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Term 1
Definition 1
Term 2
Definition 2
A hollow muscular organ behind the sternum?
heart
Where is the PMI located?
5th intercostal space
Term 3
Definition 3
Term 4
Definition 4
The R and L sides of the heart are separated by the?
Septum
What is the inner layer of the heart that lines the heart chamber?
Endocardium
Term 5
Definition 5
Term 6
Definition 6
What is the middle layer of the heart made up of muscle fibers and is responsible for the pumping action of the heart?
Myocardium
What is the outer layer of the heart that is embedded with coronary arteries?
Epicardium
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Term 7
Definition 7
Term 8
Definition 8
What valve is between the L atria and L ventricle?
Mitral Valve
What valve is between the R atria and R ventricle?
Tricuspid Valve
Term 9
Definition 9
Term 10
Definition 10
What valve is between the L ventricle and aorta?
Aortic Valve
What valve is between the R ventricle and pulmonary artery?
Pulmonic Valve
Term 11
Definition 11
Term 12
Definition 12
The mitral and tricuspid are what valves?
Atrioventricular Valve
The aortic and pulmonic are what valves?
Semilunar Valves
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Term 13
Definition 13
Term 14
Definition 14
How does blood flow through the heart?
Superior/Inferior Vena Cave-> R Atrium-> Tricuspid Valve-> R Ventricle-> Pulmonary Valve-> Pulmonary Artery-> Lungs-> Pulmonary Veins-> L Atrium-> Mitral Valve-> L Ventricle-> Aortic Valve-> Aorta
How does the conduction system work?
SA Node AV Node Bundle of His Purkinje Fibers
Term 15
Definition 15
Term 16
Definition 16
What will a pt need if the SA and AV nodes stop working?
Pacemaker
What node is causes the heart to beat at 60-100 bpm and is the pacemaker of the heart?
SA Node
Term 17
Definition 17
Term 18
Definition 18
What node will make the heart beat at 4-60bpm and transfers electrical impulses to the bundle of His?
AV Node
What node is divided into right and left branches?
Bundles of His
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Term 19
Definition 19
Term 20
Definition 20
When electrical impulses reach here the ventricles contract.
Purkinje Fibers
What controls the heart?
Autonomic Nervous System
Term 21
Definition 21
Term 22
Definition 22
What is Sympathetic Nervous System?
Fight or Flight
What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do to the body?
opposite of Fight or Flight
Term 23
Definition 23
Term 24
Definition 24
What is the contraction and relaxation of our heart?
Cardiac Cycle
What happens during systole?
The heart propels blood forward, ventricles are full of blood and the heart contracts
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Term 25
Definition 25
Term 26
Definition 26
What happens during diastole?
The heart relaxes and the chambers refill with blood.
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one minute.
Term 27
Definition 27
Term 28
Definition 28
What is a normal cardiac output?
4-8L/min
How do you calculate cardiac output?
HR x SV = CO
Term 29
Definition 29
Term 30
Definition 30
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood ejected with each ventricle contraction.
The amount of stroke volume depends on what?
preload contractility afterload
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Term 31
Definition 31
Term 32
Definition 32
What is preload?
The amount of blood that remains in the ventricle at the end of diastole.
If preload is increase what also increases?
everything increases
Term 33
Definition 33
Term 34
Definition 34
What is contractility?
The ability for cardiac muscles to contract.
If contractility is increases what else is increased?
everything increases
Term 35
Definition 35
Term 36
Definition 36
What is afterload?
The amount of pressure ventricles need overcome to eject blood during contraction
If the vessels are constricted what happens?
afterload will increase causing SV and CO to decrease
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Term 37
Definition 37
Term 38
Definition 38
IF the vessels are dilated what happens?
afterload will decrease causing SV and CO to increase
What happens to the heart as we age?
increase density of tissue decrease elasticity pacer cells decrease takes longer to respond to stress postural (orthostatic) hypertension
Term 39
Definition 39
Term 40
Definition 40
An increase density and a decrease elasticity cause a?
decrease contraction
What do the arteries do in the body?
They carry blood from the heart toward the tissues.
Term 41
Definition 41
Term 42
Definition 42
What is the largest artery in the body?
Aorta: carries oxygenated blood from the L ventricle of heart.
What do arterioles do in the body?
Small vessels that branch off arteries and send blood to capillaries.
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Term 43
Definition 43
Term 44
Definition 44
What do capillaries do in the body?
Carry nutrients and oxygen into the tissues and the removal of metabolic wastes from tissues.
What do venules do in the body?
Small vessels that branch off veins and send deoxygenated blood into our veins from our capillaries.
Term 45
Definition 45
Term 46
Definition 46
What do veins do in the bdoy?
They take deoxygenated blood from the extremities to our heart.
What does the systemic circulation involve?
