INTRODUCTION

Now a day, everyone wants to control their appliance wirelessly (i.e. remote control). Here is a simple tested and inexpensive remote control switch utilizing reading available components. Here is a Simple Infrared controlled Switch. It can be operated using the IR remote. The Load can be any AC operated device which can be connected to the relay. The load turns on for three minutes then goes off. It can be used to switch on the lamp in the room.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Transmitter:

Reciever:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Transmitter:

Receiver:

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The basic idea is to make use of IR LEDs to send the infrared waves to the sensor. Photodiode is to be used to detect the infrared wave from the transmitter. Transmitter is connected as a simple LED as it also emits light, though it is invisible. It is connected in series with a 100/330 resistance, as small as possible and given voltage supply across its ends. The resistance attached with this IR Led is kept small enough to increase its transmission power. IR receiver is connected in series with a 1M resistance and connecting the supply across its ends. The output is taken from the centre of the sensor and resistance with respect to ground. Photo diode has property that if IR light fall on it its electrical resistance comes down (i.e. its comes down from 150k to 10k if no noise present).For sense the change in resistance we use voltage divider circuit. When the sensor detects any infrared rays a low pulse at inverting pin of the dual opamp IC LM358. Comparator IC LM358 is compares the signal and gives a high output. This output is fed to the decade counter 4017, which activates device. 9V battery is used to provide supply to the circuit.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

IR Switch
Component Capacitor Resistor Diode IC Misc. Refrence C1 R1 D1 U1 BT1(Battery & connector wire) SW1 CONNECTOR & WIRE PCB Stud HardSheet Screue Total Transmitter Circuit Value 100uF 330E IR LED 7805 9V Push Sw. 2PIN 2"x2" 3"x3" 1" Cost Qnt. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2

Reciver Circuit Component Refrence Value Resistor R1 1M R2 180E R3 330E R4 10K RV1 10K Diode D1 Photo Diode D2,D3,D4,D5,D6 1N4148 D7 1N4007 LED1,LED2 RED Transistor Q1 BC547 IC U1 LM358 U2 4017 Misc. BT1(Battery & connector wire) 9V K1 (Relay) 12V Terminal P1 Block IC BASE 8PIN IC BASE 16PIN PCB 4"x4" CONNECTOR & WIRE 2PIN Stud

Qnt. Cost 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4

Hard Sheet Screue Total

A5 1"

1 4

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
LM358
The LM358 is a great, easy-to-use dual-channel opamp. Opamps have so many applications we figured we should probably carry at least one in a DIP package. LM358 applications include transducer amplifiers, DC gain blocks and all the conventional opamp circuits.

If you're looking for a good, standard opamp the LM358 should fill most of your needs. It can handle a supply of 3-32VDC and source up to 20mA per channel. This opamp is great if you need to operate two individual opamps from a single power supply. Comes in an 8-pin DIP package. Features: Two internally compensated op-amps Internally frequency compensated for unity gain Large DC voltage gain: 100 dB Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated) Single supply: 3V to 32V or dual supplies: 1.5V to ?16V

INFRA RED DIODES (IR LEDS/IR SENSORS)/ PHOTODIODE

The main difference between LED and IR LED is that IR LED emits Infrared Radiations, which we cannot see by our visible eye. The second difference is that IR LED takes a lot of current and damage fastly than LED's. We can use IRLED with photo diode as a sensor, which makes less prone to external light effects compared to LDR+LED combination. NOTE: IR LED becomes heated fast. Remember that IR LED always creates too much problems, most of the time it won't lit, that means the voltage across IR LED should be>2V for it to lit('lit' means produce IR radiations). IR transmitter emits invisible light, detected by only mobile camera.i.e you can use mobile camera to check whether IR transmitter is working or not.

PHOTODIODE: A photodiode is a type of photodetector capable of converting IR light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. A photodiode is designed to operate in reverse bias. Note: Resistance of the IR receiver reduces as IR radiations fall on it. How to find polarity of an IR Tx. /Rx.? The criteria to find the polarity of an ir sensor are simple as that of an LED. There are 2 methods: Positive leg of the IR sensor is longer than the negative one.

Negative terminal is thicker inside the plastic covering.

