Week 2.

Evolution of Wireless Mobile Communications: 3G and Key LTE System and Service Characteristics
4G LTE Mobile Systems and Applications
11 November 2013 Republic of Korea Hyung-Jin Choi, Professor, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea

ITU Asia-Pacific Centres of Excellence Online Training on

International Telecommunication Union

Contents
Contents
Review of 3G (W-CDMA) Wireless Communications Review of 3G (HSDPA, HSUPA) Wireless Communications Evolution to 4G LTE Wireless Communications ICT Convergence with 4G LTE Key Characteristics of 4G LTE and LTE Advanced Systems Service Characteristics of 4G LTE Systems Future Evolution of Mobile Service for 2020 Emerging Trends in Next Generation Wireless Access (NGWA) Emerging Trends in Infrastructure Sharing for Faster IMT Deployment Evolving IMT Technologies and New Deployment Techniques to meet the End-Users Expectations
2

Review of 3G (W-CDMA) Wireless Communications

International Telecommunication Union

WCDMA (3GPP)
WCDMA (UMTS)
Originated from Japan's NTT DoCoMo's FOMA service and the most-commonly used member of the UMTS family It utilizes the DS-CDMA channel access method and the TDD duplexing method to achieve higher speeds and support more users compared to most TDMA system used today Radio channels are 5MHz wide Chip rate of 3.84 Mcps (chips per second) Supported mode of duplex: frequency division (FDD), time division (TDD)

WCDMA (3GPP)
System Parameters
Parameters Channel Bandwidth Duplex method Base station Synchronization Chip rate Frame length Service multiplexing Multi-rate concept Detection Multiuser detection, smart antennas Values 5MHz FDD/TDD Asynchronous operation 3.84 Mcps 10ms 15-slot Multiple services with different quality of service requirements multiplexed on one connection Variable spreading factor and multi-code Coherent detection using pilot symbols or common pilot Supported by the standard, optional in the implementation
5

WCDMA Physical Channel

Dedicated Channel + Common Channel
Common Transport Channels (Need for inband identification of MSs) Dedicated Transport Channels (MS identified by physical channel)

System Frame Number (SFN)

Cell System Frame Number counter Used in the UMTS system to identify the framing and timing of a cell on a Node B Sent on BCH Used for paging groups and system information scheduling etc

Connection Frame Number (CFN)

Indicator as to which radio frame the first data was received on uplink or shall be transmitted on downlink The frame counter used for the L2/transport channel synchronization between UE and UTRAN
6

Synchronization Procedure
The Basic 3 Steps for the Initial Cell Search (for UE)
Searches the 256-chip primary synchronization code
The primary synchronization code is the same in every slot The peak detected corresponds to the slot boundary

Seeks the largest peak from the Secondary SCH

64 possibilities for the secondary synchronization coed word

Seeks the primary scrambling codes that belong to that particular code group

Spreading & Scrambling

Spreading
Channelization operation: (increasing the signal bandwidth)
The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor(SF) Data symbols are independently multiplied with an OVSF code on I-Q branches

Scrambling
Scrambling operation: (does not affect the signal bandwidth)
The resultant signal are multiplied by complex-valued scrambling code on I-Q branches Scrambling code is a Gold code sequence

WCDMA Forward Link Physical Channel

Dedicated Downlink Physical Channel (DPCH)
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)

Common Downlink Physical Channel

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) Synchronization Channel (SCH), Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) CPCH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH) CPCH Collision-Detection/ Channel-Assignment Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH), CPCH State Indicator Channel (CSICH)
9

WCDMA Forward Link Physical Channel

Mapping of Transport Channels onto Physical Channels
Transport channel
Defines how data from upper layer is delivered to physical channel (WCDMA characteristics)
Transport Channels Physical Channels

DCH

Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) BCH FACH PCH Synchronisation Channel (SCH) DSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP -AICH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH) Collision-Detection/Channel-Assignment Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH) Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P -CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S -CCPCH)

10

WCDMA Dedicated Physical Channel

DPCH (Dedicated physical channel)
Frame length = 10ms 1 radio frame = 15 slots
1 slot = 2560 chip
DPDCH Data1 Ndata1 bits DPCCH TPC NTPC bits TFCI NTFCI bits DPDCH Data2 Ndata2 bits DPCCH Pilot Npilot bits

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)

Chip rate = 3.84 Mcps Time Multiplexing (DPDCH + DPCCH) DPDCH - transmits message data
Data rate varies from 15 kbps(7.5 ksps) to 1920 kbps(960 ksps) depends on spreading factor and slot format(SF: 4~512)
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms Slot #14

DPCCH
TPC (Transmit Power Control) TFCI (Transport Format Combination Indicator) Pilot
11

WCDMA Common Pilot Channel

Pre-defined symbol sequence Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits = 10 symbols

Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #i 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms

Slot #14

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

30Kbps, SF: 256 Transmits pre-determined bit(symbol) sequence: (1+j) CPICH is un-modulated downlink channel
Phase reference of other downlink physical channel Used for 3 step cell search, channel estimation (AFC, channel estimator), and SIR estimation for handover
12

