PART 2: INFINITE SERIES

Here is a list of remarks for the second part of the class; it is only a study aid, not study guide!
This is put together by me, which means I might forget some (or a lot) of information. Let me know if you see
anything I missed. Thanks!
Kate =]

TAYLOR POLYNOMIALS
Definition: suppose ( ) f x has 1 n + derivatives in an open real interval ( ) , a b and ( ) , c a b e , then
(a)
( )
2 3
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2! 3! !
n
n
n
f c f c f c
p x f c f c x c x c x c x c
n
'' '''
' = + + + + +
is called the n
th
order Taylor polynomial of function ( ) f x about the center point x c = .

(b) For x near c, ( ) f x can be approximated by ( )
n
p x i.e. ( ) ( )
n
f x p x ~ . This approximation is called the n
th
order
Taylor approximation of ( ) f x about the point c.

(c) The error term or remainder term associate with the approximation is denoted by ( )
n
E x and defined by
( )
( )
( 1)
1
( )
1 !
n
n
n
f
E x x c
n
+
+
=
+

Hence, we can write ( ) ( ) ( )
n n
f x p x E x = + .

INFINITE SEQUENCES vs. INFINITE SERIES

SEQUENCE SERIES
Definition Sequence: List of numbers/function
Series: Sum of numbers/function
(sum of sequence terms)
Notation {a
n
} = { a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
n
,} o
n

1
= a
1
+a
2
+a
3
+ a
n
+
Sub and partial
Subsequence: infinite partial list of the sequence
ex. {2n} is an infinite subsequence of {n}
Partial sum: partial sum of the series (NOT
infinite)
S
n
= S
1
+ S
2
+ S
3
+. + S
n

Sequence of partial sum: { S
1
, S
2
, ,S
n
,}
Convergence
If lim
n
o
n
= I and L is a number
then {a
n
} converges to L
Notations:
lim
n
o
n
= I
(a
n
) L
If (S
n
) L (seq. of partial sum converges)
then series {a
n
} converges to L
Notations:
o
n

1
= L
a
1
+a
2
+a
3
+ a
n
+ = L
Divergence
If (o
n
) does NOT have a finite limit
then (o
n
) diverges
If (S
n
) diverges (seq. of partial sum diverges)
then series {a
n
} diverges
Harmonic [
1
n
0 converges

1
n
=

1
diverges
Geometric
(ar
n
) converges to 0 if |r| < 1

diverges otherwise
or
n
1
=
u
1-
if |r| < 1

otherwise
ltm
n
a
n
=
Means (a
n
) 0 converges
Means o
n

1
can be convergent or
divergent (meaning NO CONCLUSION)
ltm
n
a
n
= L
Means (a
n
) L converges Means o
n

1
= diverges
Absolute value If (|a
n
|) 0 then ( a
n
) 0
If |o
n

1
| converges then o
n

1
converges

Definitions:
o
n

1
absolutely converges if |o
n

1
|
converges
o
n

1
conditionally converges if |o
n

1
|
diverges and If |o
n

1
| converges
Squeeze theorem
vs.
Comparison test
Squeeze theorem: If
n n n
a b c s s for
0
n n > and
lim lim
n n
n n
a c L

= = , then lim
n
n
b L

=

Comparison test: 0 for all
n n
a b n s s
If
1
n
n
b

converges, then
1
n
n
a

converges.
If
1
n
n
a

diverges, then
1
n
n
b

diverges.

Limit of sequence
vs.
integral test
Limit of sequence:
If ( )
n
f n a = for all n andlim ( )
x
f x L

=
then lim
n
n
a L

=

Integral test:
If f(n)= o
n
for all n, and f(x) is positive,
continuous, decreasing for x1, then:

o
n

1
converges (x)Jx

1
converges
Properties of limit
and series
Properties of limits:
If (o
n
) and (b
n
) converge , then
lim
n
(o
n
_ b
n
) = lim
n
(o
n
) _ lim
n
(b
n
)

lim
n
(c. o
n
) = c. lim
n
(o
n
)

lim
n
(o
n
b
n
) = lim
n
(o
n
) lim
n
(b
n
)


IIm
n
(u
n
)
IIm
n
(b
n
)
= lim
n
[
u
n
b
n
(b
n
u n)

Properties of Series:
If o
n

1
and o
n

1
converge, then

(o
n
_b
n

1
) = o
n

1
_ b
n

1


(c. o
n)

1
= c o
n
(c is o constont)