Pride

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Pride (disambiguation).

Superbia, mosaic in the Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvire.[relevant? discuss [clarification needed "I m Proud of !ou Fol"s #oo$", !" Navy poster, #$%% &y 'on Whitcom&. ( detail from the full-scale plaster model of the "aint (m&rose statue &y (dolfo Wildt )#*+*,#$-#., standin/ under the arcades of the 0ain 1ourtyad of the !niversity of 0ilan, 2taly.[relevant? discuss [clarification needed

Pride is an in3ardly directed emotion that carries t3o common meanin/s. With a ne/ative connotation, pride refers to an inflated sense of one4s personal status or accomplishments, often used synonymously 3ith hu&ris. With a positive connotation, pride refers to a satisfied sense of attachment to3ard one4s o3n or another4s choices and actions, or to3ard a 3hole /roup of people, and is a product of praise, independent self-reflection, or a fulfilled feelin/ of &elon/in/. Philosophers and social psycholo/ists have noted that pride is a comple5 secondary emotion 3hich re6uires the development of a sense of self and the mastery of relevant conceptual distinctions )e./., that pride is distinct from happiness and 7oy. throu/h lan/ua/e-&ased interaction 3ith others. [# "ome social psycholo/ists identify it as linked to a si/nal of hi/h social status.[8 2n contrast pride could also &e defined as a disa/reement 3ith the truth. 9ne definition of pride in the first sense comes from "t. (u/ustine: ;the love of one4s o3n e5cellence;.[- 2n this sense, the opposite of pride is either humility or /uilt< the latter in particular &ein/ a sense of one4s o3n failure in contrast to (u/ustine4s notion of e5cellence. Pride is sometimes vie3ed as e5cessive or as a vice, sometimes as proper or as a virtue. While some philosophers such as (ristotle )and =eor/e Bernard "ha3. consider pride a profound virtue, some 3orld reli/ions consider it a sin, such as is e5pressed in Prover&s ##:8 of the 9ld >estament. 2n 1hristianity, pride is one of the "even Deadly "ins. (ccordin/ to the 1oncise 95ford Dictionary, proud comes from late 9ld ?n/lish prut, pro&a&ly from 9ld French prud ;&rave, valiant; )##th century. )3hich &ecame preu% in French., from @ate @atin term prodis ;useful;, 3hich is compared 3ith the @atin prodesse ;&e of use;.[% >he sense of ;havin/ a hi/h opinion of oneself;, not in French, may reflect the (n/lo-"a5ons4 opinion of the Norman kni/hts 3ho called themselves ;proud;, like the French kni/hts preu%.[citation needed When vie3ed as a virtue, pride in one4s appearance and a&ilities is kno3n as virtuous pride, /reatness of soul or ma/nanimity, &ut 3hen vie3ed as a vice it is often termed vanity or vain/lory. Pride can also manifest itself as a hi/h opinion of one4s nation )national pride. and ethnicity )ethnic pride..

Contents
[hide

o o o o o o o o o o o o

# Philosophical vie3s #.# (ncient =reek philosophy 8 Psycholo/ical vie3s 8.# (s an emotion 8.8 Positive outcomes 8.- 2n economic psycholo/y 8.% "in, pride, and self-acceptance 8.A Bu&ris and /roup pride - National pride -.# =ermany % ?thnic pride %.# (sian pride %.8 Black pride %.- White Pride A @=B> pride + Canity D @iterary references D.# (ncient =reece D.8 0odern times * "ee also $ Notes