WCDMA Transmitter
Spreading
I downlink physical channel

S P

Modulation Mapper

Cch,SF,m (OVSF) Q

Sdl,n (Scrambling code) S I+jQ

Combining of forward link physical channels

Different downlink Physical channels (point S) G1

G2

P-SCH GP S-SCH GS

(point T)

13

WCDMA Transmitter
Channelization Code
Channelization code
Uses OVSF(Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) Code In WCDMA system, variable length Walsh code is used for support variable transmit rate

Spread spectrum
Multiplies channelization code to low-rate physical channel data symbol to set the final transmit rate 3.84 Mcps Spreading gain (= PG: Processing Gain) can be obtained by spread spectrum

14

WCDMA Transmitter
Channelization Code (contd)
OVSF code tree
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

OVSF code keeps orthogonality between downlink channels - channel division If some code is selected, orthogonality cannot be maintained between the lower branch codes
Cannot be used for channels in the same mobile station
15

WCDMA Transmitter
Channelization Code (contd)
Generation method for channelization code

C ch,1,0 = 1
Cch , 2 , 0 Cch ,1, 0 = C ch , 2 ,1 Cch ,1, 0 Cch ,1, 0 1 1 = Cch ,1,0 1 1

C ch , 2 ( n+1), 0 C ch , 2n , 0 C C ( ) n + 1 ch , 2 ,1 ch , 2n , 0 C ch , 2 ( n+1), 2 C ch , 2n ,1 C ch , 2 ( n +1 ), 3 = C ch , 2n ,1 : : C ch , 2 ( n+1), 2 ( n+1)2 C ch , 2n , 2n 1 C ( n+1) ( n+1) C n n ch , 2 , 2 1 ch , 2 , 2 1

C ch , 2n , 2n 1 C ch , 2n , 2n 1 C ch , 2n , 0 C ch , 2n , 0 C ch , 2n ,1 C ch , 2n ,1 :
16

WCDMA Transmitter
Scramble Code
After spreading, scrambling code which has the same chip rate is multiplied to the signal
Theres no additional spread spectrum Used for identifying Base Stations

18 stage Gold sequence is used for scrambling code generation

Scrambling code period is 262143 chips WCDMA (asynchronous) uses 512 of different sequences which have a good correlation property Use partial sequences to keep the frame length to 10msec (38400 chips)

17

Review of 3G (HSDPA, HSUPA) Wireless Communications

International Telecommunication Union

HSPA/HSPA+
HSPA (High Speed Packet Access )
A collection of two mobile telephony protocols High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Extend and improve the performance of existing WCDMA protocols HSDPA Downlink peak data rates up to 14 Mbps HSUPA Uplink data rates up to 5.76Mbps Adopted 16-QAM modulation HSDPA is a 3GPP Release 5 feature for UMTS FDD/TDD

HSPA+ (Evolved High-Speed Packet Access )

A wireless broadband standard defined in 3GPP release 7 Evolved HSPA provides data rates up to 42 Mbit/s in the downlink and 11 Mbit/s in the uplink (per 5MHz carrier) with multiple input Multiple output (MIMO) technologies and higher order modulation (i.e., 64QAM)
19

HSDPA Key Features

Shared Channel Transmission
Channelization codes and transmission power in a cell are dynamically shared between users New shared physical and transport channels are introduced

AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding)

Adaptation of transmission parameters to radio conditions and UE capability Downlink modulation scheme
16QAM : UE capability QPSK : mandatory for UE
Twice the peak rate capability than BPSK More Efficient use of bandwidth than BPSK However, it requires better radio channel condition

20

HSDPA Key Features

Short TTI (Transmission Time Interval)
New 2ms TTI Reduces roundtrip time and improves the tracking of channel variations Channel codes from the shared code resource are dynamically allocated every 2ms or 500 times per second Accelerating packet scheduling for transmission

Hybrid ARQ
Combines FEC and ARQ Defined for HS-DSCH and E-DCH Includes information that indicates whether a new data block is transmitted for the first time or is a retransmission Improving robustness against link adaptation errors Soft combining
Chase combining vs. Incremental redundancy
21

HSDPA Key Features

Fast Scheduling in Node-B instead of RNC (Radio Network Controller)
Moving scheduling and processing retransmissions closer to air interface New MAC-hs protocol entity in the Node-B Channel dependent scheduling
To select/transmit favorable UEs with short-term variations instantaneously Multi user diversity In fact, it mostly depends on scheduling policy within the Node B scheduler

Node-B scheduler (Channel-dependent scheduler)

UE Selection : Round-robin, Max C/I, PF MCS selection according to CQI FB Determines the # of codes to be used

22

HSUPA
3GPP Release 6 Feature for UMTS FDD
Official name is FDD Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH) Not a standalone feature, but uses most of the basic features of the WCDMA/R99
Cell selection and synchronization, random access, basic mobility procedures, etc, are needed and remain unchanged

Main focus: enhanced packet transmission in uplink

Uplink data rates up to 5.76 Mbps Increased capacity and throughput Reduced delay in uplink transmission Features - Shorter TTI, New Physical Channel, New MAC Entry, Soft Handoff, Multi-code transmission, Uplink Hybrid ARQ, etc.