Connections for IR Transmitter: Transmitter is connected as a simple LED as it also emits light, though it is invisible. It is connected in series with a 100/330 resistance, as small as possible and given voltage supply across its ends. The resistance attached with this IR Led is kept small enough to increase its transmission power. Connections for IR receiver: IR receiver is connected in series with a 1M resistance and connecting the supply across its ends. The output is taken from the center of the sensor and resistance with respect to ground.

YOU CAN MAKE FOLLOWING ROBOTS USING IR SENSORS

Obstacle detector Door Interrupter Autonomous Line follower Robot Autonomous Edge detector robot Autonomous Obstacle detector robot Autonomous Wall follower robot, etc.

BATTERY
Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored

chemical energy into electrical energy. There are two types of batteries: Primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, Secondary batteries (rechargeable
Symbol:

batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Battery Ratings: Batteries carry all sorts of ratings and specifications. Traditionally, the two most important specifications are per-cell voltage and amp-hour current. VOLTAGE The voltage rating of a battery is fairly straightforward. If the cell is rated for 1.5 V, when new, it puts out a bit more. Over time it will drop down to the rate value, give or take. That give or take is more important than you may think because few b atteries actually deliver their rated voltage throughout their life span. Most rechargeable batteries are recharged 20 to 30 percent higher than their specified rating. Most batteries are considered dead when their power level reaches 80 percent of their rated voltage. That is, if the cell is rated at 6 V, its considered dead when it puts out only 4.8 V. CAPACITY The capacity of a battery is rated as amp-hour current. This is the amount of power, in amps or milliamps, the battery can deliver over a specified period of time.

RESISTOR
FIXED AND VARIABLE
DESCRIPTION A resistor is an electrical component, which has been manufacture with a specified amount of resistance. The resistors can conduct current in both the directions. The resistors may be connected in an electric circuit without concern for lead polarization. The resistors are used mainly for two purposes, namely controlling the flow of electric current and providing desired amounts of voltage in electric in electric or electronic circuits. Resistor specifications The resistors are specified in terms of their resistance values, tolerance power rating and thermal stability. Tolerance is the allowed variation permitted in the normal or marred value or the resistor. Power Rating of a resistor is given by the maximum wattage it can dissipate, without excessive heating. The power rating is proportional to the square of a current, therefore current must not be higher than its safe value. If the current exceeds the safe value, the resistance will burn out. Thermal Stability of a resistor is indicated by the temperature coefficient specification, which is usually expressed in parts per million per degree centigrade (+ ppm/C). The smaller value of temperature coefficient will have less variation in the resistance value. TYPES OF RESISTOR, FIXED RESISTOR The fixed resistors are those whose do not change with the variation in applied voltage, temperature and light intensity. Such resistors are available in various shapes and sizes.

Ordering Number RESISTOR

Packaging

RESISTOR

The fixed resistors are of the following types: CARBON COMPOSITE MATERIAL These resistors are made by mixing carbon powder and insulating binders to produce the desired value of resistance. The resulting resistance values are within + 10% of the desired value. The resistors with + 5% tolerance are also obtained through special techniques. CARBON FILM RESISTOR These resistors are cheaper than carbon composition resistors. They have good stability, wide operating frequency range and low noise. METAL FILM RESISTOR There resistors are made by depositing a very thin layer of metal on a ceramic or glass rod. The metal film is spiral cut to the desired resistance. These resistors have tolerances ranging from + 0.025% to 2%, of the desired value. WIRE WOUND RESISTOR There resistors are made by winding resistive wire such as nichrome (a nickletchromium alloy) on a ceramic film. The wire is then coated with an isolative material, which is either a vitreous enamel or silicon ceramic material. The wire-wound resistor are costly as compared to other types of resistor. But these resistor have excellent electrical properties such as low noise, good time stability and good overload (high current) characteristics. The wire-wound resistors are suitable for use in d.c. and audio-frequency applications. They cannot be used in high frequency applications due to the inductance and capacitance present in the resistor.

