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ABSTRACT :
The iron oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized in co-precipitation method using aqueous solution of ferric and ferrous ions with sodium salt. The synthesis of iron-oxide nanoparticles were validated by UV-Visible spectroscopy which showed higher peak at 370 nm as valid standard reference. An average size of iron oxide nanoparticle found by Diffraction Light scattering (DLS) particle size analyser, ranges approximately between 10 nm to 120 nm with mean particle size of 66 nm. The X-ray power diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the crystallographic structure of magnetic particles. Characterization of the mean particle size and morphology of iron oxide nanoparticles confirmed that the iron oxide nanoparticles are nearly spherical and crystalline in shape. Then the nanoparticles are then used to make the surface of calcium phosphate beeds stronger .
INTRODUCTION :
In nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit with respect to its transport and properties. Particles are further classified according to diameter. Coarse particles cover a range between 10,000 and 2,500 nanometers . Fine particles are sized between 2,500 and 100 nanometers. Ultrafine particles , or nanoparticles, are between 1 and 100 nanometers in size . Nanoparticles may or may not exhibit size-related properties that differ significantly from those observed in fine particles or bulk materials. Although the size of most molecules would fit into the above outline, individual molecules are usually not referred to as nanoparticles . Nanometer-size metallic nanoparticles have been the subject to research in recent years because these materials represent an intermediate dimension between bulk materials and atoms/molecules . Among these metallic nanoparticles, iron oxide (IO) have received special attention because of their variety of scientific and technological applications such as biosensor , antimicrobial activity , food preservation , magnetic storage media, ferro-fluids, magnetic refrigeration, magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermic cancer treatments, cell sorting and targeted drug delivery . Besides, it has also been widely used in biomedical research because of its
biocompatibility and magnetic properties .The synthesis of these IO nanoparticles are carried out by differerent chemical approaches such as co-precipitation, Sol- gel and forced hydrolysis, hydrothermal, surfactant mediated/template synthesis, microimulsion, electrochemical and laser pyrolysis. Among these, the co-precipitation technique is probably the simplest and most efficient chemical pathway through which a larger amount of nanoparticles can be synthesized . Then the prepared nanoparticles were used to make the surface of the calcium phosphate beeds stronger . In the present study, an attempt has been made to synthesize iron-oxide nanoparticles in co-precipitation method and characterize it by Absorption spectrophotometer (UV- VIS), Particle size analyzer (PD), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) .
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY :
Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles from ferrous and ferric ion salts . Characterization of the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticle . Use of the iron oxide nanoparticles to make the surface of calcium phosphate beeds stronger .
MTERIALS REQUIRED :
Ferrous chloride (Fecl2) Ferric chloride (Fecl3) Distilled water Dry N2 gas 2M HCl solution Aqueous NaOH (25% - 28% , w/w ratio) UV-VIS spectrophotometer Zeta Sizer Nanoseries X-ray power diffractometer Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Magnetic Stirrer
The Fe3O4 (IO) nanoparticles were finally collected as power after oven dried at 50C . The overall procedure basically follows the following steps : i. The divalent (FeCl3.4H2O) , trivalent (FeCl3.6H2O) iron salts , 2M HCl solution , distilled water and aqueous NaOH (25% - 28% , w/w ratio) were deoxygenated with dry nitrogen before use . ii. 4.0 ml of 1M of FeCl3 and 1.0 ml of 2M FeCl2 were dissolved in deionized deoxygenated water . iii. Then 200 ml of HCl solution was added under vigorous stirring at 8000 rpm for 30 minutes . iv. The resulting brown precipitate was added with 200ml of 1.5M NaOH solution . The color of the mixture then turned to black from brown . v. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles were finally collected as power after oven dried at 500C .
III.
X-Ray diffraction
To obtain the structural information of the product, the crystallographic structure of magnetic particles was analyzed by X-ray power diffraction (XRD). The crystallographic analysis of samples in diffraction patterns were recorded from 10 to 70 with a panalytical system diffractometer (Model: DY-1656) using Cu K ( = 1.542 Ao) with an accelerating voltage of 40 KV. Data were collected with a counting rate of 1/min. The K doublets were well resolved.
CONCLUSION :
The iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized from the divalent and trivalent iron salts and characterized using UV-SIS spectrophotometer , ZETA sizer nanoseries , X-ray power diffractometer , Scanning Electron Microscope successfully . The prepared iron oxide nanoparticles were used to make the surface of calcium phosphate beeds stronger .
REFERENCES :
Characterization and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activities of Chemically Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles . by Sudhanshu Shekhar Behera, Jayanta Kumar Patra, Krishna Pramanik, Niladri Panda, Hrudayanath Thatoi . http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=25476 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticle A. K. Gupta and M. Gupta, Synthesis and Surface Engineering of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications, Biomaterials, Vol. 26, No. 18, 2005, pp. 3995- 4021. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.012