23

HSUPA Key Features

Fast Scheduling of Uplink Resources in the Node B
Efficient use of uplink resources Mechanisms using absolute (consisting of an actual value) and relative grants (consisting of a single up/down bit)
Data + Feedback (L1/MAC)
Fast Node B uplink Scheduling control Based on: Resource feedback UE capability Resource availability Terminal buffer status QoS and Priority

Scheduler control Terminal 1 Data + Feedback

Scheduler control

Terminal 2
24

HSUPA Key Features

Optional Short TTI (Transmit Time Interval)
2ms or 10ms

Area where only a 10ms TTI is feasible

E-DCH/HSDPA serving cell

Area where both a 2ms and a 10 ms TTI are feasible

Terminal
25

HSUPA Key Features

HSUPA Uplink HARQ
Soft combining
Chase combining Incremental redundancy

Synchronous DL ACK/NACK, Synchronous UL Re-transmission Intra Node B/Inter Node B macro-diversity HARQ Retransmission
# of HARQ Processes (N) : TTI=10ms (N=4), TTI=2ms (N=8) Synchronous Re-transmission : After receiving NACK or after N TTI transmission
ACK NACK ACK NACK

New Tx 1

New Tx 2

New Tx 3

New Tx 4

Re-Tx 1

New Tx 2

Re-Tx 3

New Tx 4

Re-Tx 1

Re-Tx 2

NACK NACK

26

Evolution to 4G LTE Wireless Communications

International Telecommunication Union

Overview of Mobile Communications Development

2G Voice+ SMS
cdmaOne(9.6~13kbps) GSM(13kbps)

3G Voice+Data
W-CDMA/HSDPA (384kbps~2Mbps/14.4Mbps) cdma2000(153.6kbps) DMB/Digital Camera /MP3 Phone

4G(2011~ ) Voice+Data+Wireless Internet Voice+Data+Wireless Internet+Sensing

OFDM(600Mbps) 3D Video/Rich Multimedia Phone Ubiquitous Convergence Service (Broadband,Ubiquitous,Convergence,Intelligence)

WiBro(30/ 50Mbps) cdma2000 rA,B/HSUPA (3~70Mbps/5.8Mbps) Game/Video Phone

Technology-oriented System
(Voice Quality/Roaming)

Service-oriented System
High-speed Wireless Internet (Broadband)

User-oriented System

Mobility

IMT-Advanced
3GPP LTE Advanced(NeMA)
600Mbps

WiBro Advanced

5G
Beyond IMT-Advanced

HSDPA: High-Speed Downlink Packet Access HSUPA: High-Speed Uplink Packet Access WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network NeMA: New Mobile Access NoLA: New Nomadic/Local Area Wireless Access OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output SDR: Software Defined Radio 3GPP LTE : 3GPP Long Term Evolution GSM : Global System for Mobile Communications ECMA: European Computer Manufacturers Association

3GPP LTE
100Mbps

WiBro Evolution
200Mbps

EV/DO-rA,B HSDPA/HSUPA
3.1~14.4Mbps/5.8Mbps

VHT(NoLA)
X Gbps

cdma2000/ W-CDMA

3G

WiBro/ Mobile WiMAX

30~50Mbps

153.6Kbps/2Mbps

WiMAX 2G
cdmaOne/GSM
9.6~13kbps 36Mbps

WLAN
802.11n
270Mbps

Multi Giga Bits

60GHz/3~6Gbps IEEE 802.15c / ECMA

2.4GHz WLAN
802.11b/g
11~54Mbps

5.8GHz WLAN
802.11a
54Mbps

WPAN
Bluetooth, Zigbee

Data Rates

28

Evolution to IMT and IMT-Advanced

IMT ADVANCED IMT 2000

2nd Generation Mobile

1st Generation Mobile

Key features of IMT-2000 are: high degree of commonality of design worldwide; compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed networks; high quality; small terminal for worldwide use; worldwide roaming capability; capability for multimedia applications, and a wide range of services and terminals

Key features of IMT-ADVANCED are: a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of services and applications in a cost efficient manner; compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks; - capability of interworking with other radio access systems; high quality mobile services; user equipment suitable for worldwide use; user-friendly applications, services and equipment; worldwide roaming capability; enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbit/s for high and - 1 Gbit/s for low mobility were established as targets for research).
International Telecommunication Union

IMT-Advanced
International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-Advanced) systems are mobile systems that include the new capabilities of IMT that go beyond those of IMT-2000. Such systems provide access to a wide range of telecommunication services including advanced mobile services, supported by mobile and fixed networks, which are increasingly packetbased. IMT-Advanced systems support low to high mobility applications and a wide range of data rates in accordance with user and service demands in multiple user environments. IMT Advanced also has capabilities for high quality multimedia applications within a wide range of services and platforms, providing a significant improvement in performance and quality of service.

