Unit 1 What Is Culture?

Contents
1 Introduction Focus Points Activity Box 1 Activity Box 2 Alterity, Modernity, Postmodernity The Period of Alterity Reading 1 Thinking 1 Activity Box 3 Enlightenment and Modernity Activity Box 4 Reading 2 Activity Box 5 Thinking 2 Postmodernity Focus Points Reading 3 Thinking 3 Reading 4 Thinking 4 Activity Box 6 !ynthesis " #o$ Alterity, Modernity, and Postmodernity %elate to Each &ther Thinking 5# $ndividua% Assign&ent 'ontact (ou) Tuto) A''roaches to (ulture and Its !ocial )unction (ulture and the *Masses+ Reading 5 Activity Box 7 Thinking 6 Re*%ection Point 1 Reading 6 Thinking 7 Re*%ection Point 2 *(ulture Is &rdinary+ Reading 7 Thinking Reading Activity Box Re*%ection Point 3 (onclusion " Intert$ining Elements and (ultural Meaning Reading ! Thinking ! Ans$er -ey %e.uired %eading, %eferences and %ecommended %eading 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 7

2 2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

! ! 1" 1" 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 14 15 16 16 17 1 1, 1 1! 1! 2" 21 21 21 22 24 3/

3 3.1

3.2

Introduction

As Ray&ond +i%%ia&s ,)ites- .cu%tu)e is one o* the t,o o) th)ee &ost co&/%icated ,o)ds in the 0ng%ish %anguage1 2Keywords 734 This unit ai&s to i%%u&inate +i%%ia&s5s idea 6y int)oducing you to the va)ious ,ays in ,hich cu%tu)e can 6e conceived4 Th)ough se%ected texts and exce)/ts- you ,i%% 6e a6%e to see ho, theo)eticians have conce/tua%i7ed cu%tu)e acco)ding to the unde)standing o* di**e)ent /hi%oso/hica% /a)adig&s4 (ou ,i%% 6e int)oduced to the %a)ge8sca%e histo)ica% /e)iods o* a%te)ity&ode)nity- and /ost&ode)nity- ,hich have dive)gent conce/ts a6out the ,o)%d- the hu&an 6eing- and its )e%ation to the cu%tu)a% context4 9nit 1- as the enti)e &odu%e- ,i%% *oste) a c)eative ,ay o* unde)standing cu%tu)e 6y identi*ying the connection a&ong the va)ious *ie%ds o* individua% and socia% existence4 This is not to suggest that the)e is on%y one ,ay o* unde)standing cu%tu)e4 :n the cont)a)y- the &ain ai& is to /oint out the dive)sity o* a//)oaches to this co&/%ex *ie%d o* study and to e&/hasi7e the ./)otoco% o* entang%e&ent1 in cu%tu)a% studies4 This /)otoco% entai%s that any kind o* cu%tu)a% /heno&enon 2e4g4 a schoo% syste&- a te%evision /)og)a&- o) an a)tistic ,o)k3 is sy&/to&atic o* a %a)ge) cu%tu)a% conce)n and can 6e seen *)o& a &u%ti*aceted /oint o* vie,- as ,e%% as the cu%tu)a% /heno&ena o* a /a)ticu%a) e)a a)e inte))e%ated4 Focus Points Activity Box 1

;ote in a cou/%e o* sentences ,hat you unde)stand 6y the te)& cu%tu)e4

Activity Box 2

<ook at the de*inition o* the ,o)d .cu%tu)e1 *)o& Websters New World Dictionary 23373# culture n. =>0 ? < cultura ? colere# see '9<T@ 1 cu%tivation o* the soi% 2 /)oduction- deve%o/&ent- o) i&/)ove&ent o* a /a)ticu%a) /%ant- ani&a%- co&&odityetc4 3 a3 the g)o,th o* 6acte)ia- &ic)oo)ganis&s- o) othe) /%ant and ani&a% ce%%s in a s/ecia%%y /)e/a)ed nou)ishing *%uid o) so%id b3 a co%ony o* &ic)oo)ganis&s o) ce%%s thus g)o,n 4 a3 deve%o/&ent- i&/)ove&ent- o) )e*ine&ent o* the inte%%ect- e&otions- inte)ests&anne)s- and taste b3 the )esu%t o* thisA )e*ined ,ays o* thinking- ta%king- and acting 0 deve%o/&ent o) i&/)ove&ent o* /hysica% Bua%ities 6y s/ecia% t)aining o) ca)e [6ody culture, voice culture] 6 a3 the ideas- custo&s- ski%%s- a)ts- etc4 o* a /eo/%e o) g)ou/- that a)e t)ans*e))edco&&unicated- o) /assed a%ong- as in o) to succeeding gene)ations
3

b3 such ideas- custo&s- etc4 o* a /a)ticu%a) /eo/%e o) g)ou/ in a /a)ticu%a) /e)iodA civi%i7ation c3 the /a)ticu%a) /eo/%e o) g)ou/ having such ideas- custo&s- etc4 <ook at the sentences 6e%o, and decide ,hich &eaning o* cu%tu)e can 6e &atched ,ith each sentence4 A3Cong <i and Ped)o Ro&e)o 6)ing eno)&ous cu%tu)a% di**e)ences ,ith the& to the c%ass- since one o* the& is *)o& 'hina- and the othe) is *)o& A)gentina4 B3 This ,)ite) ex/%o)es in his nove% the cu%tu)a% net,o)k o* 1 th8centu)y D/anish society4 '3 Tho&as is such a cu%tu)ed /e)son4 E3Punk as a su68cu%tu)e is o*ten conside)ed as a &eans to asse)t young /eo/%e5s identity in a noncon*o)&ist ,ay4 03 $n ,et coo%ing to,e)s- extensive cu%tu)es o* Legionella pneumophila 6acte)ia can deve%o/4 F3 >cEona%d5s /)o&otes a distinctive cu%tu)e 6ased on ce)tain va%ues that a)e in *act st)ong%y )e%ated to consu&/tion and /)o*it4 F3$t is i&/o)tant that schoo%s deve%o/ chi%d)en5s &ove&ent cu%tu)e in a /%ay*u% and nonco&/etitive ,ay4 C3$n F%o)ida ,e can *ind %a)ge o)ange cu%tu)esA in *act- o)ange is the state5s %eading ag)icu%tu)a% c)o/4 A B ' E 0 F F C

As is o6vious *)o& the de*inition- cu%tu)e ,as o)igina%%y )e%ated to ag)icu%tu)e 2%ook at the o)igina% <atin ,o)d .co%e)e-1 ,hich &eans to ti%%- to ,o)k the %and in )aising c)o/s34 Co,eve)- the &eaning o* the te)& ,as extended in the 1 th centu)y- at the ti&e o* the 0n%ighten&ent4 $t sta)ted to 6e associated ,ith hu&an 6eings- the ,ay they .cu%tivate1 the&se%ves o) deve%o/ ,ith the he%/ o* /eo/%e a%)eady .cu%tivated41 $n this sense- cu%tu)e- o) 6eco&ing a cu%tu)ed /e)son- entai%s so&e kind o* /)ocess4 As Fi%es and >idd%eton /oint out- no,adays cu%tu)e a%so invo%ves the notion o* an actua% cu%tu)a% /)oduct- the )esu%t o* so&e c)eative /)ocess# a 6ook- a /ainting- an o/e)a- a theat)ica% /e)*o)&ance- etc4 Thus- in this &eaning- the /)oduct- and not the /)ocess- is e&/hasi7ed4 The conce/t o* .&ass cu%tu)e1 adds yet anothe) as/ect to the co&/%ex notion o* cu%tu)e and is associated ,ith such /o/u%a) &edia as te%evision- ne,s/a/e)s&aga7ines- Co%%y,ood *i%&s- etc4 21"34 +ith the e&e)gence o* the nation states in the 1!th centu)y- the conce/t o* cu%tu)e 6eca&e associated ,ith individua% nationa% g)ou/s4 Thus- /eo/%e 6egan to ta%k a6out cu%tu)e in the /%u)a%# di**e)ent cu%tu)es e&e)ged and have 6een e&e)ging4 Anth)o/o%ogy as a ne, disci/%ine ,as esta6%ished in the 2"th centu)y- studying di**e)ent g)ou/s o* hu&an 6eings ,ho a)e conside)ed as having a distinct cu%tu)e 2Fi%es and >idd%eton 1"34 The)e*o)e- the conce/t o* cu%tu)e has 6eco&e &uch 6)oade) than its o)igina% sense 2cu%tivating the %and and )aising c)o/s o) ani&a%s34 $t is no, gene)a%%y associated ,ith /oints 4- 5- and 6 o* the Websters Dictionary5s de*inition4 :u) /u)/ose is not to di**e)entiate 6et,een these &eanings 6ut )athe) to co&6ine the& in a &eaning*u% ,ay4 $n the *o%%o,ing section- you ,i%% see ho, di**e)ent notions o* cu%tu)e have 6een ex/)essed 6y va)ious /eo/%e- acco)ding to di**e)ent /hi%oso/hica% /a)adig&s4