#E Feferences

Philosophical views[edit]
Ancient Greek philosophy[edit]
(ristotle identified pride )megalopsuchia, variously translated as proper pride, /reatness of soul and ma/nanimity.[A as the cro3n of the virtues, distin/uishin/ it from vanity, temperance, and humility, thus: &o' the man is thought to be proud 'ho thin"s himself 'orth( of great things, being 'orth( of them) for he 'ho does so be(ond his deserts is a fool, but no virtuous man is foolish or sill(. #he proud man, then, is the man 'e have described. For he 'ho is 'orth( of little and thin"s himself 'orth( of little is temperate, but not proud) for pride implies greatness, as beaut( implies a goodsi*ed bod(, and little people ma( be neat and 'ell+proportioned but cannot be beautiful. Be concludes then that Pride, then, seems to be a sort of cro'n of the virtues) for it ma"es them more po'erful, and it is not found 'ithout them. #herefore it is hard to be trul( proud) for it is impossible 'ithout nobilit( and goodness of character. [D [* By contrast, (ristotle defined hu&ris as follo3s: to cause shame to the victim, not in order that an(thing ma( happen to (ou, nor because an(thing has happened to (ou, but merel( for (our o'n gratification. ,ubris is not the re-uital of past in.uries) this is revenge. /s for the pleasure in hubris, its cause is this0 men thin" that b( ill+treating others the( ma"e their o'n superiorit( the greater.[$ >hus, althou/h many reli/ions may not reco/niGe the difference, for (ristotle and many philosophers hu&ris is alto/ether an entirely different thin/ from pride.
[+

Psychological views[edit]
As an emotion[edit]
2n psycholo/ical terms, Pride is ;a pleasant, sometimes e5hilaratin/, emotion that results from a positive self-evaluation;.[#E 2t 3as added &y >racy et al. to the !niversity of 1alifornia, Davis, "et of ?motion ?5pressions )!1D"??. in 8EE$, as one the three ;self-conscious; emotions kno3n to have reco/niGa&le e5pressions )alon/ 3ith em&arrassment and shame. [## >he term ;fiero; 3as coined &y 2talian psycholo/ist 2sa&ella Po//i to descri&e the pride e5perienced and e5pressed in the moments follo3in/ a personal triumph over adversity. [#8
[#-

Facial e5pressions and /estures that demonstrate pride can involve a liftin/ of the chin, smiles,

or arms on hips to demonstrate victory. 2ndividuals may implicitly /rant status to others &ased

solely on their e5pressions of pride, even in cases in 3hich they 3ish to avoid doin/ so. 2ndeed, some studies sho3s that the nonver&al e5pression of pride conveys a messa/e that is automatically perceived &y others a&out a person4s hi/h social status in a /roup. [8 Behaviorally, pride can also &e e5pressed &y adoptin/ an e5panded posture in 3hich the head is tilted &ack and the arms e5tended out from the &ody. >his postural display is innate as it is sho3n in con/enitally &lind individuals 3ho have lacked the opportunity to see it in others. [#%

Positive outcomes[edit]
( common understandin/ of pride is that it results from self-directed satisfaction 3ith meetin/ the personal /oals< for e5ample, Weiner et al. have posited that positive performance outcomes elicit pride in an individual 3hen the event is appraised as havin/ &een caused &y him alone. 0oreover, 9veis et al. conceptualiGe pride as a display of the stron/ self that promotes feelin/s of similarity to stron/ others, as 3ell as differentiation from 3eak others. "een in this li/ht, pride can &e conceptualiGed as a hierarchy-enhancin/ emotion, as its e5perience and display helps rid ne/otiations of conflict.[#A Pride involves e5hilarated pleasure and a feelin/ of accomplishment. 2t is related to ;more positive &ehaviors and outcomes in the area 3here the individual is proud; )Weiner, #$*A.. Pride is /enerally associated 3ith positive social &ehaviors such as helpin/ others and out3ard promotion. (lon/ 3ith hope, it is also often descri&ed as an emotion that facilitates performance attainment, as it can help tri//er and sustain focused and appetitive effort to prepare for upcomin/ evaluative events. 2t may also help enhance the 6uality and fle5i&ility of the effort e5pended )Fredrickson, 8EE#.. (ccordin/ to Ba/oGGi et al., pride can have the positive &enefits of enhancin/ creativity, productivity, and altruism. For instance, it has &een found that in terms of school achievement, pride is associated 3ith a hi/her =P( in lo3 nei/h&orhood socioeconomic environments, 3hereas in more advanta/ed nei/h&orhoods, hi/h pride 3as associated 3ith a lo3er =P(.[#+