January 2012 "LTE-Advanced" and "WirelessMANAdvanced was accorded the official designation of IMTAdvanced

IMT-Advanced Features
a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of services and applications in a cost efficient manner; compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks; capability of interworking with other radio access systems; high quality mobile services; user equipment suitable for worldwide use; user-friendly applications, services and equipment; worldwide roaming capability; and, enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbit/s for high and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility were established as targets for research)*. These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments. * Data rates sourced from Recommendation ITU-R M.1645 Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000.

30

International Telecommunication Union

For details, visit http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/index.asp?category=information&rlink=imt-advanced-rec&lang=en

International Telecommunication Union

For details, visit http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/index.asp?category=information&rlink=imt-advanced-rec&lang=en

International Telecommunication Union

3GPP LTE
3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution)
The last step toward the 4th generation (4G) of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile telephone networks Generally considered as 3.5G system Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access(OFDMA) on the downlink Downlink peak rates of at least 100 Mbps, an uplink of at least 50 Mbit/s Radio Access Network -- round-trip times of less than 10 ms Supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 20 MHz down to 1.5 MHz Supports both FDD and TDD Adopted all-IP signaling and networking (A significant departure from 3G W-CDMA, which adopts circuit switching)

34

3GPP LTE
Key Features
One cell frequency reuse for simplified frequency planning Packet switching: all-IP network Bandwidth scalability for efficient operation in differently sized allocated spectrum bands Short sub-frame duration for low latency Multiple Antenna (MIMO) technology for enhanced data rate and performance Channel dependent scheduling & link adaptation for enhanced performance Reduced radio-access-network nodes to reduce cost, protocol-related processing time, and call set-up time Global Roaming Provision of similar degree of QoS to wire-line communication service
35

3GPP LTE
Physical Layer Key Features
Downlink : OFDMA Uplink : SC-FDMA MIMO for capacity enhancement Dynamic Uplink scheduling Adaptive Modulation and Coding depending on radio link quality HARQ Inter-cell interference mitigation Multiple bandwidth cell search Multicast/Broadcast service

36

OFDM
OFDM
All users in the same channel Use orthogonal sub-carrier to transmit user information Sectorization screens interference from part of in-cell users

Benefits of OFDM
Optimum use of spectrum
Applies appropriate modulation scheme per sub-channel

Robust against multipath fading

Frequency parallel transmission of slow data streams

Efficient receiver architecture

classical flat fading equalization of individual frequency channels

Good scalability Orthogonality is inherent in the signal design

37

OFDMA vs. SC-FDMA

OFDMA in downlink
Widely known and used in WIMAX, WLAN, DVB Benefits
Robustness against multipath fading Optimum use of available spectrum Efficient receiver architecture

SC-FDMA in Uplink
Benefits
Technically similar to OFDMA Better suited for uplink due to favorable signal characteristics Low peak-to-average ratio(PAR) enables improved power amplifier efficiency Can also be seen as pre-coded OFDM or DFT-spread OFDM
38

ICT Convergence with 4G LTE

International Telecommunication Union

ICT Convergence Structure: Smart Echo System

Platform

Services (Business and Consumers) Global Economic Growth

Network

SW and Computing

Device

Application (Industrial ICT and non-ICT)

Human Cultural Revolution (Life Style Change)

Contents

Technological Evolution

40

Mobile Comm. Service Status in Korea

1G: AMPS started from 1984, and is terminated long time ago 2G: CDMA (IS-95) started from 1996, and is terminated in 2003 3G: W-CDMA started from 2001, and still continues 4G: LTE and Wi-Bro (Wi-Max)
WiBro started service from 2005, as a leading WiBro country. But because of the many problems, WiBro has lost its energy, and currently, WiBro only works as an alternative (subscriber > 1 million) LTE service started in the fall 2011, one of the earliest of the world

Current and future for the moment, LTE is the dominant service type, and LTEAdvanced will follow in the near future

41

ICT Convergence - Status of Korea

Korea is a world-leading country in Telecomm. service and technology Korea boasts #1 in Internet connectivity in the world for long time
Most household is connected with > 100 Mbps high speed line Household Internet connectivity is 97.5%

Korea spends 1.4 times more (mobile) data traffic than Japan, and 3.3 times
more (mobile) data traffic than world average

With the proliferation of the mobile traffic, Telecom Operators are investing
heavily in Backbone network: 100 Gbps long-haul facility

Carrier Ethernet investment is active for all-IP Network Korean ICT industry (including Electronics, Electrical Goods)
ICT Industrial Production in 2012 ~ $ 270 billion ICT Export in 2012 ~ $ 150 billion ICT Industry - (2010) 11% of GDP; 35% of Export (the biggest industry of Korea)
42

LTE Market Status of Korea and Others

LTE subscriber status of the three Telecom players (Korea)
SKT: over 10 million, KT: ~5,730,000. LG U+: ~569,000. Total = over 21 million ~ 45% of total mobile subscribers