VARIABLE RESISTOR There resistor, like fixed resistor, are used to control flow and provide desired amounts of voltage in electric circuits. But unlike fixed resistors, the resistance value of variable linear resistors can be varied from 0 to a specified value. The variable resistors are of the following three types. Variable wire-wound There resistor are made in chrome wire wound on a ceramic core and covered with an isolative coating. An adjustable tap b rides the exposed wire which makes electrical contact with the wire Potentiometer Its outer terminals are fixed and the middle terminal is variable. The variation is provided by a wiper connected to a control shaft. When a control shaft is moved, the wiper moves over a resistive element. This movement provides a continuous variation in resistance between the middle terminal and either outside terminal. Trimmer

Ordering Number RESISTOR

Packaging
These are used in electronic circuits to trim the circuit to the required operating conditions by inserting a small screw driver into a slot and turning one or more times. The materials used in the construction of a trimmer are carbon composition, carbon film cermet and wire. The trimmers are available for resistance values ranging from 50 to 5M \, with a power rating from 1/4 to 3/4 watt.

RESISTOR COLORE CODING

RESISTOR

3rd Band 1st Band 2nd Band

X 10

4th Band

Industrial Type Designation: In industrial type designation, the first two digits represent the significant figure and third digit gives the number of zeros to follow. For resistance value less than 10 ohms, letter G EB 564 1 substituted in place of third digit signifies a decimal multiplier of 0.1 (example 27G=2.7ohms). Another digit following the resistance value BB 27G 5 code gives percentage tolerance. 5 5% 1 10% 2 20% 2.7ohm, 5%, 1/8watt GM 101 1 100 ohm, 10%, 3watt 560K, 10%, 1/2watt CB 272 5 2.7K, 5%, watt

The wattage rating is expressed by two letters preceding the resistance value code. BB1/8 watt CB1/4 watt

GB 105 2 EB1/2 watt HB2 watt HM4 watt GB1 watt GM3 watt 1M, 20%, 1 watt

The operational temperature range is 0C to +70C for commercial grade and -25C to +85C for industrial grade components.

Capacitor Function Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resistors in timing circuit because it takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to smooth varying DC supplies by acting as a reservoir of charge. They are also used in filter circuits because capacitors easily pass AC (changing) signals but they block DC (constant) signals.

Capacitance

This is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge. A large capacitance means that more charge can be stored. Capacitance is measured in farads, symbol F. However 1F is very large, so prefixes are used to show the smaller values.

Three prefixes (multipliers) are used, (micro), n (nano) and p (pico): means 10-6 (millionth), so 1000000F = 1F n means 10-9 (thousand-millionth), so 1000nF = 1F p means 10-12 (million-millionth), so 1000pF = 1nF Capacitor values can be very difficult to find because there are many types of capacitor with different labelling systems! Polarised capacitors (large values, 1F +)

Examples:

Circuit symbol:

Electrolytic Capacitors

Electrolytic capacitors are polarised and they must be connected the correct way round, at least one of their leads will be marked + or -. They are not damaged by heat when soldering. There are two designs of electrolytic capacitors; axial where the leads are attached to each end (220F in picture) and radial where both leads are at the same end (10F in picture). Radial capacitors tend to be a little smaller and they stand upright on the circuit board. It is easy to find the value of electrolytic capacitors because they are clearly printed with their capacitance and voltage rating. The voltage rating can be quite low (6V for example) and it should always be checked when selecting an electrolytic capacitor. If the project parts list does not specify a voltage, choose a capacitor with a rating which is greater than the project's power supply voltage. 25V is a sensible minimum for most battery circuits.

Tantalum Bead Capacitors

Tantalum bead capacitors are polarised and have low voltage ratings like electrolytic capacitors. They are expensive but very small, so they are used where a large capacitance is needed in a small size. Modern tantalum bead capacitors are printed with their capacitance, voltage and polarity in full. However older ones use a colour-code system which has two stripes (for the two digits) and a spot of colour for the number of zeros to give the value in F. The standard colour code is used, but for the spot, grey is used to mean 0.01 and white means 0.1 so that values of less than 10F can be shown. A third colour stripe near the leads shows the voltage (yellow 6.3V, black 10V, green 16V, blue 20V, grey 25V, white 30V, pink 35V). The positive (+) lead is to the right when the spot is facing you: 'when the spot is in sight, the positive is to the right'. For For For example: example: example: blue, blue, blue, grey, grey, grey, black white grey spot spot spot means means means 68F 6.8F 0.68F