In economic psychology[edit]
2n the field of economic psycholo/y, Pride is conceptualiGed in a spectrum ran/in/ from Hproper prideI, associated 3ith /enuine achievements, and Hfalse pride,I 3hich can &e maladaptive or even patholo/ical. @ea et al. have e5amined the role of pride in various economic situations and claim that in all cases pride is involved &ecause economic decisions are not taken in isolation from one another, &ut are linked to/ether &y the selfhood of the people 3ho take them.
[#D

!nderstood in this 3ay, pride is an emotional state that 3orks to ensure that people take

financial decisions that are in their lon/-term interests, even 3hen in the short term they 3ould appear irrational.

Sin, pride, and self-acceptance[edit]

Pride, from the Seven 1eadl( Sins &y 'aco& 0atham c. #A$8

Dr. >erry D. 1ooper )8EE-. conceptualiGes e5cessive pride, alon/ 3ith lo3 self-esteem, as an important paradi/m in descri&in/ the human condition. Be e5amines and compares the (u/ustinian-Nie&uhrian conviction that pride is primary, the feminist concept of pride as &ein/ a&sent in the e5perience of 3omen, the humanistic psycholo/y position that pride does not ade6uately account for anyone4s e5perience, and the humanistic psycholo/y idea that if pride emer/es, it is al3ays a false front desi/ned to protect an undervalued self. [#* Be considers that the 3ork of certain neo-Freudian psychoanalysts, namelyJaren Borney, offers promise in dealin/ 3ith 3hat he calls a ;deadlock &et3een the overvalued and undervalued self; )1ooper, ##8,-.. Be refers to their 3ork in descri&in/ the connection &et3een reli/ious and psycholo/ical pride as 3ell as sin to descri&e ho3 a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and lo3 self-esteem: >he ;idealiGed self,; the ;tyranny of the should,; the ;pride system; and the nature of self-hate all point to3ard the intert3ined relationship &et3een neurotic pride and self-contempt. understandin/ ho3 a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and lo3 self-esteem. )1ooper, ##8,-..

Hu ris and group pride[edit]

See also0 2roup narcissism Bu&ris itself is associated 3ith more intra-individual ne/ative outcomes and is commonly related to e5pressions of a//ression and hostility )>an/ney, #$$$.. (s one mi/ht e5pect, Bu&ris is not necessarily associated 3ith hi/h self-esteem &ut 3ith hi/hly fluctuatin/ or varia&le self-esteem. ?5cessive feelin/s of hu&ris have a tendency to create conflict and sometimes terminatin/ close relationships, 3hich has led it to &e understood as one of the fe3 emotions 3ithout any clear positive or adaptive functions )Fhod3alt, et al... "everal studies &y !1 Davis psycholo/ist 1ynthia Picket, have sho3n that /roups that &oast, /loat or deni/rate others tend to have lo3 social status or &e vulnera&le to threats from other /roups.[#$ 1laimin/ that ;hu&ristic, pompous displays of /roup pride mi/ht actually &e a si/n of /roup insecurity as opposed to a si/n of stren/th,; she &elieves that those that e5press pride &y hum&ly focusin/ on mem&ers4 efforts and hard 3ork tend to have hi/h social standin/ in &oth the pu&lic and personal eyes.

National pride[edit]
#he Father and 3other &y Boardman Fo&inson depictin/ War as the offsprin/ of =reed and Pride.

3ain article0 &ationalism

Germany[edit]
This section requires expansion. (April
2008)

2n =ermany, ;national pride; );NationalstolG;. is often associated 3ith the former NaGi re/ime. "tron/ displays of national pride are therefore considered poor taste &y many =ermans. >here is an on/oin/ pu&lic de&ate a&out the issue of =erman patriotism. >he World 1up in 8EE+, held in =ermany, sa3 a 3ave of patriotism s3eep the country in a manner not seen for many years. (lthou/h many 3ere hesitant to sho3 such &latant support as the han/in/ of the national fla/ from 3indo3s, as the team pro/ressed throu/h the tournament, so too did the level of support across the nation.[8E By the time the semi-final a/ainst 2taly came around, the level of national pride and unity 3as at its hi/hest throu/hout the tournament, and the hostin/ of the World 1up is seen to have &een a /reat success for =ermany as a nation. (fter the World 1up, ho3ever, the su&7ect of patriotism &ecame a/ain as difficult as it had &een &efore.