Korea, USA, Japan have the largest LTE subscriber record, where Europe and other regions are now starting to build up

Frequency allocation for LTE (Korea)

Currently, 3 companies already occupy 320 MHz of the mobile spectrum The 1-st round LTE frequency allocation has been done 2 years ago The 2-nd round LTE frequency allocation is recently finished (by the end of August) Much more bandwidth will be necessary in the future

43

Key Characteristics of 4G LTE and LTE Advanced Systems

International Telecommunication Union

Key Features of LTE Technology

LTE vs. LTE-Advanced
LTE (Rel.8) cannot satisfy the performance requirements of 4G comm. in ITU LTE-Advanced is the 4G comm. in the true sense Formally, 3GPP specifications after Release 10 is called LTE-Advanced Now, Rel.11 and Rel.12 are under discussion

User throughput (MHz) enhancement (including MIMO)

Downlink: 3~4 times of Release 6 HSDPA: 5-12 Mbps Uplink: 2~3 times of Release 6 HSDPA Enhanced: 2-5 Mbps

System capacity increase

Downlink: Max. rate per cell 100 Mbps (20 MHz BW, 4x4 MIMO) Uplink: Max. rate per cell 50 Mbps (20 MHz BW, 4x4 MIMO) LTE-A Downlink: Max. rate per cell 1Gbps (100 MHz BW, 8x8 MIMO) LTE-A Uplink : Max. rate per cell 500 Mbps (100 MHz BW, 8x8 MIMO)
45

LTE-A : Multicarrier & Carrier Aggregation

Multicarrier
LTE assumes 20 MHz generally, but also can have separate BW May be different BW per each cell, may be change in BW during handover For 20MHz at f1 and 20MHz at f2, UE switches f1 and f2 as demand varies. Relatively easy to implement than carrier aggregation Requires handover and load balancing

Carrier aggregation
Large BW is essential to increase transmission rate/cell capacity LTE (LTE-Advanced) assumes the maximum BW as 20MHz (100MHz). But it is difficult to have continuous 100MHz BW Two types of CA
Continuous CA: techniques on how to use continuous 40, 60, 80, 120 MHz Non-continuous CA: techniques on how to use separate 20 MHz BWs
46

LTE-A : Multicarrier & Carrier Aggregation

20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz

f o1

f o2

f o3

f o4

f o5

20 MHz

20 MHz

20 MHz

20 MHz

f o1

f o2
f o3

f o4

Non-continuous CA requires a series of RF circuits and MODEMs. It increases HW complexity and cost of devices and base stations separate BW requires more complex channelrelated operation and HW complexity SKT announced commercial CA service from 2013 July
KT and LGU+ will soon follow

In Korea, LTE-A service has already started, and more LTE-A functions will soon follow
47

Service Characteristics of 4G LTE Systems

International Telecommunication Union

Change of Service Environment with LTE

What LTE-A brought to the Service Environment
All-IP :
Network will be upgraded into a unified architecture; increase of data service VoIP : generalization of VoIP Multiple service simultaneously : Phone call, data transfer, viewing, etc. at the same time

Reduced latency Network will have shorter response time Enhanced QoS, QoE increased transmission rate Increase of video services

Video streaming service (in real time) Video transmission and download (in non-real time)

New value creation with increased transmission rate !!

49

Change of Service Environment with LTE

What LTE-A will bring to the Service Environment
Increased Immersion, More High Capacity Real Time Services (Ex Network Game), Increased User Time Service expansion Services that has been popular in High Speed wired Internet will be widespread into mobile realm (Ex - Mobile (HD)TV)

Cloud Computing, Big Data will be more widely accepted Convergence will be more widespread into other industries (Car, Home, Ship, Bio, Non-IT industries, etc.) Will accelerate Media Convergence Newspapers, Magazines, SNS... Conclusion: True Convergence has arrived Between Wireless and Wired communication Between Computing (SW) and Communications
Between Broadcasting and Communications Media Convergence
50

VoLTE (Voice Over LTE)

What is VoLTE?
Apply conventional VoIP to LTE In the past, VoIP required additional network infrastructure because the conventional mobile Comm. system was not IP based LTE was developed in all-IP base, so it is easy (natural) to realize VoLTE. The realization of mobile IP distinguishes VoLTE from the conventional VoIP IMS (IP Multimedia Sub-system) based network architecture integrates wire/wireless into IP network is key to LTE VoIP Pricing is another difficulty for Operators

Current Status: Korean Operators are starting to deploy now; US and other Countries are
mostly on limited deployment yet

But starting from 2014, VoLTE deployment will jumpstart worldwide

51

Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching

Packet Switching (VoLTE)

Circuit Switching (Conventional)

52

VoLTE (Voice Over LTE)