2
2.1

Alterity, Modernity, and Postmodernity

The Period o Alterity

Reading 1 $n the *o%%o,ing- you ,i%% )ead an ove)vie, o* the /e)iod 6e*o)e the 0n%ighten&ent,hich is gene)a%%y te)&ed alterity- 6asica%%y )e*e))ing to AntiBuity and the >edieva% e)a4 'oncent)ate on the cha)acte)istics o* the /e)iod in te)&s o* ,o)%d vie,/hi%oso/hy- the hu&an 6eing5s /%ace in the unive)se- the )e%ationshi/ 6et,een a)t and %i*e- vie,s a6out /)og)ess- unity- and co&&unity4
The approach, the ontology of alterity is basically transcendental This does not only !ean religion, since it !ay also characteri"e !odernity, but also i!plies that the people of alterity presuppose the ulti!acy of another, spiritual sphere of existence, #hich #or$s parallel #ith all the !undane ele!ents of the #orld Real space is defined by !ystical space, real ti!e by divine ti!e, and the relations are regulated by transcendental #ill People suppose and believe that behind the frag!ents and chaos of the earthly #orld there is transcendental #holeness and coherence %&' The difference bet#een alche!y and che!istry is characteristic( alche!y is not the faulty, pri!itive version of che!istry, but an absolutely different approach to the che!ical #orld For the alche!ist, che!ical pheno!ena do not exist i!!anently, in the!selves, and do not relate to one another according to their o#n !aterial la#s, but there are sophisticated spiritual processes lying hidden behind the! )n alche!y, the che!ical substance of gold is saturated #ith the spiritual essence of the sun* according to Paracelsus, salt sy!boli"es the body* !ercury is the !ind, and sulphur is the soul %&' )n alterity, the #orld is a divine organis!, #hich is li!ited and at the sa!e ti!e !anifested and articulated in the #orld accessible to and visible for us Thus, the earthly existence of the hu!an being, #hat he or she considers reality, is not i!!anent but only the allegory of the transcendental #holeness #hich people !ay feel the presence of only in frag!ents or parts but can never fully co!prehend )n alterity, people loo$ at the s$y as if they #ere loo$ing behind the #alls of the city %&' This era has no culture in the present+day sense of the #ord, has no co!!unity+ based cult #hich could be considered as chosen by the co!!unity )t has only tradition, #hich is not chosen but given ,this, of course, #e cannot but recall and conceptuali"e as culture- %&' )n the era of alterity, the social function of literature is co!pletely different fro! that of today Art is not regarded as related to a special human talent , as it is totally integrated into life The sculpture does not exist by and for itself but belongs to a .othic capital* the song is part of the celebration* there are no exhibition places or libraries in the !odern sense Art is not an isolated place in life but inherently belongs to life* it is /occasional0 in the philosophical sense, as it is al#ays related to so!e occasion or situation in life Artistic #or$s are not separated fro! life* they #ere /in place 0 All !anifestations of literature, all artistic events are related to a certain co!!unal occasion %&' The literature and art of alterity are e!barrassingly repetitive( the artistic #or$s are not parts of a series of experiences but represent and recall the ritual !ode of existence that lies behind everything Therefore, they repeat, give proof of the stability of the transcendental by presenting it over and over again 1hat is ne# is not valuable here( /progress0 as a concept does not exist, so the #or$s of art also

have to return to the $ey events of the !ore transcendental, basic existence, since life is poetici"ed by the festivals, the tragedy of 2aster, the pro!ise of 3hrist!as, or the reversed order of the carnival The co!!on ground for understanding the artistic #or$s of the first era #as established by a unanimous value system based on mythology (religion) , one that #as relatively unifor! and obvious for everybody, regardless of their social position or class Because of this unified value syste!, the creation and interpretation of !eaning #as rather ho!ogeneous( an i!portant #ord, a life+structuring sy!bol, the allegorical order that defined life as a #hole #ere interpreted in the sa!e #ay every#here The sensus communis ,co!!on sy!bolis! and a#areness of fateenabled all to understand the #or$s, and every /living0 #or$ #as !ade accessible and receivable to all !e!bers of a particular culture This sense of co!!onality #as, of course, the result of historical progress and #as itself changing 4o#ever, the change #as so slo# and spanned over so !any generations that the individual receivers or artists hardly or did not notice it 5aturally, on the edges of value syste!s, there existed alternative approaches to life* ho#ever, these approaches #ere not considered unintelligible or to be understood but !eaningless ,such approaches are represented by the /barbarians0 to the .ree$s and the Ro!ans, or by the /pagans0 to the 3hristians- An endless, transcendental stability ruled the #orld* there #as no history but si!ply event The order of things #as regulated by easily accessible binaries ,celestialearthly* paradisiacalfallen* before 3hristafter 3hrist- ,B6$ay 27+28, !y translation-

Thin$ing 1

14 9se you) dictiona)y4 +hat is the &eaning o* the te)&s transcendental and binaryG

24 +hat is the 6asic 6ina)y in a%te)ity that unde)%ies a%% successive 6ina)iesG

34 +hat kinds o* ancient and &edieva% a)tistic ,o)ks and events can you think o* as exa&/%es o* .occasiona%1 a)tG

"

Activity Box 9

Eecide on the 6asis o* the )eading ,hethe) the *o%%o,ing state&ents a)e t)ue o) *a%se in connection ,ith a%te)ity4 True 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 Re%igion is an exc%usive%y a%te)ity8)e%ated /heno&enon4 Dta6i%ity ,as /)e*e))ed to change and /)og)ess4 A%che&y and che&ist)y ,e)e )ega)ded as natu)a% sciences4 The sensus communis inc%uded a st)ong sense o* histo)y4 0nHoy&ent o* a)t ,as co&&una%4 A)t had a st)ong co&/onent o* s/i)itua%ity- sac)edness4 +ithin a cu%tu)a% co&&unity- the va%ue syste& ,as &o)e o) %ess sha)ed 6y eve)yone4 4 The ai& o* a)t ,as to )eca%% the uniBue ex/e)ience o* the a)tist4 !4 Peo/%e thought that the t)anscendenta% ,o)%d ,as chaotic4 1"4 A)tistic inte)/)etation ,as conside)ed hete)ogeneous4 2.2 #nli$htenment and Modernity )alse

The a%&ost 4""8yea) %ong /e)iod that ,e ca%% modernity sta)ted ,ith the 0n%ighten&ent in the 1 th centu)y4 The 0n%ighten&ent 6)ought a6out va)ious shi*ts in the vie, o* the ,o)%d as co&/a)ed to the e)a o* a%te)ity4 Activity Box :

Reca%% ,hat you kno, a6out humanism and the Enlightenment and /ut do,n a *e, cha)acte)istics o* 6oth4 (ou &ay use an encyc%o/aedia to co&/%ete you) %ist o* cha)acte)istics4 Humanism Enlightenment