Unpolarised capacitors (small values, up to 1F)

Examples:

Circuit symbol:

Small value capacitors are unpolarised and may be connected either way round. They are not damaged by heat when soldering, except for one unusual type (polystyrene). They have high voltage ratings of at least 50V, usually 250V or so. It can be difficult to find the values of these small capacitors because there are many types of them and several different labelling systems Many small value capacitors have their value printed but without a multiplier, so you need to use experience to work out what the multiplier should be For example 0.1 means 0.1F = 100nF. Sometimes the multiplier is used in place of the decimal point:

For example: 4n7 means 4.7nF. Capacitor Number Code A number code is often used on small capacitors where printing is difficult: the 1st number is the 1st digit, the 2nd number is the 2nd digit, the 3rd number is the number of zeros to give the capacitance in pF. Ignore any letters - they just indicate tolerance and voltage rating. For example: 102 means 1000pF = 1nF (not 102pF!) For example: 472J means 4700pF = 4.7nF (J means 5% tolerance).

Capacitor Colour Code A colour code was used on polyester capacitors for many years. It is now obsolete, but of course there are many still around. The colours should be read like the resistor code, the top three colour bands giving the value in pF. Ignore the 4th band (tolerance) and 5th band (voltage rating). For example: Colour Code brown, black, orange means 10000pF = 10nF = 0.01F. Colour Note that there are no gaps between the colour bands, so 2 identical bands actually appear as a wide band. For example: wide red, yellow means 220nF = 0.22F. Red 2 Black 0 Number

Brown

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Violet

Grey

White

Polystyrene Capacitors

This type is rarely used now. Their value (in pF) is normally printed without units. Polystyrene capacitors can be damaged by heat when soldering (it melts the polystyrene!) so you should use a heat sink (such as a crocodile clip). Clip the heat sink to the lead between the capacitor and the joint.

Real capacitor values (the E3 and E6 series) You may have noticed that capacitors are not available with every possible value, for example 22F and 47F are readily available, but 25F and 50F are not! Why is this? Imagine that you decided to make capacitors every 10F giving 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and so on. That seems fine, but what happens when you reach 1000? It would be pointless to make 1000, 1010, 1020, 1030 and so on because for these values 10 is a very small difference, too small to be noticeable in most circuits and capacitors cannot be made with that accuracy. To produce a sensible range of capacitor values you need to increase the size of the 'step' as the value increases. The standard capacitor values are based on this idea and they form a series which follows the same pattern for every multiple of ten.TheE3 series (3 values for each multiple of ten)

10, 22, 47, ... then it continues 100, 220, 470, 1000, 2200, 4700, 10000 etc. Notice how the step size increases as the value increases (values roughly double each time).The E6 series (6 values for each multiple of ten)

10, 15, 22, 33, 47, 68, ... then it continues 100, 150, 220, 330, 470, 680, 1000 etc. Notice how this is the E3 series with an extra value in the gaps. The E3 series is the one most frequently used for capacitors because many types cannot be made with very accurate values.

Variable capacitors

Variable capacitors are mostly used in radio tuning circuits and they are sometimes called 'tuning capacitors'. They have very small capacitance values, typically between 100pF and 500pF Variable Capacitor Symbol

(100pF = 0.0001F). The type illustrated usually has trimmers built in (for making small adjustments - see below) as well as the main variable capacitor. Many variable capacitors have very short spindles which are not suitable for the standard knobs used for variable resistors and rotary switches. It would be wise to check that a suitable knob is available before ordering a variable capacitor. Variable capacitors are not

Variable Capacitor

normally used in timing circuits because their capacitance is too small to be practical and the range of values available is very limited. Instead timing circuits use a fixed capacitor and a variable resistor if it is necessary to vary the time period.