VoLTE - Current, Problems and Future
VoLTE is more superb than the conventional circuit switching, because it is more efficient to utilize the network than the conventional circuit switching Huge VoLTE traffic may be difficult to handle Time would be needed to support technical issues (packet switching techniques for large traffic) & investment without any loss (ex: collision, delay etc.). However, it can lead us to the advanced comm. era Handover problem between 3G and 4G network VoLTE (IP) link should be changed into circuit switching for 3G. Handover delay also can be an another problem Both sides of devices (transmitter/receiver) should have VoLTE functions Time would be needed to support VoLTE service between difference service providers It requires time to accumulate experience and knowhow

53

RCS (Rich Communication Suite)

RCS (Rich Communication Suite)
Next generation convergence communication service which enables more Rich communication with variable devices and networks based on IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) Supports multimedia messages (voice, video, text) by connecting address book

Motivation: Network operators counter attack against (free) mobile messenger

services
Reduced profitability and user base of the conventional SMS and MMS due to the new free mobile messenger App.s (such as Kakao Talk, i-messenger, Line, etc.)

54

RCS (Rich Communication Suite)

Features of the RCS Service
Real time conversation for 1:1 or between group Support file transmission (image, video) during voice call Widely available with worldwide users regardless of device type, network provider, wire/wireless Combined voice and data by All-IP (IMS) Full interoperability Worldwide within different operators and vendors

More that 40 major operators, handset vendors, network vendors are joined to the
standardization under GSMAs lead

Presented Joyn as a global brand of RCS at MWC(Mobile World Congress) 2012 Global RCS subscriber base is expected to reach >3 million in 2013 In Korea, preparation is ready (millions of RCS-capable phone is distributed) and
service is picking up, but still needs time for full acceptance
55

RCS (Rich Communication Suite)

Enriched Call
Multimedia sharing such as image, video, file during voice call

Enhanced Messaging
The conventional messaging systems (SMS: Short Message Service, MMS: Multi-media Message Service, Instant messaging) are independently operates at the separated applications However, RCS adopted conversational messaging technique, so that all services can be provided at the same UI (User Interface)

Enhanced Phonebook
Provides presence service, which contains social presence information such as friends list in the conventional Web. Connectivity about someone in the list Preferred contact methods / possible ways to contact Feelings / images
56

Popular Services with 4G LTE

Life Style Change with 4G LTE
At Home : Smart TV, CATV, IPTV, N-screen, Smart Tablet On the Move : Smart Phone, Smart Tablet Work at Home : Smart Work, BYOD,,,

Current Best Selections

Web Surfing , Chatting, SNS, Video download and Streaming, News, e-mail, Auto navigation, Music/radio listening, TV Viewing, Internet banking, Game, Mobile Home Shopping (Killer Service) Sports Real Time Viewing, VOD, Music (Real time) listening, Network game, etc.

Future Popular Selections

D2D, M2M, Big Data, NFC, RCS, Cloud based service, etc..
57

M2M (Machine to Machine) Communications

What is M2M (Machine to Machine) Communications?
Or MTC (Machine-Type Communication) M2M communication is expected to create a new fusion of more advanced services from the existing human-central connection In 3GPP LTE Advanced system, D2D/M2M standardization is now proceeding. It is expected in the near future M2M is intended to communicate with devices scattered around symbolizing IoT (Internet of Things) M2M through 4G may be suitable for commercialization than conventional methods, because conventional existing short-range communications system (Zigbee, WLAN, Bluetooth, etc.) is difficult to access to the network, and configuring the network of its own is not easy

58

M2M (Machine to Machine) Communications

Conceptually, M2M is an important way to configure IOT (Internet of Things) or NGUN
(Next Generation Ubiquitous Network). So it has a great market potential. Therefore, the widespread adoption of M2M will be continued in the future
Communication with robot, Intelligent Transport systems (ITS), Automation of agriculture, Management of home/house, Digital camera, Smart grid power management, Network convergence with CCTV, etc.

Korea already has the M2M subscriber base of over 2 million. But the revenue is
small (per subscriber < $20 per month)

We still have to wait for a full blossom M2M market to come

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Platform Strategy
i-phone Apple Closed system (i-OS 6, currently)
At present, it is the second largest platform in the world market

Android Google Released 2.5 years ago, virtually closed system

Open system. But, under the control of Google At present, it became the largest platform in the world market 3.x HoneyComb, 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich, 4.1 Jelly Bean

Recently, the desire for the third independent Platform has increased
ZTE (China) its own Platform has been developed (for low-cost market, based on HTML5, independent of Android) Mozilla Firefox phone will be announced

LG : For now, they are focused on the Android platform Window CE - Microsoft recently, announce Window 8
Global PC Connection is an advantage, the performance is improved than before
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Platform Strategy
Why Platform is important ? In the future, all devices will be interconnected, and
ruled by Platform, and it is central in C-P-N-D eco system ex) Vehicle, home appliances, cloud computing, sensors (IOT), etc.

The concept of Service Platform Platform over Platform

(ex) Kakao talk, Facebook, etc.