Reading 2

;o, )ead an exce)/t *)o& Fe)&an %i6e)a% /hi%oso/he) IJ)gen Ca6e)&as5s .>ode)nity An $nco&/%ete P)oHect41 'oncent)ate on ,hat ne, as/ects the 0n%ighten&ent 6)ought into the gene)a% /hi%oso/hy- the hu&an 6eing5s /%ace and /u)/ose in the ,o)%d and in society- the )e%ationshi/ 6et,een the ea)th%y ,o)%d and the t)anscendenta% ,o)%dand the connection 6et,een a)t and society4
The Project of Enlightenment The idea of !odernity is inti!ately tied to the develop!ent of 2uropean art, but #hat ) call /the pro;ect of !odernity0 co!es only into focus #hen #e dispense #ith the usual concentration upon art <et !e start a different analysis by recalling an idea fro! =ax 1eber 4e characteri"ed cultural !odernity as the separation of the substantive reason expressed in religion and !etaphysics into three autono!ous spheres They are( science, !orality and art These ca!e to be differentiated because the unified #orld+vie#s of religion and !etaphysics fell apart >ince the 18th century, the proble!s inherited fro! these older #orld+vie#s could be arranged so as to fall under specific aspects of validity( truth, nor!ative rightness, authenticity and beauty They could then be handled as ?uestions of $no#ledge, or of ;ustice and !orality, or of taste >cientific discourse, theories of !orality, ;urisprudence, and the production and criticis! of art could in turn be institutionali"ed 2ach do!ain of culture could be !ade to correspond to cultural professions in #hich proble!s could be dealt #ith as the concern of special experts This professionali"ed treat!ent of the cultural tradition brings to the fore the intrinsic structures of cognitive+instru!ental, of !oral+practical and of aesthetic+expressive rationality, each of these under the control of specialists #ho see! !ore adept at being logical in these particular #ays than other people are As a result, the distance gro#s bet#een the culture of the experts and that of the larger public 1hat accrues to culture through speciali"ed treat!ent and reflection does not i!!ediately and necessarily beco!e the property of everyday praxis 1ith cultural rationali"ation of this sort, the threat increases that the life+#orld, #hose traditional substance has already been devalued, #ill beco!e !ore and !ore i!poverished The pro;ect of !odernity for!ulated in the 18th century by the philosophers of the 2nlighten!ent consisted in their efforts to develop ob;ective science, universal !orality and la#, and autono!ous art according to their inner logic At the sa!e ti!e, this pro;ect intended to release the cognitive potentials of each of these do!ains fro! their esoteric for!s The 2nlighten!ent philosophers #anted to utili"e this accu!ulation of speciali"ed culture for the enrich!ent of everyday lifethat is to say, for the rational organi"ation of everyday social life 2nlighten!ent thin$ers of the cast of !ind of 3ondorcet 1 still had the extravagant expectation that the arts and sciences #ould pro!ote not only the control of natural forces but also understanding of the #orld and of the self, !oral progress, the ;ustice of institutions and even the happiness of hu!an beings The 2@th century has shattered this opti!is! ,4aber!as 1A79+7:-

Activity Box 7

14 Acco)ding to Ca6e)&as- ,hich th)ee a)eas o) socia% s/he)es did the /)evious%y uni*ied t)anscendenta% ,o)%d vie, s/%it intoG 24 Fi%% in the cha)t on the 6asis o* Ca6e)&as5s text#
1

=arie+Bean+Antoine+5icolas de 3aritat, =ar?uis de 3ondorcet ,1A:9+1AC:-, French 2nlighten!ent !athe!atician and philosopher #ho believed in the ulti!ate perfectability of !en and #o!en %editorDs note'

&

Social spheres Aspects of validity Related abstract concepts Related institutions ntrinsic structure !orresponding cultural profession Thin$ing 2

science

&o)a%ity authenticity and 6eauty Hustice

scienti*ic discou)se &o)a%8/)actica% a)tist

14 +hat is the 6asic di**e)ence 6et,een a%te)ity and &ode)nity conce)ning the )egu%ation o* /eo/%e5s %i*e on a %a)ge sca%eG +ho do /eo/%e think dictates the gene)a% )u%esG

24 +hy do you think the 0n%ighten&ent is ca%%ed .the Age o* Reason1G

34 +hat events o) tendencies &ay Ca6e)&as have in &ind ,hen he says that the 2"th centu)y has shatte)ed the o/ti&istic hu&anistic vie, o* /)og)essG

2.3

Postmodernity

The acce%e)ation o* %i*e at eve)y %eve% o* existence has )esu%ted not on%y in a gene)a%%y Buicke) %i*e8sty%e- 6ut a s,i*te) 2a%though g)adua%3 /a)adig&8shi*t *)o& &ode)nity into postmodernity as ,e%%4

'

Focus Points

Reading 9 Read the *o%%o,ing /a)ag)a/h *)o& 9D theo)ist F)ed)ic Ia&eson5s ,o)k .Post&ode)nis& and 'onsu&e) Dociety-1 ,hich ,i%% he%/ you /%ace /ost&ode)nis& histo)ica%%y4
%Post!odernis!' is not ;ust another #ord for the description of a particular style )t is also, at least in !y use, a periodi"ing concept #hose function is to correlate the e!ergence of ne# for!al features in culture #ith the e!ergence of a ne# type of social life and a ne# econo!ic order #hat is often euphe!istically called !oderni"ation, postindustrial or consu!er society, the society of the !edia or the spectacle, or !ultinational capitalis! This ne# !o!ent of capitalis! can be dated fro! the post#ar boo! in the Enited >tates in the late 1C:@s and early 1C7@s or, in France, fro! the establish!ent of the Fifth Republic in 1C78 2 The 1CF@s are in !any #ays the $ey transitional period, a period in #hich the ne# international order ,neocolonialis!, the .reen Revolution, 9 co!puteri"ation and electronic infor!ationis at one and the sa!e ti!e set in place and is s#ept and sha$en by its o#n internal contradictions and by external resistance ,Ba!eson 1CF2-

Thin$ing 9

Put do,n ,hat you think o* ,hen you hea) the ,o)d globali"ation4

#lobali"ation is a ty/ica%%y /ost&ode)n /heno&enon4 $t is the )esu%t o* econo&ic change in the st)uctu)e o* /)oduction4 +hi%e in the &ode)n e)a- ,hich ,as cha)acte)i7ed 6y %a)ge *acto)ies- 6ig 6usiness- and cent)a%i7ed 2o)gani7ed3 ca/ita%is&the)e a)e no, &u%tinationa% co)/o)ations- ,ho have s&a%%e) units a%% ove) the ,o)%d4 Techno%ogica% innovation cont)i6uted to the deve%o/&ent o* vi)tua%%y %i&it%ess co&&unication- ,hich a%so *oste)s g%o6a%i7ation4 F%o6a%i7ation thus i&/%ies the disa//ea)ance o* 6ounda)ies- ,hich does not on%y &ean that the 6ounda)ies o* count)ies a)e neg%ected in &ate)ia% /)oduction- 6ut a%so invo%ves the ex/%osion o* 6ounda)ies in cu%tu)e in gene)a% 2in science- the acade&ia- in a)t- in society- etc434
2

The govern!ent established under a ne# constitution, #ritten in response to the crisis brought on by FranceDs colonial #ar in Algeria* 3harles de .aulle ,18C@+1CA@- beca!e its first president in 1C7C %editorDs note'
3

The enor!ous increase in third #orld agricultural production ,especially in )ndia and Pa$istan- in the 1CF@s !ade possible by ne# high+yield varieties of #heat and rice, the use of che!ical fertili"ers and pesticides, irrigation, and !echani"ation %editorDs note'

1(

Post&ode)nis& is a /ost80n%ighten&ent e)a- ,hich &eans that the)e is a ce)tain tendency to c)itici7e Reason 2as unde)stood in hu&anistic te)&s3- science- and )ationa%ity4 Reason ,ith a ca/ita% R is )e/%aced ,ith &odes o* )ationa%ity- ,hich a)e cu%tu)a%%y de*ined 2and not ho&ogeneous34 Eesca)tes5 conce/t o* .o6Hective kno,%edge1 2neut)a%- o6Hective%y studied- ,ithout inte)est3 is shatte)ed in /ost&ode)nis&- ,hich says that the)e is no kno,%edge ,ithout /o,e)- so kno,%edge can neve) 6e o6HectiveA it a%,ays se)ves the inte)est o* the )u%ing g)ou/4 Reading : Read F)ench /hi%oso/he) Iean8F)ancois <yota)d5s sho)t 6ut in*o)&ative essay entit%ed .Ee*ining the Post&ode)n1 2Reading Packet34 'oncent)ate on ,hat cha)acte)i7es /ost&ode)nity in te)&s o* a)tistic sty%e 2e4g4 a)chitectu)e3- the idea o* /)og)ess and the 6ette)&ent o* hu&ankind- es/ecia%%y as a )esu%t o* scienti*ic /)og)ess4 Thin$ing :

14 Co, does <yota)d de*ine the te)& bricolage in the /ost&ode)n contextG Co, does it )e%ate to the .disa//ea)ance o* =the@ idea o* /)og)ess ,ithin )ationa%ity and *)eedo&1G Co, does it )e%ate to F)eud5s /sychoana%ytica% conce/t o* )e/etition o) Buotation as &entioned in the textG

24 +hat does it i&/%y that .the)e is no %onge) a ho)i7on o* unive)sa%i7ation1G

34 +hat is the /ost&ode)n vie, a6out socia% /)og)essG Co, do you think it )e%ates to the dis%ike o* change in the e)a o* a%te)ityG