Ethnic pride[edit]
Asian pride[edit]
3ain article0 /sian pride (sian pride in modern slan/ refers mostly to those of ?ast (sian descent, thou/h it can include anyone of (sian descent. (sian pride 3as ori/inally fra/mented, as (sian nations have had lon/ conflicts 3ith each other, e5amples are the old 'apanese and 1hinese reli/ious &eliefs of their individual superiority. (sian pride emer/ed prominently durin/ ?uropean colonialism.[8# (t one time, ?uropeans controlled *AK of the 3orld4s land throu/h colonialism, resultin/ in anti-Western feelin/s amon/ (sian nations.[8# >oday, some (sians still look upon ?uropean involvement in their affairs 3ith suspicion.[8# 2n contrast, (sian empires are prominent and are proudly remem&ered &y adherents to (sian Pride.

!lack pride[edit]
3ain article0 4lac" pride

Black pride is a slo/an used primarily in the !nited "tates to raise a3areness for a &lack racial identity. >he slo/an has &een used &y (frican (mericans of su&-"aharan (frican ori/in to denote a feelin/ of self-confidence, self-respect, cele&ratin/ one4s herita/e, and &ein/ proud of one4s personal 3orth. Black pride as a national movement is closely linked 3ith the developments of the(merican 1ivil Fi/hts 0ovement. Foy 2nnis has sou/ht to enhance and &uild on the &lack pride movement of the mid-#$+Es, he and a 1on/ress of Facial ?6uality dele/ation toured seven (frican countries in #$D#.

"hite Pride[edit]
3ain article0 5hite pride 5hite pride is a slo/an used primarily in the !nited "tates for a 3hite race identity. >his is traditionally closely ali/ned 3ith 3hite supremacy, 3hite separatism, and other e5treme manifestations of 3hite racism, &ut is not al3ays used in this fashion.[88

LGBT pride[edit]
2a( pride refers to a 3orld 3ide movement and philosophy assertin/ that les&ian, /ay, &ise5ual, and trans/ender )@=B>. individuals should &e proud of theirse5ual orientation and /ender identity. @=B> pride advocates 3ork for e6ual ;ri/hts and &enefits; for @=B> people.[8- [8% [8A >he movement has three main premises: that people should &e proud of their se5ual preference and /ender identity, that se5ual diversity is a /ift, and that se5ual orientation and /ender identity are inherent and cannot &e intentionally altered. [8+ >he 3ord pride is used in this case an antonym for shame. Pride in this sense is an affirmation of ones self and the community as a 3hole. >he modern ;/ay pride; movement &e/an after the "tone3all riots of the late #$+Es.[citation needed

Vanity[edit]
3ain article0 6anit( 2n conventional parlance, vanity sometimes is used in a positive sense to refer to a rational concern for one4s personal appearance, attractiveness and dress and is thus not the same as pride. Bo3ever, it also refers to an e5cessive or irrational &elief in one4s o3n a&ilities or attractiveness in the e(es of others and may in so far &e compared to pride. >he term Canity ori/inates from the @atin 3ord vanitas meanin/ emptiness, untruthfulness, futilit(, foolishness and empt( pride.
[8D

Bere empt( pride means a fake pride, in the sense of vain/lory, un7ustified &y one4s o3n

achievements and actions, &ut sou/ht &y pretense and appeals to superficial characteristics.

