.2013 - 15.7.2013
Anopheles
sp.
7.00pm
0
8.00pm
1
9.00pm
0
10.00pm
1
11.00pm
0
12.00am
1
1.00am
2
2.00am
1
3.00am
2
4.00am
2
5.00am
2
6.00am
0
7.00am
0
Total
12
Date : 15.7.2013 - 16.7.2013
Time

Time
7.00pm
8.00pm
9.00pm
10.00pm
11.00pm
12.00am
1.00am
2.00am
3.00am
4.00am
5.00am
6.00am
7.00am
Total

Anopheles
sp.
0
0
0
1
2
1
2
3
0
0
0
1
0
10

Genera
Aedes
Culex
sp.
sp.
1
4
0
3
1
4
0
3
0
4
0
4
0
3
0
4
0
2
0
3
0
3
1
3
1
4
4
44

Mansonia
sp.
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
5

Genera
Aedes
Culex
sp.
sp.
1
3
1
4
0
5
0
3
0
2
0
4
0
3
0
1
1
3
0
5
1
4
1
3
2
2
7
42

Mansonia
sp.
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
6

21

Mansonia sp.
Culex sp.
Aedes sp.
Anopheles sp.

Figure 4 Graft of Mosquitoes Collection in Fourth Weeks

Total mosquitoes genera collected this week:
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Culex sp. : 86
Anopheles sp. : 22
Aedes sp. : 11
Mansonia sp. : 11

22

FIFTH WEEK
Date : 21.7.2013 - 22.7.2013
Anopheles
sp.
7.00pm
0
8.00pm
1
9.00pm
0
10.00pm
2
11.00pm
0
12.00am
1
1.00am
1
2.00am
1
3.00am
1
4.00am
1
5.00am
2
6.00am
2
7.00am
1
Total
13
DATE : 22.7.2013 - 23.7.2013
Time

Time
7.00pm
8.00pm
9.00pm
10.00pm
11.00pm
12.00am
1.00am
2.00am
3.00am
4.00am
5.00am
6.00am
7.00am
Total

Anopheles
sp.
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
2
11

Genera
Aedes
Culex
sp.
sp.
1
3
2
2
0
4
0
3
0
5
0
3
0
2
0
3
0
4
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
9
35

Mansonia
sp.
1
0
1
0
0
1
2
1
0
1
0
0
1
8

Genera
Aedes
Culex
sp.
sp.
2
2
2
2
0
4
0
3
0
4
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
4
1
3
1
4
1
2
1
1
8
36

Mansonia
sp.
0
0
1
2
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
1
1
10

23

Mansonia sp.
Culex sp.
Aedes sp.
Anopheles sp.

Figure 5 Graft of Mosquitoes Collection in Fifth Weeks

Total mosquitoes genera collected this week:
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Culex sp. : 71
Anopheles sp. : 24
Aedes sp. : 17
Mansonia sp. : 18

24

Mosquito Data Collection in Taman Bersatu Arau.

Mansonia
Culex
Anopheles
Aedes

Figure 6 Bar graft of Mosquitoes Collection in 5 weeks Period

The Percentage of Genera Mosquito in Taman Bersatu Arau Perlis.

25

Pie Chart of Genera Mosquito

Culex

Anopheles

Aedes

Mansonia

13%
13%
53%
21%

Figure 7 The Percentage of Genera Mosquito in Taman Bersatu Arau Perlis

DISCUSSION
Graph of Distribution if Genera of Mosquitoes In Taman Bersatu Arau Perlis.

Anopheles sp.
Aedes sp.
Culex sp.
Mansonia sp.

26

From the result, the nocturnal biting habits of various genera of mosquito in Taman
Bersatu Arau in Perlis, we can classified that the various genera of mosquitos to their time
active of their nocturnal biting period. In this area we find that several types of various genera of
mosquito that active and breed at this area are Culex sp. (53%) , Anopheles sp. (21%) ,
Mansonia sp. (13%) and Aedes sp. (13%).
From our result, it was shown that Culex sp. has two peak biting period that is from 9pm
to 12 am and another at 5am.This can be seen in the numbers of Culex caught during this
period is the highest. In the transmission of filariasis that can cause elephantiasis, the larvae of
filarial worm will be presence in the superficial blood capillaries at about 12am in anticipation of
the presence of the vector that is Culex mosquito. This is also the reason why medical teams
will check the presence of filarial worms in certain occupants in the village at about 12am during
the night. The filarial larvae can be seen crossing in the blood capillaries of the eyes.

The Anopheles sp. was found to have a peak biting period from 12am to 2am.
Anopheles is well known to be the carrier of the dreaded disease known as malaria. Malaria is
caused by the parasites known as Plasmodium sp. The sporozoites of this parasites can be
carried by Anopheles mosquitoes from host to host.
The two peak biting periods for Mansonia sp. are at 9pm and 7am. Mansonia is known
as the carrier for yellow fever and filarial. Yellow fever is cause by a certain virus that attack the
liver cells, blocking the flow of bile thus causing the bile to seep into the blood stream causing
the skin to become yellow in colour. The white of the eye is the first to be noticed being yellow.
For Aedes sp. also has two peaks biting period, that is at 7pm and 6am. This shows that
Aedes feeding time during sunrise and sunset. Aedes sp. in Malaysia can be found having two
main species namely A. albopictus that acts as a carrier for dengue fever, and A. aegypti that
can acts as a carrier for dengue hemorrhagic fever. So most probably the transmission of
dengue fever will occur in the early morning and late in the evening.
From the table, Culex sp. mosquitoes are the highest in the experiment that were caught
compare to other mosquito species. This shows that Culex sp. mosquitoes are more active than
other mosquitoes in this area. This can be explained with the presence of mosquito breeding
areas such as the large drain across the road that is blocked by water plants sucha as
27