44 +hat is <yota)d5s de*inition *o) his o,n coinage motricityG +ou%d this conce/t

11

su//o)t the &ode)nist idea o* /)og)essG

Activity Box F

Fi%% in the cha)t on the 6asis o* the *o%%o,ing su&&a)i7ing /a)ag)a/h *)o& <yota)d5s text#
/Gur de!ands for security, identity and happiness, co!ing fro! our condition as living beings and even social beings appear today irrelevant in the face of this sort of obligation to co!plexify, !ediate, !e!ori"e and synthesi"e every ob;ect, and to change its scale 1e are in this techno+scientific #orld li$e .ulliver( so!eti!es too big, so!eti!es too s!all, never at the right scale 3onse?uently, the clai! for si!plicity, in general, appears today that of a barbarian 0

$odernity Decu)ity

%ostmodernity %oss o* sta6%e identity co&/%ex de*initions- %ack o* de*initions synthesis- %inking o* dive)se e%e&ents and *ie%ds

in /)o/o)tion ,ith the ,o)%d 2.4 )ynthesis * +o, Alterity, Modernity, and Postmodernity -elate to #ach .ther

The de%ineation o* a%te)ity- &ode)nity and /ost&ode)nity is i&/o)tant so that you can see ho, they can 6e inte)/)eted histo)ica%%y- as gene)a% conce/ts a6out the ,o)%dhu&an 6eings- and society4 Co,eve)- you shou%d a%so )e&e&6e) that in eve)y histo)ica% /e)iod you can *ind the vestiges o* *o)&e) /e)iods- as ,e%% as those e%e&ents o* *utu)e e)as that ,i%% 6eco&e do&inant on%y %ate)4 Thus- a histo)ica% /e)iod is neve) ho&ogeneousA it is &ade u/ o* )esidua% e%e&ents *)o& /ast e)as- do&inant e%e&ents that &ain%y de*ine the /e)iod- and e&e)ging e%e&ents o* *utu)e /e)iods4 $n this ,ay/ost&ode)nis& sti%% has a %ot o* e%e&ents *)o& the &ode)nist e)a 2*o) exa&/%e*euda%is&- s%ave)y- etc43- and /)o6a6%y has e&e)ging e%e&ents that ,i%% de*ine the *o)thco&ing e)a a*te) /ost&ode)nis&4 Thin$ing 7 ndividual Assignment

Five a co&/)ehensive ove)vie, o* the 6asic cha)acte)istics o* a%te)ity- &ode)nity- and

12

/ost&ode)nity4 9se the *o%%o,ing cha)t to concent)ate on s/eci*ic c)ite)ia o* co&/a)ison- Hot do,n the 6asic cha)acte)istics o* each e)a- and then ,)ite u/ you) *indings in a co&/a)ative ove)vie, o* a6out 45"85"" ,o)ds4 1asis of com'arison Ti&e /e)iod A%te)native na&e *o) e)a 2i* any3 0cono&ic set8u/ $&/o)tance o* t)anscendenta%is& and s/i)itua%is& Eeg)ee o* individua%is& $deas a6out /)og)ess Re%ationshi/ 6et,een a)t and co&&unity 9nity 6et,een di**e)ent syste&s 2e4g4 science- a)t- &o)a%ity3 Kie,s a6out science Eeg)ee o* ha)&ony Eeg)ee o* o/ti&is& Dense o* identity Dense o* co&&unity Dha)ed va%ue syste& Faith in an ove)a)ching idea- a .&etana))ative1 2e4g4 the u%ti&ate divine unity- the idea o* hu&an /)og)ess3 Faith in )ationa%ity Peo/%e5s %i*e )egu%ated acco)ding toL :the) conside)ations !ontact &our 'utor Alterity $odernity %ostmodernity

'ontact you) tuto) and send he) via e8&ai% o) )egu%a) &ai% the sho)t essay /)e/a)ed *o) the $ndividua% Assign&ent in Thinking 54

3
3.1

A//roaches to Culture and Its )ocial 0unction

Culture and the 1Masses2

Reading 7 Read the *o%%o,ing ext)act *)o& B)itish /oet and schoo% ins/ecto) >atthe, A)no%d5s 6ook Culture and Anarchy- and think a6out the Buestion ,hy A)no%d 6e%ieves that cu%tu)e is ext)e&e%y i&/o)tant in his age4

13

3ulture %&' has one great passion, the passion for s#eetness and light )t has one even yet greaterH the passion for !a$ing the! prevail )t is not satisfied till #e all co!e to a perfect !an* it $no#s that the s#eetness and light of the fe# !ust be i!perfect until the ra# and un$indled !asses of hu!anity are touched #ith s#eetness and light )f ) have not shrun$ fro! saying that #e !ust #or$ for s#eetness and light, so neither have ) shrun$ fro! saying that #e !ust have a broad basis, !ust have s#eetness and light for as !any as possible Again and again ) have insisted ho# those are the happy !o!ents of hu!anity, ho# those are the !ar$ing epochs of a peopleDs life, ho# those are the flo#ering ti!es for literature and art and all the creative po#er of genius, #hen there is a national glo# of life and thought, #hen the #hole of society is in the fullest !easure per!eated by thought, sensible to beauty, intelligent and alive Gnly it !ust be real thought and real beauty* real s#eetness and real light Plenty of people #ill try to give the !asses, as they call the!, an intellectual food prepared and adapted in the #ay they thin$ proper for the actual condition of the !asses The ordinary popular literature is an exa!ple of this #ay of #or$ing on the !asses Plenty of people #ill try to indoctrinate the !asses #ith the set of ideas and ;udg!ents constituting the creed of their o#n profession or party Gur religious and political organisations give an exa!ple of this #ay of #or$ing on the !asses ) conde!n neither #ay* but culture #or$s differently )t does not try to teach do#n to the level of inferior classes* it does not try to #in the! for this or that sect of its o#n, #ith ready+!ade ;udg!ents and #atch#ords )t see$s to do a#ay #ith classes* to !a$e the best that has been thought and $no#n in the #orld current every#here* to !a$e all !en live in an at!osphere of s#eetness and light, #here they !ay use ideas, as it uses the! itself, freely nourished and not bound by the! This is the social idea* and the !en of culture are the true apostles of e?uality The great !en of culture are those #ho have had a passion for diffusing, for !a$ing prevail, for carrying fro! one end of society to the other, the best $no#ledge, the best ideas of their ti!e* #ho have laboured to divest $no#ledge of all that #as harsh, uncouth, difficult, abstract, professional, exclusive* to hu!anise it, to !a$e it efficient outside the cli?ue of the cultivated and learned, yet still re!aining the best $no#ledge and thought of the ti!e, and a true source, therefore, of s#eetness and light ,Arnold 8-

Activity Box A

>ake a %ist o* cu%tu)a% /)oducts and activities that ,ou%d and ,ou%d not Bua%i*y as .the 6est1 2that is- cu%tu)e3 *o) A)no%d4 $s the)e a set o* c)ite)ia that ena6%es a /)oduct Bua%i*y as cu%tu)eG (ould )ualify 'hauce)5s Canterbury ales the Kenus de >i%o the ;ot)e Ea&e (ould not )ualify soa/ o/e)as the cuisine o* F)ance *oot6a%%
14

 Thin$ing F

14 +hich o* the th)ee histo)ica% e)as discussed in 'ha/te) 2 do you think A)no%d )e/)esentsG

24 Co, does the idea o* /)og)ess and hu&an 6ette)&ent )e%ate to cu%tu)e in A)no%d5s vie,G

34 Think a6out the tit%e o* A)no%d5s 6ook4 Eo you think cu%tu)e and ana)chy a)e &utua%%y exc%usive *o) hi&G

44 +hat is A)no%d5s vie, o* /o/u%a) cu%tu)eG $s it inc%uded in .the 6est that has 6een thought and kno,n in the ,o)%d cu))ent eve)y,he)e1G

A)no%d is a liberal hu&anist- as he 6e%ieves that eBua%ity can 6e achieved 6y .cu%tu)ing the &asses-1 6y en%ightening the&- as they have inte%%ectua% /otentia%s )ega)d%ess o* socia% c%ass4 Co,eve)- this ve)y idea i&/%ies that the .&asses1 can 6e en%ightened 6y &aste) inte%%ectua%s- ,ho /)oduce the .6est-1 ,ho can achieve ,ith thei) cu%tu)a% /)oducts .real thought and real 6eautyA real s,eetness and real %ight41 $n this senseA)no%d is an essentialist- that is- he 6e%ieves that the)e is an essentia% Bua%ity in a ce)tain g)ou/ o* cu%tu)a% /)oducts ,hich &ake the& .the 6est that has 6een thought and kno,n in the ,o)%d cu))ent eve)y,he)e41 The 6e%ie* that .)ea%1 cu%tu)e can 6e se/a)ated *)o& .non)ea%1 o) /o/u%a) cu%tu)e- *o) exa&/%e- .o)dina)y /o/u%a) %ite)atu)e-1 is a%so a ty/ica%%y &ode)nist 2and essentia%ist3
1!