Circulation in the body besides the heart and lungs.
Term 47
Definition 47
Term 48
Definition 48
What does the pulmonary circulation involve?
The circulation of blood from our heart to our lungs and back.
What is it called when you have a hard time breathing while sleeping?
paraoxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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Term 49
Definition 49
Term 50
Definition 50
This allows study of the electrical activity through the heart muscle.
electrocardiogram (EKG)
This is a portable machine with a memory to provide continuous cardiac monitoring from 24hrs to weeks at a time.
Holter Monitor
Term 51
Definition 51
Term 52
Definition 52
This records the size, shape, position, and behavior of the hearts internal structure. Ultrasonic waves are beamed into the heart, and their echoes are recorded.
Echocardiogram
A flexible endoscopic probe with a ultrasound transducer is passed down the back of the throat into the esophagus.
Transesphageal Echocardiogram (TEE)
Term 53
Definition 53
Term 54
Definition 54
What must be obtained before an TEE?
signed consent
What should be monitored after a TEE?
VS LOC gag reflex: NPO until reflex returns
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Term 55
Definition 55
Term 56
Definition 56
What creates a 3-D images of body structures without radiation?
MRI
A radioactive material is injected through IV and the heart is scanned to evaluate function. May be done during rest or exercise.
Multiple- Gated Acquisition Scan (MUGA)
Term 57
Definition 57
Term 58
Definition 58
What has to be done before a MUGA Scan?
NPO 2hrs before signed consent
A continuous EKG is monitored while the pt uses a treadmill or stationary bike. Every 2-3 mins the peed and incline are increased?
Stress Test (Exercise Tolerance Test)
Term 59
Definition 59
Term 60
Definition 60
A stress test is continued until what happens?
Either: pt can no long continue pt reaches max hear rate symptoms intervene significant changes to EKG
How do you calculate a pt max HR?
220- pt age
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Term 61
Definition 61
Term 62
Definition 62
What has to be done before a stress test?
NPO 2hrs before signed consent give beta-blockers if prescribed
A catheter is inserted into a vein or artery and is threaded into the heart chambers, coronary arteries, or both under fluoroscopy. A contrast dye is injected through the cath. Films are made of the heart structure. Vitals and EKG are monitored
Cardiac Catheterization
Term 63
Definition 63
Term 64
Definition 64
What must happen before a cardiac cath?
NPO morning before signed consent tell pt to expect a flush sensation when dye is injected give sedative if ordered, pt will be awake
What are post-op measures for a cardiac cath?
check puncture site maintain pressure if vascular seal is not used VS and peripheral pules on affected extremity enforced ordered bed rest
Term 65
Definition 65
Term 66
Definition 66
This assesses the acid-base balance by measuring pH, Pco2, Hco3, and base excess. Uses an artery, not vein?
arterial blood gas
This is released when heart cells die as a result of damage?
cardiac enzymes
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Term 67
Definition 67
Term 68
Definition 68
This cardiac enzyme is elevated when damaged has occurred to the myocardial cells. Can be elevated up to 24 hours after MI.
Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK-MB)
Cardiac enzyme that is only detected in a pt that has had an MI?
Troponin
Term 69
Definition 69
Term 70
Definition 70
A CBC is what?
WBC RBC H&H Platelet count
This is used to evaluate risk of CAD?
Lipid Profile
Term 71
Definition 71
Term 72
Definition 72
This measures naturally occurring BNP levels. Elevated in heart failure.
B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
A protein that is elevated in system inflammation?
C-reactive protein (CRP)
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Term 73
Definition 73
Term 74
Definition 74
What does a cardiac glycoside do? What is an example and what do you have to know before giving?
slows heart rate Digoxin Apical pulse
What do antianginals do? What is an example and what do you need to know before giving?`
Use to treat angina r/t myocardial ischemia. Nitrates: Nitroglycerin Beta-Blockers: Metaprolol Calcium Channel Blockers: Cardizem BP and HR
Term 75
Definition 75
Term 76
Definition 76
What do antidysrhythmias do? What is an example and what do you need to know before giving?
Used to treat abnormal heart rhythms. Amiodarone Apical
What do ACE Inhibitors do? What is an example and what do you need to know before giving?
Dilated arteries and decrease resistance of blood flow through the arteries. BP and HR lisinopril
Term 77
Definition 77
Term 78
Definition 78
What do diuretics do? What is an example and what do you need to know before giving?
Treatment of fluid retention Loop Diuretic: Lasix Thiazide Diuretic: Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) Potassium Sparing Diuretic: Aldactone BP, HR, K+ levels
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Term 79
Definition 79
Term 80
Definition 80
What is the antidote of Heparin and what do you monitor?
Protamine Sulfate Monitor PTT lab values: tells quickly the blood is clotting.
What is the antidote for Coumadin? What needs to be monitored?
