Fundamentals of Hydrology & Water Resources Management Module 1.2.

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Dep. Hydrology and Water Resources Management the teaching team

Dr. Georg Hrmann

Prof. Dr. Nicola Fohrer

Dr. Britta Schmalz

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Department of Hydrology & Water Resources Management, Ecology Centre

You can find more information at

http://www.hydrology.uni-kiel.de Online: transparancies of all lectures Contacting other students of hydrology: fanclub@hydrology.uni-kiel.de Questions or appointments: nfohrer@hydrology.uni-kiel.de

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www.hydrology.uni-kiel.de

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www.hydrology.uni-kiel.de

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Semester-CD

At the end of each semester you can purchase a CD with all transparencies for 2 in the office of the secretaries

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Second part of the module (1.2.2)

Climatology lecturer: Mr. Baese (German Weather Service)

Joint oral exam! 15 minutes each.

Students of physical geography (this lecture has only 3 ECTS) Join lecture of Mr. Baese Or join practical exercise in summer term

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Lecture content I
Date 27.10.08 Topic Why Hydrology? Motivation to join the class and introduction History of hydrology, basic properties of water Global water budget, water balance equation precipitation Energy budget Full day workshop on our hydrologic research -in German-

3.11.08 10.11.08 17.11.08

24.11.08

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Lecture content II
Date 1.12.08 8.12.08 15.12.08 12.1.09 19.1.09 Topic Evapotranspiration I ET II, Soil water balance groundwater Stream flow Lake hydrology

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Lecture content III

Datum Topic

26.1.09 2.2.09 9.2.09

Sediment loads Nutrient loads Drinking water waste water

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Recommended literature
Tim Davie: Fundamentals of Hydrology. Routledge Fundamentals of Physical Geography, 2003 ~40 . S. Lawrence Dingman: Physical Hydrology. Prentice Hall, 2002

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Literature

Dingman 2001: Physical Hydrology (90 )

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Literature

Ward, Robinson Principles of Hydrology (70 )

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Literature
Shaw: Hydrology in Practice (50 )

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Literature
Brutsaert, 2005: Hydrology - An Introduction (50 )

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What is hydrology?
Dingman, 2002: Science that descibes and predicts the occurence, circulation and distribution of water on the earth and in the atmosphere. Movement of water on and under the land surface, the chemical and physical interactions with ecosystems and biological processes that conduct or influence the water movement.

hydrology= water science (gr. )

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aspects of hydrology

fluid mechanics und hydraulics e.g. water movement in open and closed channels

hydrological engineering

water resources management

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What is water resources management?

science of methodoloy to use water resources sustainably in terms of ecology and economy water protection (quality and quantity) natural disaster management (floods and droughts)

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Some good reasons to study hydrology

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Global water scarcity

Water storage on earth:

1.400 *1015 m

38*1015 m 2.75% freshwater 30 *1015 m 2.15% Polar ice and glaciers 0.60% in rivers, lakes and groundwater 8 *1015 m

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Global Water Scarcity

At the beginning of the 21. century the population of the earth faces a severe water crisis United Nations, 2003

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available water resources per person and year (in 1000m)

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Europe Asia Africa North America Latin America 1950 1998 2000

Data from geoscience online, Springer Verlag, 2005

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Climate Change

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Climate Change

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Global conflicts concerning water

During the last 50 years 1800 treaties along international rivers were signed to regulate the joint usage of the river.

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International conflicts about water resources

Israel-Palestina-Syria-Jordan during 50 years 37 armed conflicts about water resources Turkey-Syria-Irak Large dam project in south east Anatolia endangers water supply in Syria and Irak Egypt-Ethiopia-Sudan conflict about the use of the Nile water

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Ecological desasters

Lake Aral

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Lake Chad, Africa

1963 1987

1973

2001

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Lake Chad

in 1960 area of 26000 km in 2000 area of 1500 km

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The Dead Sea Endangered lake 2006 (Global Nature Fund)

The Dead Sea some numbers

Sea with the lowest altitude worldwide (no discharge) age 12 000 years Area about 600 km (today), 1050 km (1930) In the last 30-35 years water surface reduced by 1/3, water depth 25 m length -20 km Largest tributary Jordan Main water use: irrigation, drinking water withdrawl

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Inflow to Death Sea

1900 : ca. 1.2 Mrd m 1960: ca. 810 Mio m 1985: ca. 125 000 m

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hier

Percentage of irregated agricultural areas, FAO 2005

Water use per sector (%)

Global Agriculture Cooling water Industry Households 75 10 9 6 Europe 30 32 10 28 BRD 4 64 23 9

Sources: Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltvernderungen 1998 Umweltbundesamt 2001, European Environmental Agency, 1999

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Drought in Spain

Extrem drought 2005 (worst drought since 125 years) Reduced filling level in the reservoirs ( < 45%) Higher drought risk for following year 2006

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Reservoir near Alicante summer 2006

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Virtual water concept

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Virtual Water: Definition

Virtual water (also known as embedded water, embodied water, or hidden water) refers to the water used in the production of a good or service. (wikipedia 2007) The volume of freshwater used to produce the product, measured at the place where the product was actually produced". Hoekstra and Chapagain (2007): The concept of virtual water helps us realize how much water is needed to produce different goods and services. In semi-arid and arid areas, knowing the virtual water value of a good or service can be useful towards determining how best to use the scarce water available. (wikipedia 2007)

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So much water is needed for:

1 Person in a household in Germany 130 l 1 Liter beer needs 5 l 1kg of suger 30 l 1 kg paper up to 100 l 1 kg plastics up to 500 l production 1 car about 50 000 l

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Mean virtual water content

Department of Hydrology & Water Resources Management, Ecology Centre http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Hoekstra_and_Chapagain_2007.pdf