notion o* ho, ce)tain cu%tu)a% /)oducts 2in A)no%d5s vie,- the .6est1 that constitutes cu%tu)e itse%*3 can 6e se/a)ated *)o& an .indoct)inating1 *unction- ,he)eas .o)dina)y1 cu%tu)e is used 6y ./o%itica% and )e%igious o)ganisations1 to ,o)k .on the &asses41 Reflection Point 1

A)no%d suggests e%se,he)e in his 6ook that cu%tu)e is .a study o* /e)*ection41 Eo you ag)eeG +hy o) ,hy notG

Reading F The *o%%o,ing ext)act is *)o& E,ight >acdona%d5s essay .A Theo)y o* >ass 'u%tu)e41 <ook at the ,ay >acdona%d )ega)ds *o%k cu%tu)e- high cu%tu)e- and &ass cu%tu)e4
Fol$ Art gre# fro! belo# )t #as a spontaneous, autochthonous expression of the people, shaped by the!selves, pretty !uch #ithout the benefit of 4igh 3ulture, to suit their o#n needs =ass 3ulture is i!posed fro! above )t is fabricated by technicians hired by business!en* its audiences are passive consu!ers, their participation li!ited to the choice bet#een buying and not buying The <ords of kitsch, in short, exploit the cultural needs of the !asses in order to !a$e a profit andIor to !aintain their class rule %&' Fol$ Art #as the peopleDs o#n institution, their private little garden #alled off fro! the great for!al par$ of their !astersD 4igh 3ulture But =ass 3ulture brea$s do#n the #all, integrating the !asses into a debased for! of 4igh 3ulture and thus beco!ing an instru!ent of political do!ination )f one had no other data to go on, the nature of =ass 3ulture #ould reveal capitalis! to be an exploitative class society and not the har!onious co!!on#ealth it is so!eti!es alleged to be ,=acdonald 29-

Thin$ing A

14 +ou%d you )ega)d >acdona%d as a &ode)nistG And a hu&anistG

24 Co, does >acdona%d5s idea a6out &ass cu%tu)e )e%ate to A)no%d5s vie, o* .o)dina)y /o/u%a)1 cu%tu)eG

1"

34 +hy is *o%k cu%tu)e so high%y estee&ed 6y >acdona%dG +hy does &ass cu%tu)e have negative connotations *o) hi&G

Both A)no%d and >acdona%d vie, &ass cu%tu)e as a &eans to .indoct)inate-1 thus o//)ess /eo/%e4 The 6asic di**e)ence 6et,een the& is that A)no%d )ega)ds high cu%tu)e 2the .6est13 as a ,ea/on to en%ighten .the &asses-1 so he sti%% has a st)ong *aith in /eo/%e5s inte%%ectua% ca/acities- ,hi%e >acdona%d sees high cu%tu)e in o//osition to &ass cu%tu)e- as 6e%onging to the )ea%& o* the )u%ing c%ass4 Fo) >acdona%d- .the &asses1 ho/e%ess%y engage in consu&/tion ,ithout 6eco&ing a,a)e o* thei) o,n o//)ession4 ;eve)the%ess- they sha)e the idea that &ass o) o)dina)y cu%tu)e is se/a)ate *)o& high cu%tu)e4

1%

Reflection Point 2

14 Eo you ag)ee ,ith >acdona%d ,hen he says that &ass cu%tu)e is .a de6ased *o)&1 o* high cu%tu)eG $* yes- ,hyG $* no- ,hy notG

24 Eo you ag)ee ,ith >acdona%d ,hen he states that the audiences o* &ass cu%tu)e a)e ./assive consu&e)s-1 and thei) choice is %i&ited to 6uying o) not 6uyingG Eo you conside) you)se%* a ./assive consu&e)1G

3.2

1Culture Is .rdinary2

Reading A Read the *o%%o,ing exce)/t *)o& Ray&ond +i%%ia&s5s 6ook he Long !e"olution4 Ce identi*ies th)ee gene)a% de*initions o* cu%tu)e# the *i)st is si&i%a) to A)no%d5s conce/t o* .the 6est-1 in ,hich- as +i%%ia&s ,)ites- .cu%tu)e is a state o) /)ocess o* hu&an /e)*ection- in te)&s o* ce)tain a6so%ute o) unive)sa% va%ues1 24 34 The second is .the 6ody o* inte%%ectua% and i&aginative ,o)k- in ,hich- in a detai%ed ,ay- hu&an thought and ex/e)ience a)e va)ious%y )eco)ded1 24 34 $n the exce)/t you ,i%% )ead his thi)d de*inition o* cu%tu)e- ,hich he te)&s .socia%41 +hat is ne, a6out this de*inition co&/a)ed to A)no%d5s and >acdona%d5s ideas a6out cu%tu)eG
Finally, third, there is the JsocialD definition of culture, in #hich culture is a description of a particular #ay of life, #hich expresses certain !eanings and values not only in art and learning but also in institutions and ordinary behaviour The analysis of culture, fro! such a definition, is the clarification of the !eanings and values i!plicit and explicit in a particular #ay of life, a particular culture >uch analysis #ill include %&' historical criticis! %&', in #hich intellectual and i!aginative #or$s are analysed in relation to particular traditions and societies, but #ill also include analysis of ele!ents in the #ay of life that to follo#ers of the other definitions are not JcultureD at all( the organi"ation of production, the structure of the fa!ily, the structure of institutions #hich express or govern social relationships, the characteristic for!s through #hich !e!bers of the society co!!unicate ,/The Analysis of 3ulture0 :8-

Thin$ing 8

1&

14 Eoes +i%%ia&s di**e)entiate 6et,een high cu%tu)e and &ass cu%tu)e in te)&s o* cu%tu)a% studyG

24 +ou%d +i%%ia&s conside) the conce/t o* .occasiona%1 a)t in a%te)ity use*u% *o) the kind o* cu%tu)a% studies he /)o/osesG

34 +i%%ia&s t)ies to *oste) the study o* .e%e&ents in the ,ay o* %i*e1 that a)e t)aditiona%%y exc%uded *)o& the &ode)nist conce/t o* cu%tu)e4 <ist those e%e&ents o* socia% %i*e that +i%%ia&s thinks o*4

+i%%ia&s co&6ines the t)aditiona% &ode)nist de*initions o* cu%tu)e ,ith a ne,- &uch 6)oade) one- suggesting that it is not on%y a)tistic ,o)ks o* .high cu%tu)e1 2that is/)oducts that a)e t)aditiona%%y conside)ed a)tistic- the)e*o)e- cu%tu)a%3 that .docu&ent1 the va%ue syste& and ,ay o* %i*e o* a /a)ticu%a) e)a- 6ut a%so .o)dina)y 6ehaviou)41 $n this sense- +i%%ia&s5s vie, o* cu%tu)a% studies tends to,a)ds /ost&ode)nity- in its a%%8 enco&/assing- inte))e%ating a//)oach and *ocus on the o)dina)y4 This idea 6)eaks ,ith A)no%d5s conce/t o* cu%tu)e as .the 6est that has 6een thought and kno,n41 Reading 8 Read the *o%%o,ing /a)t *)o& +i%%ia&s5s ea)%ie) essay entit%ed .'u%tu)e $s :)dina)y-1 ext)acted 6y Iudy Fi%es and Ti& >idd%eton in #tudying Culture4
The bus stop #as outside the cathedral ) had been loo$ing at the =appa =undi, #ith its rivers out of Paradise, and at the chained library, #here a party of clergy!en had got in easily, but #here ) had #aited an hour and ca;oled a verger before ) even sa# the chains 5o#, across the street, a cine!a advertised the Six- ive Special: and a cartoon version of !ulliver"s Travels The bus arrived, #ith a driver and a conductress deeply absorbed in each other 1e #ent out of the city, over the old
4

A pop !usic TK progra!!e popular in the late 1C7@s and early 1CF@s %.iles and =iddletonDs note'