Samsung electronics: multi-platform strategy

Android, Bada, Windows CE8, LiMo, Tizen Bada is its own Platform, targeting mass low-cost market Tizen OS has been developed, maybe adopted in a smartphone within this year

HTML5 Has emerged fast as a next generation Web App

Creating a Web page document (HyperText Markup Language)

Prospect more development of Platform based on HTML5 will proceed

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SNS (Social Networking Service)

SNS Twitter, FaceBook, etc. (a sort of Web service)
Twitter short messaging within 140 characters, Follower, Following,,, Social connection with a number of anonymous people; vertical structure FaceBook opened 4 years before, more than 800 millions of subscriber, the most popular in the World

SNS in Korea
Home-grown brand has become very active and successful Kakao Talk short text message based Since 2010, currently boasts over 90 millions of subscribers Export to overseas (south-east Asia) is continuing NHN Line also has the subscribers of close to 100 million (including Japan)

Social Ventures Social Game, Social Commerce, etc. are showing strong growth in ICT Consumer Business
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Future Evolution of Mobile Service for 2020

International Telecommunication Union

Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing Everything leads to Cloud
Internet and High Speed NW accelerates the trend IT resource efficiency will increases, and cost down

Definition It is Virtualized Computing Resource Pool Category

SaaS (SW as a service) PaaS (Platform as a service) IaaS (Infrastructure as a service): most popular

Public (Personal) and Private (Companies) cloud service activation is on-going

Hybrid Cloud (Public + Private) will be more widespread

Amazon, Google, Apple, MS, (all-major IT companies) started the business

(2012.9) MS -- Window Server 2012 is Cloud based OS
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Cloud Computing
Problem with Cloud Security Risk, Safety problem still remains Telecom Operators (SKT, KT, LGU+), IT Service Co. (Samsung SDS, LG CNS, SK C&C), Portals
(Daum, NHN) all entered the Cloud market

Samsung Electronics is very cautious and is still preparing for a major announcement on Cloud
Business

Cloud Streaming technique will be widespread from 2013 Problem Platform, and Application SW are mostly based on Foreign Products Domestic Cloud market has reached $ 3 million/year, with annual 30% increase

The Future of Cloud

Cloud will work as Center of ICT Convergence: Smart Devices, Car, Home, Health, Education, Banking, etc.. But after initial hype, we are more realistic than before

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Big Data
Big Data : From ever exploding data, it is proposed that we can extract meaningful
information A new and an important technology to enable ICT even more valuable for technical and economic growth

The true value of Big data is in extracting information from large data base and the
capability to apply it to real situation

Including mobile, Data Mining and DB processing is important Application of Big Data
Artificial Intelligence : major leaping-forward is possible with Big Data Health / Medical personal DNA analysis, etc. Strategy set up, goods development, marketing, Government Operation, Business Competitiveness enhancement

Problem: in case of Korea, we do not have major SW and Platform Currently, still on set up stage; Companies are active on R&D and planning ; in 2015
domestic market size will be $300 million
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Next Generation Device (Technology)

5G Communication Super high capacity, high speed per user High performance UI/UX (AI) Voice Recognition, Face Recognition ,
Environment Recognition, Gesture Recognition (Hands Free)

Super low power Device Super (Capacity) Battery (AI) Voice Auto Translation, etc. Super high resolution Display Flexible Display (OLED TV) Body Implantable Device (Hands Free) 3D Display Hologram Display
High Performance Camera

Wearable Computer (ex) Google Eyeglasses (Hands Free)

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New Possibilities of Service Convergence

e-Health
Korea is strong in Medical Technology, and is strong in IT, but not strong in e-Health Mainly due to the laws, regulations, conflict of interest between parties Government is currently trying to solve the problem Is a kind of D2D service and still is considered to have strong growth potential

e-Education
Smart Lecture is booming; Digital College is proliferating (already too many) Full commercialization is still to wait

e-Commerce / m-Commerce e-Banking / m-Banking

Well established and is growing currently ~Top of the World level Also is well established; both in Wired (PC) and Mobile (Smart Phone)

Smart Work: Lots of hype, but still not well practiced; need social agreement
The new services may take longer than expected for social acceptance
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Strategy for the Future of the Telecom Operators

The case of Korea - Three (3) Telecom Operators: SKT, KT, LG-U+
Revenue increase is flattened, while other companies take the profit They are afraid to be classified as wired service Provider LTE service did not increase their Revenue (and Profit) Voice service is decreasing continuously, while data service is increasing

Strategy for the Future

IT Convergence : Automobile, AI, Big Data, Cloud Computing, etc. Virtual Goods : (Especially for KT) to expand into Global business
A new concept to include all intangible goods that circulates thru and consumed in the Network and Devices

New Pricing Policy Higher price for data traffic; or unlimited data Usage; may not be easy because of political interest Other Business : We can do any business we want if it can bring revenues
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ICT Eco System

The Characteristics of ICT Eco System
Driving force : Digital, Mobile, Network Concept : emphasizes Network/web relations and presents holistic, dynamic view Fundamental shift in business value creation
Customer Co-creator, Prosumer Value Chain Value Network Product Value Network Value Simple cooperation and Competition Complex cooperative Competition Coevolution Individual corporate strategy must consider overall value ecology