2n many reli/ions, vanity is considered a form of self-idolatry, in 3hich one re7ects =od for the sake of one4s o3n ima/e, and there&y &ecomes divorced from the /races of =od. >he stories of @ucifer and Narcissus )3ho /ave us the term narcissism., and others, attend to a pernicious aspect of vanity. 2n Western art, vanity 3as often sym&oliGed &y apeacock, and in Bi&lical terms, &y the Whore of Ba&ylon. 2n secular alle/ory, vanity 3as considered one of the minor vices. Durin/ the Fenaissance, vanity 3as invaria&ly represented as a naked3oman, sometimes seated or reclinin/ on a couch. "he attends to her hair 3ith com& and mirror. >he mirror is sometimes held &y a demon or a putto. 9ther sym&ols of vanity include 7e3els, /old coins, a purse, and often &y the fi/ure of death himself. 9ften 3e find an inscription on a scroll that reads 7mnia 6anitas );(ll is Canity;., a 6uote from the @atin translation of the Book of ?cclesiastes.[8* (lthou/h that phrase, itself depicted in a type of still life, vanitas, ori/inally referred not to o&session 3ith one4s appearance, &ut to the ultimate fruitlessness of man4s efforts in this 3orld, the phrase summariGes the complete preoccupation of the su&7ect of the picture. ;>he artist invites us to pay lip-service to condemnin/ her,; 3rites ?d3in 0ullins, ;3hile offerin/ us full permission to drool over her. "he admires herself in the /lass, 3hile 3e treat the picture that purports to incriminate her as another kind of /lassLa 3indo3Lthrou/h 3hich 3e peer and secretly desire her.;[8$ >he theme of the recum&ent 3oman often mer/ed artistically 3ith the nonalle/orical one of a reclinin/ Cenus.
;(ll 2s Canity; &y 1. (llan =il&ert, evokin/ the invetia&le decay of life and &eauty to3ard death.

2n his ta&le of the "even Deadly "ins, Bieronymus Bosch depicts a &our/eois 3oman admirin/ herself in a mirror held up &y a devil. Behind her is an open 7e3elry &o5. ( paintin/ attri&uted to Nicolas >ournier, 3hich han/s in the (shmolean 0useum, is /n /llegor( of 8ustice and 6anit(. ( youn/ 3oman holds a &alance, sym&oliGin/ 7ustice< she does not look at the mirror or the skull on the ta&le &efore her. Cermeer4s famous paintin/ 2irl 'ith a Pearl 9arring is sometimes &elieved to depict the sin of vanity, as the youn/ /irl has adorned herself &efore a /lass 3ithout further positive alle/orical attri&utes. [-E /ll is 6anit(, &y 1harles (llan =il&ert )#*D-, #$8$., carries on this theme. (n optical illusion, the paintin/ depicts 3hat appears to &e a lar/e /rinnin/ skull. !pon closer e5amination, it reveals itself to &e a youn/ 3oman /aGin/ at her reflection in the mirror. "uch artistic 3orks served to 3arn vie3ers of the ephemeral nature of youthful &eauty, as 3ell as the &revity of human life and the inevita&ility of death.

Literary re erences[edit]
>he most common literary term for pride is hu&ris )sometimes spelled hy ris< =reek: MNOP..

Ancient Greece[edit]
2n (ncient =reece, instances of pride 3ere termed hubris &ecause of the added connotation that pride 3as a crime a/ainst the /ods and 3ould result in fatal retri&ution. >he 3ord 3as also used to descri&e those 3ho considered themselves more important than the /ods themselves. Bu&ris a/ainst the /ods is often attri&uted as a character fla3 of the heroes in =reek tra/edy, and the cause of the ;nemesis;, or destruction, 3hich &efalls these characters. Bo3ever, this represents only a small proportion of occurrences of hu&ris in =reek literature, and for the most part hu&ris refers to infractions &y mortals a/ainst other mortals. >herefore, it is no3 /enerally a/reed that the =reeks did not /enerally think of hu&ris as a reli/ious matter, still less that it 3as normally punished &y the /ods.[-# >he ancient =reek concept of hu&ris e5tended to 3hat 3ould today &e termed assault and&attery. (chilles and his treatment of Bector4s corpse in Bomer4s Iliad demonstrates hu&ris.[citation
needed

"imilarly, 1reon commits hu&ris in refusin/ to &ury Polynices in "ophocles4 (nti/one.