1'

bridge, and on through the orchards and the green !eado#s and the fields red under the plough Ahead #ere the Blac$ =ountains, and #e cli!bed a!ong the!, #atching the steep fields end at the grey #all, beyond #hich the brac$en and heather and #hin had not yet been driven bac$ To the east, along the ridge, stood the line of grey 5or!an castles* to the #est, the fortress #all of the !ountains Then, as #e still cli!bed, the roc$ changed under us 4ere, no#, #as li!estone, and the line of the early iron #or$ings along the scarp The far!ing valleys, #ith their scattered #hite houses, fell a#ay behind Ahead of us #ere the narro#er valleys( the steel+rolling !ill, the gas#or$s, the grey terraces, the pitheads The bus stopped, and the driver and conductress got out, still absorbed They had done this ;ourney so often, and seen all its stages )t is a ;ourney, in fact, that in one for! or another #e have all !ade ) #as born and gre# up half#ay along that bus ;ourney 1here ) lived is still a far!ing valley, though the road through it is being #idened and straightened, to carry the heavy lorries to the north 5ot far a#ay, !y grandfather, and so bac$ through the generations, #or$ed as a far! labourer until he #as turned out of his cottage and, in his fifties, beca!e a road !an 4is sons #ent at thirteen or fourteen on to the far!s, his daughters into service =y father, his third son, left the far! at fifteen to be a boy porter on the rail#ay, and later beca!e a signal!an, #or$ing in a box in this valley until he died ) #ent up the road to the village school, #here a curtain divided the t#o classes >econd to eight or nine, First to fourteen At eleven ) #ent to the local gra!!ar school, and later to 3a!bridge 3ulture is ordinary( that is #here #e !ust start To gro# up in that country #as to see the shape of a culture, and its !odes of change %&' 3ulture is ordinary( that is the first fact 2very hu!an society has its o#n shape, its o#n purposes, its o#n !eanings 2very hu!an society expresses these, in institutions, and in arts and learning The !a$ing of a society is the finding of co!!on !eanings and directions, and its gro#th is an active debate and a!end!ent under the pressures of experience, contact and discovery, #riting the!selves into the land %&' The ?uestions ) as$ about our culture are ?uestions about our general and co!!on purposes, yet also ?uestions about deep personal !eanings 3ulture is ordinary, in every society and in every !ind ,.iles and =iddleton 2@-

The /ost&ode)n idea that eve)y e%e&ent o* %i*e is cu%tu)a%%y sy&/to&atic is ex/)essed in +i%%ia&s5s text- 6y the )e/etition o* his catch8/h)ase# .'u%tu)e is o)dina)y41 $t entai%s that eve)ything that 6e%ongs to cu%tu)e ex/)esses a ce)tain set o* va%ues4 A good exa&/%e *o) this *)o& the text is the cathed)a% 2Ce)e*o)d 'athed)a%34 Activity Box 8

<ist othe) e%e&ents *)o& +i%%ia&s5s text that cou%d 6e conside)ed cu%tu)a%%y sy&/to&atic4 +hat &eanings can 6e )e%ated to these e%e&ents o* cu%tu)eG

2(

Elements gas,o)ks *a)&ing va%%eys

'heir possible meaning indust)ia%i7ation s/he)e o* ag)icu%tu)a% %i*e

Reflection Point 9

Co, do you conce/tua%i7e a cathed)a%G +hat does the idea o* cathed)a% connote to youG +hat a)e its /)actica%- socia%- and sy&6o%ic *unctionsG Eo you think that you) conce/t o* cathed)a% ,ou%d 6e the sa&e as that o* a /e)son *)o& a 6asica%%y non8 'h)istian count)yG

Conclusion * Intert,inin$ #lements and Cultural Meanin$

Reading C Read the *o%%o,ing /a)ag)a/h *)o& Ray&ond +i%%ia&s5s .The Ana%ysis o* 'u%tu)e1 *)o& he Long !e"olution- in ,hich he /)o/oses a ,ay o* cu%tu)a% ana%ysis that enco&/asses a%% di**e)ent e%e&ents and vie,/oints to *ind the &eaning a ce)tain cu%tu)a% /heno&enon co&&unicates to the &e&6e)s o* a /a)ticu%a) cu%tu)a% /e)iod4
%>'uch analysis ranges fro! an JidealD e!phasis, the discovery of certain absolute or universal, or at least higher and lo#er, !eanings and values, through the Jdocu!entaryD e!phasis, in #hich clarification of a particular #ay of life is the !ain end in vie#, to an e!phasis #hich, fro! studying particular !eanings and values, see$s not so !uch to co!pare these, as a #ay of establishing a scale, but by studying their !odes of change to discover certain general Jla#sD or JtrendsD, by #hich social and cultural develop!ent as a #hole can be better understood %&' The ter! ) #ould suggest to describe %a certain sense of culture' is structure of feeling( it is as fir! and definite as JstructureD suggests, yet it operates in the !ost delicate and least tangible parts of our activity )n one sense, this structure of feeling is the culture of a period( it is the particular living result of all the ele!ents in the general organi"ation %&' ) do not !ean that the structure of feeling, any !ore than the social character, is possessed in the sa!e #ay by the !any individuals in the

21

co!!unity But ) thin$ it is a very deep and very #ide possession, in all actual co!!unities, precisely because it is on it that co!!unication depends ,/The Analysis of 3ulture0 :C, 79-

Thin$ing C

14 <ook at you) /)evious de*inition o* cu%tu)e in Activity Box 14 Co, ,ou%d you change it o) ,hat ,ou%d you add to it in the %ight o* the ideas d)a,n *)o& the unitG

24 +hat is the &ethod and ai& o* the co&/)ehensive ana%ysis o* cu%tu)e +i%%ia&s *oste)s in the textG

34 $n ,hat ,ays does the structure o$ $eeling )e%ate to and di**e) *)o& the sensus communis in the /e)iod o* a%te)ity in terms o$ cultural meaningG

<ook at you) %ist o* the dive)se *unctions and &eanings a cathed)a% can have in a /a)ticu%a) cu%tu)a% e)a4 (ou &ay *ind that so&e o* the &eanings cont)adict one anothe)de/ending on the /oint o* vie, 2*o) exa&/%e- t)anscendenta% o) &ate)ia%- )e%igious o) econo&ic34 0xa&ining the ,ays in ,hich these *unctions and &eanings o* a cu%tu)a% /)oduct ove)%a/- inte)t,ine- o) cont)adict %eads us to unde)stand the co&/%exity o* cu%tu)a% &eaning- and the connections 6et,een di**e)ent s/he)es o* existence in conte&/o)a)y society4 +i%%ia&s /oints out that the st)uctu)e o* *ee%ing is indis/ensa6%e *o) co&&unication6ecause it co&&unicates sha)ed va%ues and conce/ts to the &e&6e)s o* a /a)ticu%a) cu%tu)a% co&&unity4 <ate) you ,i%% see ho, &eaning is not on%y ci)cu%ated 6ut a%so created 6y cu%tu)a% /heno&ena- so the /)ocess is even &o)e co&/%ex than +i%%ia&s thinks4 $nstead o* Hust )evea%ing conce/ts- va%ue syste&s and socia% hie)a)chies- cu%tu)a% /heno&ena a%so se)ve to /)oduce and )ein*o)ce the&4

22

Ans,er 3ey
Activity Box 1 The ai& o* this exe)cise is to /)o&ote an initia% conside)ation o* cu%tu)e 6e*o)e ,o)k is done on the unit4 (ou can then )econside) you) de*inition a*te) *inishing the unit and deve%o/ it acco)ding to the insights d)a,n *)o& the ,o)k you have done4 Activity Box 2 A6M6A B6M6A '4M6A E6MaA 03M6A F6MaA F5A C2 Thin$ing 1 14 transcendental 6eyond hu&an kno,%edgeA )e%ated to the &eta/hysica% 26eyond the /hysica%- the &ate)ia%3 and the su/e)natu)a% binary &ade u/ o* t,o /a)ts o) things- ,hich a)e o*ten )ega)ded as 6eing in o//osition to each othe) 24 ea)th%y ,o)%d t)anscendenta% 2divine3 ,o)%d 34 theat)ica% /e)*o)&ances- a)chitectu)e- &usic 2songs3- scu%/ting- 2)e%igious3 /aintingdance- etc4 Activity Box 9 1FA 2TA 3FA 4FA 5TA 6TA 7TA FA !FA 1"F Activity Box : Humanism /hi%oso/hica% t)end 6eginning ,ith the RenaissanceA the hu&an 6eing is in the cent)eA essentia% hu&an and &o)a% va%ues- )ega)d%ess o* socia% c%ass 2theo)etica%%y3A hu&an *)eedo& and dignityA individua%is&A de&oc)atic idea o* /)og)ess and hu&an 6ette)&ent# eve)y6ody has the inte%%ectua% ca/acities to 6eco&e a 6ette) /e)sonA anti8dog&atic4 Enlightenment *)o& the 17th81 th centu)ies on,a)dA 6ou)geois ideo%ogy against the *euda% syste&A )ationa% /hi%oso/hyA the Age o* ReasonA natu)a% )e%igion 2deis&3 o) &ate)ia%is&A co&&on senseA Docia% 'ont)act 2I4 I4 Rousseau3A de&oc)acy- /a)%ia&enta)is&A deve%o/&ent o* scienceA