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The Future of ICT Convergence

What is the Future of ICT Convergence ?
Distinction between Manufacturers, Operators, Service providers is blurring Boundary between On-Offline business is blurring (ex) Amazon Impact of ICT will expand across all businesses (Service, Manufacturing, including Non-ICT) Post Industrial Revolution

Global power shift between Companies involved will occur continuously 5G and Beyond
It is too early to talk about 5G when 4G is not stabilized But, consensus is slowly accumulating that 5G is necessary because mobile traffic increase is too fast that 4G can not digest Technically, we can still go one step further for major progress confidence is growing and a few technical framework is already proposed
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Emerging Trends in Next Generation Wireless Access (NGWA)

International Telecommunication Union

The Future of NGWA

What is the future of LTE development ?
Currently, Rel.12 standardization is on the way and will continue further (Re.13, 14, ..) 5G is under discussion, but there is no clear direction or consensus yet For the moment, LTE will continue evolution, while various R&D activities on 5G will slowly increase

5G effort by Samsung Electronics

Recently, (May 2013) Samsung Electronics announced a Prototype of 5G Technically, it is capable of transmitting over 1 Gbps for 2 Km distance per user Key Features: Freq. band at 28 GHz Adopted 64 antenna array, adaptive array Still, it is a pilot system, and symbolizes one of the 5G efforts
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Emerging Trends in Infrastructure Sharing for Faster IMT Deployment

International Telecommunication Union

Mobile Comm. Industry

Worldwide market size more than $1 trillion
Service ~60% Device ~20%, Equipment ~20% (including all comm. equipment)

Device about 30% of (hand-phones) are made in Korea Equipment domestic companies are in very weak position, mainly with small companies
Cisco, Alcatel-Lucent, Juniper, Ericsson, Huawei, ZTE etc. (Domestic) LG-Ericsson, Samsung, etc. Samsung is growing sales of about $3 billion (expected in 2013, equipment)

Features of mobile (smartphone) market

The biggest market among IT devices (>$200 billion) 1 device per man, short re-purchase cycle (2~3 years) TV market: ~$110 billion/year, about 10 years of re-purchase cycle
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Development in Radio Access NW and Core NW

Circuit Circuit Switching NW Switching NW

Packet Switching NW

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

* CS: Circuit Switching, PS: Packet Switching, IMS: IP Multimedia Sub-system PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network

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Infra Structure Sharing for IMT Deployment

Trend for Future IMT Deployment
Currently, global IMT is LTE or LTE-advanced System IMT System is evolved from 3G W-CDMA System Both 4G LTE and 3G W-CDMA system has commonalities and differences, but they are not backward compatible But systems based on 3G W-CDMA will be easier to migrate to 4G LTE than others

Approaches for 4G LTE Deployment

Final LTE system is based on IMS system, an all-IP network system There are several evolutionary approaches toward IMS (IP Multimedia Sub-system) deployment, which is dependent on the choice of system (equipment) manufacturer Heavy LTE investment is unavoidable, but the reward is worth it and long lasting Heterogeneous network (HetNet) can provide a cost-effective 4G Deployment because of its small size, low lost, and flexibility
77

Evolving IMT Technologies and New Deployment Techniques to Meet the End User Expectations

International Telecommunication Union

Evolving IMT Technologies and New Deployment Trends

Trends for Future LTE Development
Currently, LTE is in Rel. 12 status, and will evolve beyond Rel. 12 Efforts of 5G R&D will overlap with LTE evolution

Approaches for future Mobile Network Development

5G vision is still not concrete, but will slowly evolve There are several evolutionary approaches for more economic and flexible network development Heterogeneous Network Self organizing Network (SON) for better flexibility and cost effectiveness thru autonomy Green communications Power saving techniques for Network infra and Terminal

Network (Baseband and System) Equipment is becoming smaller, easier to

deploy, flexible, more cost-effective, and power-efficient
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Heterogeneous Network
Definition of heterogeneous network (HetNet)
Mixed deployment of Macro, Pico, Relay and Femto nodes in the same frequency band

Why heterogeneous network?

Provides cost effective broadband deployment model Substantial spectral efficient increase Enhanced cell edge & Indoor performance Wireless relay provides coverage extension without extra backhaul costs Compatible with legacy UEs
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Summary
ICT still has a lot to do. The future is in Evolution and Convergence More emphasis in mobile will continue (based on wireless) ICT technology is directed towards Complexity acceleration True wireless and wired convergence is near at hand In particular, SW complexity will increase and contribute to ICT Convergence
Korea is struggling to grasp SW competitiveness

How to harmonize and grow C-P-N-D echo system is still a problem for both
societies and companies

By maximizing the power of ICT convergence, a new economic growth concept

called Creative Economy may be achievable ICT Convergence Hyper Connected Society has arrived !!
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Thank You

International Telecommunication Union