Eichornia sp. The Culex larvae will use the roots of these plants in order to get the much
needed oxygen. The larvae has a sharp needle-shape siphon that can be inserted into the roots
in order to breathe. The water in this drain has also been found to hold a lot of mosquito larvae,
thus the presence of high numbers of Culex sp. in this survey.
Anopheles sp. was found to be the second largest number of mosquito caught in this
survey. This can be explained by the presence of a paddy planting area just across the road
from the housing area. Paddy fields were known to be a good breeding ground for Anopheles
mosquito, since this type of mosquito prefers the clean, slow flowing water in the paddy field.
Since the distance of paddy field from the housing areas is less than 100m away, thus the
presence of quite a large number of Anopheles sp. in this housing area.
Mansonia sp. and Culex sp. are two types of mosquito that has about the same type of
breeding ground. Both require the presence of Eichornia plant in order to obtain oxygen. But the
numbers of Mansonia sp. in this survey is very much less than that of Culex sp.. This most
probably is due to the fact that Culex sp. being more successful in inhabiting the breeding sites
compared to Mansonia sp.. Thus the number of Mansonia sp. is very much reduced.
Surprisingly in this survey Aedes sp. were found to be the least number of mosquitoes
caught, Aedes sp. is known to prefer clean water that can be found in flower pots, clean
containers that can hold water and even in the bathroom. This can be due to the absence of
such breeding grounds which prevented the Aedes sp. mosquito from breeding. There was no
report of any of the inhabitants being struck by dengue fever.

28

CONCLUSION
Due to our objective in final project we can conclude that we finally can catch and
identify various genera of mosquito in Taman Bersatu, Arau, Perlis which is Culex sp.,
Anopheles sp., Mansonia sp. and Aedes sp. From our result we can determine their percentage
along 5 weeks we conducted this final project. Their percentage are Culex sp. (53%) ,
Anopheles sp. (21%) , Mansonia sp. (13%) and Aedes sp. (13%).
Other than that we also successfully determined the nocturnal biting period of this
various genera of mosquito. From our result, it was shown that Culex sp. has two peak biting
period that is from 9 pm to 12 am and another at 5 am. The Anopheles sp. was found to have a
peak biting period from 12am to 2am. The two peak biting periods for Mansonia sp. are at 9 pm
and 7 am. Lastly, For Aedes sp. also has two peaks biting period which is at 7 pm and 6 am.
Finally, the total amount of the mosquitoes collected during the 5 weeks we conducted is
650 mosquitoes and from the entomology studies showed that Culex sp. was the predominant
genus in our study area with the highest number caught biting being at 345 out of 650.

29

REFERENCES
1. Abdul Hamid Khalid, Wahab A Rahman, Adnan C.R, and A. Hassan Ahmad; Malaria
transmission in a remote village located in northern peninsular Malaysia near the
Malaysia-Thailand Border, Tropical Biomedicine 9 : 83-89 (1992).
2. Adachi, M., Ito, A., Ishida, A., Kadir, W.R., Ladpala, P. & Yamagata, Y. (2011) Carbon
budget of tropical forests in Southeast Asia and the effects of deforestation: An approach
using a process-based model and field measurements. Biogeosciences Discuss, 8,
3051-3079.
3. Costantini C, Gibson G, Brady J, Merzagora L, Coluzzi M: A new odour-baited trap to
collect host-seeking mosquitoes.
Parassitologia 1993, 35:5-9.
4. Dr. M. Kadletz and Dr. L. Kusmina, Journal Of School Health, Volume 4, issue 6, page
17, June 1934.
5. Jeffery,J. et al. (2012) Illustrated Keys, Some Mosquitoes of Peninsular Malaysia.
6. John Scott (2002). Guildlines to minimize mosquito and biting midge problems in new
development areas.
7. Kettle, D.S. (1995). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. CAB International. Wallingford
8. Koh, L.P., Miettinen, J., Liew, S.C. &Ghazoul, J. (2011) Remotely sensed evidence of

30

Tropica lpeatland conversion to oil palm. Proceedings of the National Academy of

Sciences,108, 5127-5132.
9. MARIA ANICE MUREB SALLUM, PETER G. FOSTER, CONG LI, RATANA
SITHIPRASASNA, RICHARD C. WILKERSON; Phylogeny of the Leucosphyrus Group
of Anopheles (Cellia) (Diptera: Culicidae) Based on Mitochondrial Gene Sequences
(2007).
10. Mathenge EM, Killeen GF, Oulo DO, Irungu LW, Ndegwa PN and Knols BGJ:
Development of an exposure-free bednet trap for sampling Afrotropical malaria vectors.
Med Vet Entomol 2002, 16:6774
11. Rattanarithikul, R., E. Konishi and K.J. Linthicum. 1982. Observations on nocturnal biting
activity and host preference of Anopheles collected in southern Thailand. J Am. Mosq.
Contr. Assoc. 12: 52-57
12. Otsuru and Ohmari,1960;Moorhouse and Wharton,1965; Thevasgayamet al, 1970;
Chiang et al,1968;Jall,1990.
13. Rueda, L.M. (2008). Global diversity of mosquitoes (Insecta :Diptera : Culicidae ) in
freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595 : 477-487
14. Sodhi, N.S., Koh, L.P., Brook, B.W. & Ng, P.K.L. (2004) Southeast Asian biodiversity: An
impending disaster. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19, 654-660.
15. Wahab A Rahman, Adnan CheRus, and Abu Hassan Ahmad; Malaria And Anopheles
Mosquito In Malaysia, Vol 28,No. 3; September 1997.
16.WHO: Manual on practical entomology in malaria Part II. Prepared by the WHO Division
of Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Geneva; 1975.

31