23

sta)t o* indust)ia%i7ationA u)6ani7ation4

Activity Box 7 14 science- &o)a%ity- a)t 24 Social spheres Aspects of validity Related abstract concepts Related institutions ntrinsic structure !orresponding cultural profession science truth %nowledge scienti*ic discou)se cogniti"e( instrumental scientist &o)a%ity normati"e rightness Hustice theories o$ morality& 'urisprudence &o)a%8/)actica% 'udge art authenticity and 6eauty taste production and criticism o$ art aesthetic( e)pressi"e a)tist

Thin$ing 2 14 alterity %a,s a)e conside)ed divine- t)anscendenta%- the st)uctu)e o* %i*e and 6e%ie* is dictated 6y god modernity hu&an8cente)ed- /eo/%e c)eate the )u%es and no)&s- ,hich a)e en*o)ced 6y socia% syste&s 24 Because the idea o* hu&an /)og)ess is st)ong%y %inked to the hu&an inte%%ect4 Rationa%ity *oste)s hu&an deve%o/&ent and &akes the ,o)%d a 6ette) /%ace- that isc)eates eBua%ity- 6ette) %i*e conditions 2th)ough scienti*ic /)og)ess3- and ha//ie) /eo/%e4 34 The ,o)%d ,a)s- the Co%ocaust- )acis&- the g%o6a% e**ects o* i&/e)ia%is&- ca/ita%is&ineBua%ity- /o%%ution- the ex/%oitation o* the g%o6e- the e**ect o* extended use o* che&ica%s 26oth on the hu&an 6ody and the envi)on&ent3- u)6ani7ationindust)ia%i7ation- hu&an a%ienation- etc4 Thin$ing 9 globali"ation 6%u))ing o* 2nationa%3 6ounda)ies in te)&s o* econo&ics- cu%tu)a% /heno&ena- and consu&/tion 6asica%%y an econo&ic te)&- )e*e))ing to the /)actice o* &u%tinationa% co)/o)ations and the inte)nationa% &a)ket- &ade /ossi6%e 6y e%ect)onic co&&unication and *inancia% exchange Thin$ing : 14 bricolage the Buoting o* e%e&ents *)o& /)evious sty%es o) /e)iods 2c%assica% o) &ode)n3 The)e is an a,a)eness that ne, e%e&ents- e**ects o) sty%es cannot 6e c)eated in a)tsince eve)ything has 6een said o) used- on%y the o%d e%e&ents and sty%es can 6e
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)e/eated- .Buoted-1 )eused- and co&6ined4 Thus- the &ode)nist idea o* ./)og)ess ,ithin )ationa%ity and *)eedo&1 6eco&es a &ythA the)e is no /)og)ess- on%y )e/etition4 <yota)d d)a,s a /a)a%%e% 6et,een this idea and F)eud5s conce/t o* .d)ea&8,o)k-1 ,hich is a%so )e/etition and Buotation4 Do d)ea&s a)e c)eated in the sa&e ,ay as a)tistic ,o)ks# 6y 6)ico%age4 24 The &ode)n hu&anistic conce/t o* eBua%ity and unity o* the individua% is not va%ued any &o)e4 $n the /ost&ode)n e)a- no unity can 6e c)eated- 6ecause eve)ything is so dive)se- scatte)ed- and hete)ogeneous4 34 Post&ode)nity has %ost the *aith in socia% /)og)ess# the &ode)nist conce/t that the)e is continuous hu&an deve%o/&ent- %a)ge%y as a )esu%t o* Reason- is disBua%i*ied4 This %oss o* *aith in /)og)ess is not the sa&e as the dis%ike o* /)og)ess in a%te)ity# ,he)eas in a%te)ity change ,as so s%o, that /eo/%e ,ou%d not /e)ceive it- and they 6e%ieved in the a%&ighty divine /o,e) ,ho had c)eated the unive)se to 6e the 6est /%ace /ossi6%e- in /ost&ode)nity the &ode)nist conce/ts o* Reason and science a)e not )ega)ded as *u)the)ing /)og)ess4 The)e is no /)og)ess 6ut change- 6ut it is not necessa)i%y *o) the 6ette)4 44 motricity the idea that scienti*ic and histo)ica% change gene)ates itse%*- and /eo/%e have no cont)o% ove) itA in *act- /eo/%e deve%o/ a sense o* dis/%ace&ent and insecu)ity as a )esu%t o* it4 <yota)d says that the conce/t o* &ot)icity cannot 6e ca%%ed .6y the o%d na&e o* /)og)ess1A thus- it cont)adicts the &ode)nist idea o* /)og)ess4 Activity Box F $odernity secu)ity idea o$ stable identity simple de$initions clearly de$ined, separated elements and $ields in /)o/o)tion ,ith the ,o)%d %ostmodernity insecurity %oss o* sta6%e identity co&/%ex de*initions- %ack o* de*initions synthesis- %inking o* dive)se e%e&ents and *ie%ds out o$ proportion, too big or too small *+ulli"er(e$$ect,

Activity Box A Anything that is canoni7ed as .high cu%tu)e1 &ay Bua%i*y4 A good ,ay to decide is to see i* the *ie%d o* cu%tu)e has a t)aditiona%%y esta6%ished /%ace in the acade&ia o) not 2e4g4 o/e)a- c%assica% a)chitectu)e- canonica% =acade&ica%%y acce/ted@ %ite)atu)e- 6a%%etc%assica% scu%/tu)e- /ainting- etc434 Anything that is outside this sco/e is )ega)ded as /o/u%a) 2.%o,13 cu%tu)e- the)e*o)e- does not Bua%i*y as .the 6est1 in A)no%dian te)&s4 Thin$ing F 14 &ode)nity 24

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'u%tu)a% /)og)ess 2the en%ighten&ent o* /eo/%e3 is the &ain &eans o* the deve%o/&ent o* hu&anity4 34 They a)e &utua%%y exc%usive- 6ecause cu%tu)e 6)ings socia% /)og)ess- st)uctu)e- and eBua%ity- ,hi%e ana)chy o//oses the de&oc)atic idea o* deve%o/&ent4 44 A)no%d conside)s /o/u%a) cu%tu)e as a &eans to .indoct)inate1 the &asses *o) )e%igious o) /o%itica% /u)/osesA the)e*o)e- this kind o* cu%tu)e is a%,ays )e%ated to /o,e) and su6&ission4 'onseBuent%y- it is not inc%uded in ,hat he )ega)ds as .the 6est-1 that is.)ea%1 cu%tu)e in the hu&anistic sense 2Nhigh cu%tu)e34 Reflection Point 1 As this is a )e*%ection /oint- you have to /)esent you) o,n /oint o* vie,4 Co,eve)- the conce/t o* cu%tu)e that Ray&ond +i%%ia&s o**e)s in his theo)y 2see# 3423 is &o)e inc%usive and cont)adicts A)no%d5s idea o* eBuating .)ea%1 cu%tu)e ,ith .high1 cu%tu)e and distinguishing it *)o& .the cu%tu)e o* the &asses41 Thin$ing A 14 Ce can 6e )ega)ded as a &ode)nist in the sense that he di**e)entiates 6et,een high cu%tu)e and /o/u%a) cu%tu)e 2so the &ode)nist notion a6out the /ossi6i%ity to se/a)ate di**e)ent *ie%ds o* cu%tu)e is /)esent34 Co,eve)- he does not see& to have the A)no%dian *aith in cu%tu)e5s *unction to /)o&ote the deve%o/&ent o* hu&ankind- so in this sense he is not a hu&anist4 24 Both )ega)d &ass cu%tu)e 2o)- in A)no%d5s te)&- .o)dina)y /o/u%a)1 cu%tu)e3 as a &eans to o//)ess and indoct)inate .the &asses41 Thus- thei) ideas a6out it a)e )athe) si&i%a)4 34 Fo%k cu%tu)e se)ves the /)ese)vation o* the .)ea%1 cu%tu)e o* a /a)ticu%a) socia% g)ou/ 2not *)o& the )u%ing c%asses3- ,hich goes against the high cu%tu)e *avou)ed 6y the o//)esso)s4 >ass cu%tu)e- ho,eve)- is i&/osed .*)o& a6ove-1 6y the )u%ing c%assesse)ving to su//)ess the /eo/%e- as i* so&ething conscious%y st)uctu)ed and used not 6y the consu&e)s the&se%ves 6ut 6y a se/a)ate g)ou/ that stands a6ove it4 Reflection Point 2 14 Acco)ding to >acdona%d- &ass cu%tu)e is a de6ased *o)& o* high cu%tu)e- 6ecause it de/)ives /eo/%e o* *)ee choice4 $* you think o* &ass cu%tu)e this ,ay- you &ay a)gue that &ass cu%tu)e on%y *oste)s consu&/tion ,ithout va%ue- thus- it st)engthens ca/ita%is& and a%% its 2negative3 e**ects4 Co,eve)- acco)ding to a 6)oade) vie, o* cu%tu)e- ,hich inco)/o)ates eve)y as/ect o* hu&an %i*e- the 6ounda)ies 6et,een high cu%tu)e and /o/u%a) cu%tu)e a)e 6%u))ed- and the)e is no /)e*e)ence *o) high cu%tu)ethus- the)e is no /oint in ta%king a6out a .de6ased *o)&1 o* cu%tu)e4 24