Trimmer capacitors

Trimmer Capacitor Symbol

Trimmer capacitors (trimmers) are miniature variable capacitors. They are designed to be mounted directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built. A small screwdriver or similar tool is required to adjust trimmers. The process of adjusting them requires patience because the presence of your hand and the tool will slightly change the capacitance of the circuit in the region of the trimmer! Trimmer capacitors are only available with very small capacitances, normally less than 100pF. It is impossible to reduce their capacitance to zero, so they are usually specified by their minimum and maximum values, for example 2-10pF. Trimmer Capacitor

LED / IR LED
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE / INFRARED LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE DESCRIPTION Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) use compound semiconductor materials such as gallium arsenide or indium phosphide. The relevant symbol is illustrated in Figure. When forward current passes, light is emitted from the junction. The color of the light depends on the semiconductor material used for the diode and the brightness is approximately proportional to the size of forward current. As indicated by its name, the LED is a diode that emits light. A diode is a device that allows current to flow in only one direction. Almost any two conductive materials will form a diode when placed in contact with each other. When electricity is passed through the diode the atoms in one material (within the semiconductor chip) are excited to a higher energy level. The atoms in that first material have too much energy and need to release that energy. The energy is then released as the atoms shed electrons to the other material within the chip. During this energy release light is created. The color of the light from the LED is a function of the ingredients (materials) and recipes (processes) that make up the chip. Applications Outdoor Displays Optical Indicators Backlighting Marker Lights

Ordering Number LED 3mm, LED 5mm, IR LED

Packaging

LED 3mm / LED 5mm

LIST OF MATERIAL USED FOR LED MANUFACTURING AND COLOR OF LED

NOTE: - Abbreviations for materials: Al, aluminum; As, arsenic; C, carbon; Ga, gallium; In, indium; N,

nitrogen; P, phosphorus; Si, silicon. indicates semiconductor on Oblique stroke one a

substrate of another; for example means GaAsP/GaAs galliumarsenic on gallium

phosphorus arsenide.

APPLICATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1. Basic circuit diagram

2. Rectifier Circuit

PCB LAYOUT
Transmitter:

Receiver:

PCB MANUFACTURING PROCESS

PCB:
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Advantages of PCB: The size of component assembly is reduced with a corresponding decrease in weight. Quantity production can be achieved at lower unit cost. Component wiring and assembly can be mechanized. Circuit characteristics can be maintained without introducing variation in inter-circuit capacitance. They ensure a high level of repeatability and offer uniformity of electrical characteristics from assembly to assembly. Inspection time is reduced because printed circuitry eliminates the probability of error. Printed wiring personnel require minimal technical skills and training.

PCB Design and Fabrication Process:

The major steps in the PCB design and fabrication process are as follows: 1. Design and test the prototype circuitby hand; 2. Capture the circuits schematicusing OrCAD Capture or similar software;

3. Perform the physical layout of the circuitusing OrCAD Layout or similar software; 4. Fabricate, populate and test the PCBdone by ECE shop personnel or similar personnel.

1) Prototyping With a basic idea in mind, a circuit schematic is developed and analyzed to ensure the desired functionality and performance. When creating a circuit for PCB production, a designer would also select specific components at this time. Commonly, the next step is to prototype and to test the circuit. It is also possible to use the schematic capture software along with related software to simulate the circuit without building it on a prototyping board. 2) Schematic Capture Schematic capture software comes in several forms. Schematic capture allows the PCB designer to create an electronic schematic. This electronic schematic contains more information than its paper relatives. For example, every part

symbol in Capture contains information telling what footprint the symbol is associated with. (Footprints are the symbols used in layout software to define the physical design of each component.) Capture parts symbols are used in a symbolic manner. Thus, the part symbol on Captures screen does not show what the actual physical component looks like. It does allow the designer to connect all the components in a circuit and to test the workings of the circuit by exporting files to other software. For our purpose, Capture provides the starting point for creating a physical layout in layout software. 3) Physical Layout A blueprint of a house tells the size of lumber to use, as well as the dimensions of the living room wall and the dimensions of the window cut into it. It gives all the physical information necessary to build the house. Physical layout software can be thought of as a blueprint for a PCB. There are several programs available for doing physical layout. The basic building blocks used in Layout are footprints. A footprint contains all the physical dimensions related to a particular part. For example, a 14-pin dip footprint defines where each of the 14 drill holes are to be located, as well as associated information, such as text defining the part number of the component. In Layout the footprints of the various parts are placed and then routed. Routing refers to defining where the copper interconnects in the circuit will be located. Interconnects are coppe paths on the surface of the PCB that connect one pin to another. Interconnects are also known a routes or traces.