Vit K Monitor PT/INR lab values: evaluates how quickly blood is clotting.
Term 81
Definition 81
Term 82
Definition 82
What is an anticoagulant do? What should you monitor?
Used to prevent blood clots. Monitor pt for signs of bleeding.
What do antiplatelets do and what are some examples?
Used to prevent platelets from sticking together which my lead to blockage of vessels. Aspirin Plavix Ticlid
Term 83
Definition 83
Term 84
Definition 84
What do Thrombolytic agents do. What are some examples, and how can a pt get them?
Destroys clots that have already formed. Given to pts who come in with a stroke or MI but must meet a set list of criteria before giving. Streptokinase
What do Lipid-Lowering Agent. What are some examples
Lowers the lipid levels in the pt with high cholesterol. Lipitor (atorvastatin) Zocor (simvastatin)W
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Term 85
Definition 85
Term 86
Definition 86
What do Analgesics do? What are some examples?
Relieves pain in an MI, reduces anxiety. Main goal is to reduce the workload of the heart by decreasing BP Morphine
Every pt with an expected MI will get what treatment?
MONA
Term 87
Definition 87
Term 88
Definition 88
This pacemaker is placed on the outside of the body, electrical impulses are sent through pads that are placed on the chest. Used only in emergencies.
Transcutaneous Pacemaker
This pacemaker an electrode is placed into R side of heart. Cath is threated through the subclavian or jugular veins to the R atrium. Done in emergencies.
Transverse Pacemaker
Term 89
Definition 89
Term 90
Definition 90
This pacemaker has 3 or 4 wires placed in the epicardium to send electrical impulses to the R atrium. Seen mostly in surgery.
Epicardial Pacemaker
A small device surgically placed in SQ tissue in the chest. Has electrical wires that are threaded into the part of the heart that needs impulses. Dr will program the device.
Permanent Pacemaker
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Term 91
Definition 91
Term 92
Definition 92
What are post-op instructions for pacemakers?
pt cant put arm above heard for 2-3 weeks. EKG monitoring VS inspect incision for infection
What is the leading cause of death in the U.S.?
Cardiac Disorders
Term 93
Definition 93
Term 94
Definition 94
Major coronary arteries are partially or completely blocked?
Coronary Artery Disease
What is thickening, loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Caused by an increase lipids and cholesterol?
Arteriosclerosis
Term 95
Definition 95
Term 96
Definition 96
What is thickening caused by deposits of fats and fibrin which hardens over time?
Atherosclerosis
Risk factor of CAD?
increase cholesterol increase BP smoking type 2 DM obesity life style stress/anxiety
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Term 97
Definition 97
Term 98
Definition 98
S/S CAD?
Pain (angina) Diaphoresis Dyspnea Fatigue Nausea/Vomiting need to rule out MI
This pain occurs with exercise and activity. Goes away with rest and when calm. Also nitro makes pain go away.
Stable Angina
Term 99
Definition 99
Term 100
Definition 100
This pain occurs randomly. No precipitating factors. Nitro doesn't relieve it.
Unstable Angina
Treatment for CAD?
encourage pt to reduce modifiable risk factors Initial Therapy: A: Aspirin B: beta blockers C: cigarette smoking D: diet E: education
Term 101
Definition 101
Term 102
Definition 102
What is destruction of the myocardial tissue as a result of lack of blood and O2 supply. Predominant in men prior to age 65.
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Risk factors for an MI?
obesity smoking high fat diet HTN Type 2 DM sedentary lifestyle excessive stress
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Term 103
Definition 103
Term 104
Definition 104
What happens to the heart during an MI?
occlusion of coronary artery ischemia injury infarction develops
Complications of an MI?
dysrhythmias CHF cardiogenic shock: heart isn't able to supply enough blood to the organs, resulting in multi-system organ failure embolisms ventricular rupture V-tach
Term 105
Definition 105
Term 106
Definition 106
S/S of an MI?
pain diaphoretic: cool clammy pale light headeness nausea and vomiting dyspnea
How do you diagnosis a MI?
pt history and classic symptoms laboratory evidence EKG
Term 107
Definition 107
Term 108
Definition 108
Treatment of MI?
goal is to preserve myocardial tissue. meds angioplasty CABG
Meds for an MI?
Nitro Morphine O2 Thrombolytics: if candidate Lidocaine: antidysrhythmic aspirin dopamine
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Term 109
Definition 109
Term 110
Definition 110
This done during a cardiac cath. Goes through femoral artery up into whichever coronary artery is occluded.
Angioplasty
This is used of pt vessels to replace occluded vessel. Pt will be in cardiopulmonary bypass machine. Pt is sent to ICU after surgery.
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
Term 111
Definition 111
Term 112
Definition 112
Nursing Diagnosis for MI?
decrease cardiac output anxiety pain
MI nursing interventions?
provide a calm environment simple explanations give pain meds oxygen v/s decrease demand on the heart
Term 113
Definition 113
Term 114
Definition 114
Inability of the heart to meet the metabolic demands of the body. The contraction of our ventricles aren't efficient enough. Blood starts to back up if heart isn't contracting well enough.