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This Buestion )eBui)es a /e)sona% )es/onseA ho,eve)- on the 6asis o* 6oth ne, theo)ies o* consu&/tion and /e)sona% ex/e)ience and attitude- the conce/t o* the .6)ain,ashed /assive consu&e)1 can 6e Buestioned4 Thin$ing 8 14 ;o- he )ega)ds eve)y cu%tu)a% /)oduct and /)ocess as /a)t o* cu%tu)e4 24 ;o- as he e&/hasi7es that .cu%tu)e is o)dina)y-1 the)e*o)e- it is /)esent in a%% instances o* hu&an existence- not on%y )e%ated to a s/ecia% event4 34 o)gani7ation o* /)oductionA the st)uctu)e o* the *a&i%yA the st)uctu)e o* institutes ,hich ex/)ess o) gove)n socia% )e%ationshi/sA the cha)acte)istic *o)&s o* socia% co&&unication Activity Box 8 Elements ca)toon ve)sion o* +ulli"ers ra"els o)cha)ds and g)een &eado,s ;o)&an cast%es stee%8)o%%ing &i%% %i*e sto)ies o* ag)icu%tu)a% /eo/%e 'heir possible meaning /o/u%a) ve)sion o* cu%tu)a% he)itage- &ade accessi6%e to a %a)ge /o/u%ation 0ng%and5s %andsca/e as a /ossi6%e as/ect o* identi*ication 6ased on s/ace signs o* 0ng%and5s %ong histo)y- /ast va%ues- )o&antic conce/ts a6out the /ast signi*icance o* heavy indust)y in B)itain ho, thei) identity and )e%ationshi/s a)e sha/ed 6y the %and and thei) ,ay o* %i*eho, thei) /e)sona% sto)ies )e%ate to the %a)ge8sca%e changes in B)itain5s indust)ia% and socia% st)uctu)e B)itish educationa% syste&- a &eans o* /e)sona% advance- a &eans to en*o)ce socia% no)&s- cu%tu)a% he)itage- etc4

the vi%%age schoo% and 'a&6)idge 9nive)sity

Reflection Point 9 'onnotations &ay 6e# <a)ge- c%assica% 6ui%ding- a ,o)k o* *ine a)t 'h)istian house o* ,o)shi/ 2s/i)itua% as/ect3 :the) )e%igious 6ui%dings 2e4g4 in co&/a)ison ,ith a te&/%e- &osBue- etc43 P%ace o* histo)ic inte)est- as a sign o* the i&/o)tance o* 'h)istianity in the histo)y and society o* B)itain and 0u)o/e P%ace o* tou)ist att)action >a)keta6%e /iece o* nationa% and 0u)o/ean he)itage Bui%ding o* %oca% and /e)sona% inte)est 2*o) the %oca% co&&unity- a /%ace to gathe) )egu%a)%y- scene o* signi*icant &o&ents in one5s %i*e =6i)th- &a))iage- death@3 2Fi%es and >idd%eton 223 The /e)ce/tion o* cu%tu)a% /)oducts 2in this case- the cathed)a%3 is a%,ays cu%tu)e8 s/eci*ic- so it is Buite un%ike%y that a /e)son *)o& a non8'h)istian count)y ,ou%d )ega)d
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a cathed)a% in the sa&e ,ay as so&eone *)o& a histo)ica%%y 'h)istian count)y4 >o)eove)- /e)ce/tion and inte)/)etation di**e)s ,ithin the sa&e %a)ge) cu%tu)a% co&&unity as ,e%%# a Cunga)ian 'h)istian 6e%ieve) and a Cunga)ian atheist ,ou%d conce/tua%i7e a cathed)a% in di**e)ent ,ays4 Thin$ing C 14 Ee/ending on ho, 6)oad you) initia% de*inition is- the 6asic additions o) changes &ight 6e# a3 +i%%ia&5s idea that .cu%tu)e is o)dina)y-1 thus- it inc%udes a%% as/ects o* hu&an %i*e and /)oductionA 63 the notion o* cu%tu)es in the /%u)a%4 24 The ai& o* cu%tu)a% ana%ysis is not the co&/a)ison o* t,o cu%tu)a% /)oducts o) events in o)de) to decide ,hich is .su/e)io)41 Both si&i%a)ities and di**e)ences in content- *o)&and /)oduction shou%d 6e taken into conside)ation- and the *indings shou%d 6e )e%ated to the ,ide) st)uctu)es o* the /a)ticu%a) co&&unity that has /ut out the cu%tu)a% /)oduct4 34 The t,o conce/ts a)e si&i%a) in thei) *ocus on co&&unity4 Co,eve)- the sensus communis is inevita6%e- uni*ied- and t)anscendenta%- so it conveys the ,i%% o* so&e divine /o,e)- ,hi%e the structure o$ $eeling is 6ased on hu&an ag)ee&ent in te)&s o* ,hat ho%ds the /a)ticu%a) cu%tu)a% co&&unity togethe) 2no)&s- custo&s- ha6its- cu%tu)a% he)itage- etc434

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-e4uired -eadin$ <yota)d- F)ancois4 .Ee*ining the Post&ode)n41 1! 64 <eitch et a%4Anthology o$ heory and Criticism 16128154 -e erences and -ecommended -eadin$ A)no%d- >atthe,4 .'u%tu)e and Ana)chy41 Culture and Anarchy4 1 6!- 1!324 Dto)eyCultural heory and -opular Culture 78124 BOkay- Anta%4 .rodalomtudom/ny a modern 0s a pos1tmodern %orban4 Buda/est# :si)is- 1!!74 Fi%es- Iudy and Ti& >idd%eton4 #tudying Culture2 A -ractical .ntroduction 4 :x*o)d# B%ack,e%%- 1!!!4 Ca6e)&as- IJ)gen4 .>ode)nity An $nco&/%ete P)oHect41 1! "4 <eitch et a%4Norton Anthology o$ heory and Criticism 174 85!4 Ia&eson- F)ed)ic4 .Post&ode)nis& and 'onsu&e) Dociety41 1! Norton Anthology o$ heory and Criticism 1!6"8744 he he Norton

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<eitch- Kincent B4 et a%4 eds4 he Norton Anthology o$ heory and Criticism4 ;e, (o)k# +4 +4 ;o)ton- 2""14 >acdona%d- E,ight4 .A Theo)y o* >ass 'u%tu)e41 1!574 Dto)ey- Cultural heory and -opular Culture 228364 ;eu*e%dt- Kicto)ia et a%4 eds4 Websters New World Dictionary4 3)d co%%ege ed4 ;e, (o)k# P)entice Ca%%- 1!!14 Dto)ey- Iohn ed4 Cultural heory and -opular Culture2 A !eader4 2nd ed4 Ca)%o,# <ong&an- 1!! 4 +i%%ia&s- Ray&ond4 .The Ana%ysis o* 'u%tu)e41 he Long !e"olution4 1!614 Dto)eyCultural heory and -opular Culture 4 8564 4 Keywords2 A 3ocabulary o$ Culture and #ociety4 <ondon# Fontana- 1!76- 1! 34

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