4) Physical Creation of PCB PREPARATION OF SCREEN: Nylon bolting cloth (Silk screen cloth) is stretched and attached to a wooden frame. Photosensitive chemical (silcot-6) and ammonium bicarbonate is spread on cloth and dried in total darkness. The screen is exposed to UV light and is developed in water. PRINTING: The screen is placed on suitable copper laminated sheet on copper side and circuit black printing ink (acid resistant paint) is spread on it. After printing the PCB should be allowed to dry for at least 10 hrs. in a dust proof chamber. ETCHING: The removal of excess copper on the copper laminated PCB apart from the printed circuit is known as etching. Generally PCB is placed in F3C13 solution and kept for one hour. DRILLING: Under this operation drilling should be done as per circuit lay with the suitable drill and high speed machine. Drilling should always be done from copper side to avoid possibility of coming out of copper circuit and chipping out of Bakelite. GREEN MAKING: It is done with special epoxy paint and special thinner is requited for cleaning the screen. It provides as better and also prevents frequency overlapping between the tacks at high frequency operation.

TINNING: It is an electroplating process (tin plating) done to increases the conductivity of the conducting medium and to avoid oxidizing effect. COMPONENT MOUNTING: All components are mounted at their respective position as per the components layout. Proper precautions should be taken during mounting process. SOLDERING: Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the workpiece. A soldered connection ensures metal continuity. The soldering process involves: Melting of the flux which in turn removes the oxide films on the metal to be soldered. Melting the solder which removes the impurities. The solder partially dissolve of the metal in the connection. The solder cools and fuses wit the metal. The soldering techniques involves knowledge of: Soldering iron Soldering wire Soldering procedure Replacing components Knowledge of good and bad soldering joints. Disordering techniques

Soldering iron is an essential tool for soldering. A. Soldering iron should give sufficient heat a melt solder by heat transfer when the iron tip is applied to a connection to be soldered. The selection of the soldering iron can be made as regard to its tips size shape and wattage.

The soldering material is used to join together two or more metals at temperatures below their melting point. The solder alloy consists of Lead (37%) and Tin (63%). The continuous connection between two metal joint is made by solder materials.

Flux is a material used to aid soldering process. Flux is needed to scratch away the small film of oxide on the surface of metals to be soldered.

SOLDERING PROCEDURE The soldering procedure involves selection of soldering iron cleaning of components to be soldered and cleaning of the PCB to be soldered. The soldering iron should be selected according to the job and should be powerful enough to provide heat. The tip of the soldering iron should be selected as per the space available for soldering. The component that has to be soldered should be properly bent and its leads should properly inserted in the PCB. Before. If one has already identified the fault component, then one should not try to remove or desolder the component. The components should simply be cut and taken out. DESOLDERING TECHNIQUES By using a disordering wick : Disordering wick is made of fine copper wire mesh. When this is applied to the heated components, the molten solder gets attached to the wire mesh by capillary action.

By using a disordering pump: Disordering pump has a suction pump. The nozzle of the disordering pump is kept to the heated component. The molten solder is sucked by a spring action. Insertion in the PCB, the lead should be properly cleaned. After component has been inserted it can be soldered. The oxide on the PCB can be removed by using flux, sandpaper. REPLACEMENT OF COMPONENT In case of single sided PCB, the component to be removed can be disordered with the help of iron and flux. The only precaution that has to be taken is that track should not break while removing. In case of Through Hole PCB, care has the to be taken so that component while removing does not damaged the Through Hole. In this case the component is soldered on one side and the lead flows through the hole to the other sides, so disordering and removing becomes very difficult and required practice.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES No false triggering. Low Cost. It provides digital output. Blind spot monitors

DISADVANTAGES Range is limited to 1feet (can be increase by using TSOP1738) Work on lone of sight.

APPLICATIONS
Car Parking System Intruder Sensor Object Sensor

References
www.google.com www.datasheetcatlog.com www.intractable.com www.electronics4u.com