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virtual water use per sector

aus: Allen 1997: Virtual water a long term solution for water short Middle Easter economies Department of Hydrology & Water Resources Management, Ecology Centre Fohrer 46

Contribution of different crops to the total volume of water used globally for crop production

Department of Hydrology & Water Management, Ecology Centre aus:Resources Chapagain & Hoekstra 2004: Water Footprint of Nations, Vol. 1

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Contribution of agricultural products to global average virtual water flows related to the international trade of agricultural goods (1997-2001)

aus: Chapagain & Hoekstra 2004: Water Footprint of Nations, Vol. 1 Fohrer 48 Department of Hydrology & Water Resources Management, Ecology Centre

Average national water footprint (m/capita/yr)

Green means nations footprint is equal to global average or smaller red means larger than global average

aus: Chapagain & Hoekstra 2004: Water Footprint of Nations, Vol. 1 Fohrer 49 Department of Hydrology & Water Resources Management, Ecology Centre

Global water footprint per consumption category

aus: Chapagain & Hoekstra 2004: Water Footprint of Nations, Vol. 1 Department of Hydrology & Water Resources Management, Ecology Centre Fohrer 50

Contribution of different consumers to the global water footprint

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National water footprint(m/capita/yr) and contribution of different consumption categories for selected countries

aus: Chapagain & Hoekstra 2004: Water Footprint of Nations, Vol. 1 Department of Hydrology & Water Resources Management, Ecology Centre Fohrer 52

Details of the water footprints of USA, China, India, Japan (1997-2001)

Department of Hydrology & Water Resources Management, Ecology Centre aus: Chapagain & Hoekstra 2004: Water Footprint of Nations, Vol. 1 Fohrer 53

Import and export of virtual water

aus: Hummel et al. 2006

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Literatur

http://www.ihe.nl/downloads/projects/Report16_Volum e1.pdf http://www.waterfootprint.org/ Chapagain & Hoekstra 2004: Water Footprint of Nations, Vol. 1

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Water Quality

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The Baltic Sea

Nasa/Goddard Space Flight Center

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Algae Bloom

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European Regulations concerning Water (selection)

Bathing water directive Drinking water directive Water framework directive Directive on assessment and management of floods 18.1.2006 Marine strategy directice Directive on urban waste water treatment Directive on Nitrate from agricutural sources 1991

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Timetable WFD, UBA 2005

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The preliminary results of pressure and impact analysis reveal that the condition of our aquatic ecosystems is to some extent more worrying than anticipated or hoped for (based on 2004 results). This is partially due to the nonachievement of objectives under other environmental/waterlegislation and the considerable lack of information about many aspects.

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Actual status of water bodies Schleswig-Holstein

Coastal water bodies
5%
t Reaching goal probable Reaching goal not probable

groundwater

95%

Reaching goal probable

50%

50%

Reaching goal not probable

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Actual status of water bodies Schleswig-Holstein

rivers
14% 5% 1%
Reduced river network
Reaching goal goal probalblel Reaching probable Reaching goal Reaaching goalnot notprobable probable Reaching goal unclear Reaching uncleart artificial

80%

lakes

6%

6%

lakes > 50 ha

4
Reaching goal probable

Reaching goal not probable artificial

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88%

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Sources of water pollution in Germany from 1998-2000

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Agriculture and drinking water quality

NO /l raw water [ mg]
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 100
y = 1,87+0,56x B= 85,4% n= 28

Percentage of agricultural land use [%]Quelle: Frede, 2002

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Water for Energy

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2003 Water for energy production: Three gorges dam project in China Yichang, Hubei Province, China
Largest hydropower dam worldwide, completed 20.5. 2006

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Some facts for TGP (Three Gorges Project)

Begin if construction works 1993 First filling stage June 2003 (135 m) Second filling stage Mai 2006 (185m) Length of dam 2309.47 m 26 turbins ( 2009) with a total of 18.2 GW Ca. 1,3 Mio. people resettled Costs ca. 100 billion US $

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Hydrologic Extremes: Floods and Droughts

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Elbe flood 2002

Quelle: http://images.google.de/imgres?imgurl=http://map.ioer.de/website/hochw/hw-bilder/elbe_park_170802.jpg&imgrefurl=http://map.ioer.de/website/hochw/hwbilder/epmickten.htm&h=579&w=840&sz=92&tbnid=Ro3LlZclhC2dEM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=143&hl=de&start=10&prev=/images%3Fq%3Delbe%2B2002%26imgsz%3Dxxlarge%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dde%26 Department of Hydrology & Water Resources Management, Ecology Centre Fohrer 76 lr%3Dlang_de%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:de:official%26sa%3DG

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Tharandt 13.8.2002

Elbe flood
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Costs of flood damages

Elbe flood In the federal states: Sachsen Sachsen-Anhalt Bayern Brandenburg Niedersachsen Thrigen Meckl.-Vorpommern Schleswig-Holstein

ca. 9.2 Mrd. ca. 6 Mrd. ca. 900 Mio ca. 200 Mio ca. 200 Mio ca. 140 Mio ca. 60 Mio ca. 40 Mio ca. 6 Mio
IHK, 2002

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Reck aus Brugger 1990, Jagst bei Westhausen, Vergleich 1966 mit

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Initial conditions
River length: 30 km

Q about 1900
River length: 25 km
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today

River length: 20 km

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Privatizing of drinking water

headlines: armed protests against international companies buying rights to commercialize drinking water supply of Bolivia US-company dictates drinking water prize in Bolivia

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Or simply because water is beautiful

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Department of Hydrology & Water Resources Management, Ecology Centre Treene, Foto: T.Dey