Congestive Heart Failure
Risk Factors of CHF?
CAD HTN COPD decrease of heart valves volume overload renal failure
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Term 115
Definition 115
Term 116
Definition 116
Left sided CHF?
blood and fluids back into the lungs pulmonary symptoms edema
Right sided CHF?
blood and fluids back up into the rest of the body resulting in weight gain and edema in the lower extremities
Term 117
Definition 117
Term 118
Definition 118
Left sided CHF S/S?
crackles, wheezes dyspnea cough tachycardia
Right sided CHF S/S?
jugular vein distention abdominal enlargement edema weight gain decreased urinary output
Term 119
Definition 119
Term 120
Definition 120
How to diagnosis CHF?
history and physical exam chest x-ray lab test: brain natriuretic peptid: measures amt of fluid in the bdoy high BNP 0-100 normal fluids and electrolytes BUN and Creatinine:f kidney function
A disease of the heart muscle, myocardium isnt functioning correctly, leads to heart failure.
Cardiomyopathy
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Term 121
Definition 121
Term 122
Definition 122
Risk factors for Cardiomyopathy?
excessive use of alcohol pregnancy infections obesity diabetes
S/S of Cardiomyopathy?
may have gradual onset, so may not notice dyspnea fatigue left side heart failure
Term 123
Definition 123
Term 124
Definition 124
How to diagnosis cardiomyopathy?
EKG
How to treat cardiomypatthy?
decrease the workload on the heart, no cure, may need a heart transplant
Term 125
Definition 125
Term 126
Definition 126
Factors affecting blood flow
resistance blood viscosity hemoconcentration
Age related changes in the vascular system?
arteriosclerosis decrease Hgb slowing of HR decrease SV
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Term 127
Definition 127
Term 128
Definition 128
Vascular System Assessment : 6P's
pulselessness poikilothermy: decrease temp a ischemic site pallor paresthesia: tingling /numbness paralysis
Uses sound waves to diagnosis PVD?
doppler ultrasound
Term 129
Definition 129
Term 130
Definition 130
Pain associated with decrease perfusion that is aggravated by exercise and relieved by rest?
intermittent claudication
The removal of a blood clot located in a large vessel.
Embolectomy
Term 131
Definition 131
Term 132
Definition 132
Used to gain access to the arteries in the lower extremities in ppl who are poor surgical risks?
Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty
The emboli and atherosclerotic plaque are stripped away from the intima of the vessel and the vessel is surgically closed?
Endarterectomy
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Term 133
Definition 133
Term 134
Definition 134
What do vasodilators?
Dilates peripheral and coronary arteries. Calcium Channel Blockers
What do NASAIDS do?
decreases inflammation
Term 135
Definition 135
Term 136
Definition 136
What do antiplatelets do? What are examples and what should you monitor?
Prevents clots formation of platelets Aspirin and Plavix monitor for bleeding
S/S of an Arterial Embolsim?
pain gradual loss of sensory and motor function of affected areas absent distal pulses pain aggravated by movement or pressure pallor sharp line of temp change
Term 137
Definition 137
Term 138
Definition 138
Treatment of arterial embolism?
anticoagulants: IV heparin thrombolytics: streptokinase surgery
Intermittent constriction of arterioles r/t spasms. Usually affects hands, can affect toes and top of nose.
Raynaud's Disease
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Term 139
Definition 139
Term 140
Definition 140
Dilated segment of an artery caused by weakness and stretching of arterial wall.
Aneurysms
A small tear in the inner layer of the vessel permits blood to escape into the space between the inner and middle layers. Blood accumulates between the layers.
Aortic Dissection
Term 141
Definition 141
Term 142
Definition 142
Inflammation of the vein walls?
Phlebitis
Clot formation at site of inflammation
Thrombophlebitis
Term 143
Definition 143
Term 144
Definition 144
thrombus in a vein
Phlebothrombosis
Presence of a clot in a deep vein?
Deep vein Thrombosis
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Term 145
Definition 145
Term 146
Definition 146
Factors that contribute to venous thrombus formation (Virchow's Triad)
Stasis of the blood damage to the vessel walls hypercoagulability
A filter used in the surgical treatment of Virchow's Triad.
Greenfield filter
Term 147
Definition 147
Term 148
Definition 148
A blood clot that travels and lodges in the lungs?
pulmonary emboli
This hypertension has no cause and is considered 90-95 cases?
Primary Hypertension
Term 149
Definition 149
Term 150
Definition 150
This hypertension is a complication of another disorder?
Secondary Hypertension
How do you diagnosis hypertension?
high BP on 3 separate occasions
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Term 151
Definition 151
How to select the correct amt of hypertension meds?
1: start pt on a sage low dose of one of the three meds: diurectics, ace inhibitors, beta blockers 2: if BP is still high, either increase dosage of 1st med, or add 2nd med 3: if BP i still high, either increase dosages or add 3rd med
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Printable Flash Cards