(nother e5ample is in the tra/edy (/amemnon, &y (eschylus.[citation needed (/amemnon initially re7ects the hu&ris of 3alkin/ on the fine purple tapestry, an act 3hich is su//ested &y 1lytemnestra, in hopes of &rin/in/ his ruin. >his act may &e seen as a desecration of a divinely 3oven tapestry, as a /eneral floutin/ of the strictures imposed &y the /ods, or simply as an act of e5treme pride and lack of humility &efore the /ods, temptin/ them to retri&ution. 9ne other e5ample is that of9edipus.[citation needed 2n "ophocles4 7edipus the :ing, 3hile on the road to >he&es, 9edipus meets Jin/ @aius of >he&es 3ho is unkno3n to him as his &iolo/ical father. 9edipus kills Jin/ @aius in a dispute over 3hich of them has the ri/ht of 3ay, there&y fulfillin/ the prophecy of the oracle @o5ias that 9edipus is destined to murder his o3n father. 9dysseus4 ten year 7ourney home 3as the result of hu&ris: [citation needed after &lindin/ the 1yclops, he mockin/ly declared his name to the monster as he escaped. >his allo3ed the 1yclops to call upon his father Poseidon for help and curse him.

#odern times[edit]
Cictor in 0ary "helley4s Fran"enstein e5udes hu&ris in order to &ecome a /reat scientist, &ut is eventually re/rettin/ this previous desire. Faustus in 1hristopher 0arlo3e4s play 1octor Faustuse5udes hu&ris, all the 3ay until his final minutes of life. Bu&ris is e5treme hau/htiness or arro/ance. Bu&ris often indicates &ein/ out of touch 3ith reality and overestimatin/ one4s o3n competence or capa&ilities, especially for people in positions of po3er.

Notes[edit]
#. $ "ullivan, =B )8EED.. Witt/enstein and the /rammar of pride: >he relevance of philosophy to studies of self-evaluative emotions. Ne3 2deas in Psycholo/y. 8A)-.. 8--, 8A8 http:QQd5.doi.or/Q#E.#E#+Q7.ne3ideapsych.8EED.E-.EE-

2. R a ! "hariff (F, >racy '@. )8EE$.. Jno3in/ 3ho4s &oss: implicit perceptions of status from the
nonver&al e5pression of pride. ?motion. $)A.:+-#,$. P02D #$*E-A*A -. %. A. $ ;?st autem super&ia amor proprie e5cellentie, et fuit initium peccati super&ia.;[# $ (rticle from Free 9nline Dictionary, accessed $ Nov. 8EE* $ #he &icomachean 9thics 4( /ristotle, 8ames /le%ander, :err #homson, ,ugh #redennic", 8onathan 4arnes translators. Books./oo/le.com. Fetrieved 8E#8-E--##. +. $ (ristotle, Nicomachean ?thics %.-< also availa&le here"acred >e5ts , (ristotle4s Nicomachean ?thics< and herealternate translation at Perseus D. *. $ (ristotle, Nicomachean ?thics %.-[dead lin" $ ;nderstanding Philosoph( for /S <evel /=/, b( >hristopher ,amilton (2oogle 4oo"s). Books./oo/le.com. Fetrieved 8E#8-E--##. $. $ (ristotle ?hetoric #-D*& )=reek te5t and ?n/lish translation availa&le at the Perseus Pro7ect.. #E. $ @e3is, 0., >akai-Ja3akami, J., Ja3akami, J., S "ullivan, 0. W. )8E#E.. 1ultural differences in emotional responses to success and failure. 2nternational 'ournal of Behavioral Development, -%)#., A-,+#. Fetrieved fromhttp:QQd5.doi.or/Q#E.##DDQE#+AE8A%E$-%*AA$. ##. $ >racy, '. @. , Fo&ins, F. W. , S "chri&er, F. (. )8EE$.. Development of a F(1"-verified set of &asic and self-conscious emotion e5pressions. ?motion, $)%.,doi:#E.#E-DQaEE#AD++ #8. $ @aGGaro, N. )8EE%.. Why We Play =ames: Four Jeys to 0ore ?motion Without "tory. Fetrieved from 333.5eodesi/n.comQ5eodesi/nT3hy3eplay/ames.pdf #-. $ @an/ua/e, Body )8E#E-#E-8-.. ;"incerity "ecret U 8E: Fiero Feels =ood , 0irror Neurons;. Body @an/ua/e "uccess. Fetrieved 8E#8-E--##. #%. $ >racy S 0atsumoto, 8EE*.