A hollow muscular organ behind the sternum?

Where is the PMI located?

5th intercostal space

The R and L sides of the heart are separated by the?

Printable Flash Cards

What valve is between the L atria and L ventricle?

What valve is between the R atria and R ventricle?

What valve is between the L ventricle and aorta?

What valve is between the R ventricle and pulmonary artery?

The mitral and tricuspid are what valves?

The aortic and pulmonic are what valves?

Printable Flash Cards

How does blood flow through the heart?

How does the conduction system work?

SA Node AV Node Bundle of His Purkinje Fibers

What will a pt need if the SA and AV nodes stop working?

What node is divided into right and left branches?

Printable Flash Cards

When electrical impulses reach here the ventricles contract.

What controls the heart?

Autonomic Nervous System

What is Sympathetic Nervous System?

What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do to the body?

opposite of Fight or Flight

What is the contraction and relaxation of our heart?

What happens during systole?

Printable Flash Cards

What happens during diastole?

The heart relaxes and the chambers refill with blood.

What is cardiac output?

The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one minute.

What is a normal cardiac output?

How do you calculate cardiac output?

What is stroke volume?

The amount of blood ejected with each ventricle contraction.

The amount of stroke volume depends on what?

preload contractility afterload

Printable Flash Cards

If preload is increase what also increases?

The ability for cardiac muscles to contract.

If contractility is increases what else is increased?

If the vessels are constricted what happens?

afterload will increase causing SV and CO to decrease

Printable Flash Cards

IF the vessels are dilated what happens?

afterload will decrease causing SV and CO to increase

What happens to the heart as we age?

An increase density and a decrease elasticity cause a?

What do the arteries do in the body?

They carry blood from the heart toward the tissues.

What is the largest artery in the body?

Aorta: carries oxygenated blood from the L ventricle of heart.

What do arterioles do in the body?

Printable Flash Cards

What do capillaries do in the body?

What do venules do in the body?

What do veins do in the bdoy?

They take deoxygenated blood from the extremities to our heart.

What does the systemic circulation involve?

Circulation in the body besides the heart and lungs.

What does the pulmonary circulation involve?

paraoxysmal nocturnal dyspnea