#A. $ 9veis, 1., Bor&er/, ?. '., S Jeltner, D. )8E#E.. 1ompassion, pride, and social intuitions of self-other similarity. 'ournal of Personality and "ocial Psycholo/y, $*)%., +#*, +-E, doi:#E.#E-DQaEE#D+8* #+. $ Byrd, 1. 0., S 1havous, >. 0. )8EE$.. Facial identity and academic achievement in the nei/h&orhood conte5t: a multilevel analysis . ' Vouth (dolescence, -*.doi:#E.#EEDQs#E$+%EE*-$-*#-$ #D. $ @ea, ". ?. =., S We&ley, P. )#$$+.. Pride in economic psycholo/y. 'ournal of ?conomic Psycholo/y, #*, -8-,-%E. #*. $ 1ooper, >. D. )8EE-.. "in, pride S self-acceptance: the pro&lem of identity in theolo/y S psycholo/y. 1hica/o: 2nterCarsity Press. #$. $ "tudy is currently in revision 8E. $ "ullivan, =. B. )8EE$.. =ermany durin/ the 8EE+ World 1up: >he role of television in creatin/ a national narrative of pride and ;party patriotism;. 2n 1astellW, ?., Dhoest, (. S 94Donnell, B. )?ds.., >he Nation on "creen, Discourses of the National in =lo&al >elevision. 1am&rid/e "cholars Press: 1am&rid/e.

21. R a ! c @an//uth, =erd. =erman Forei/n (ffairs Fevie3. ;Da3n of the 4Pacific4 1enturyX;
#$$+. 'une -E, 8EED. [8 88. $ Do&ratG S "hanks-0eile 8EE# 8-. $ ;Pride cele&rated 3orld3ide;. 333.pridesource.com. Fetrieved 8EED-ED--#. 8%. $ ;=(V PF2D? 2N ?!F9P? @99J" =@9B(@@V;. direland.typepad.com. Fetrieved 8EED-ED-#. 8A. $ ;@es&ian =ay Bise5ual >rans/ender ?6uality -an 2ssue for us (ll;. 333.ucu.or/.uk. Fetrieved 8EED-ED--#. 8+. $ ;=ay and @es&ian Bistory 0onth;. 333.&ates.ctc.edu. Fetrieved 8EED-ED--#. 8D. $ Words @atin-?n/lish Dictionary<Perseus Word @ookup 8*. $ 'ames Ball, 1ictionar( of Sub.ects @ S(mbols in /rt )Ne3 Vork: Barper S Fo3, #$D%., -#*. 8$. $ ?d3in 0ullins, #he Painted 5itch0 ,o' 5estern /rtists ,ave 6ie'ed the Se%ualit( of 5omen )Ne3 Vork: 1arroll S =raf Pu&lishers, 2nc., #$*A., +8,-.

-E. $ http:QQessentialvermeer.8Em.comQcatTa&outQnecklace.htm -#. $ 0acDo3ell )#$D+. p. 88.

"e erences[edit]

1airns, Dou/las @. ;,(bris, Dishonour, and >hinkin/ Bi/.; 8ournal of ,ellenic Studies ##+ )#$$+. #--8. Fisher, Nick )#$$8.. ,(bris0 a stud( in the values of honour and shame in /ncient 2reece. Warminster, !J: (ris S Phillips. ( &ook-len/th discussion of the meanin/ and implications of hy&ristic &ehavior in ancient =reece.

0acDo3ell, Dou/las. ;,(bris in (thens.; 2reece and ?ome 8- )#$D+. #%--#. 93en, David )8EED. #he ,ubris S(ndrome0 4ush, 4lair and the Into%ication of Po'er Politico4s, 0ethuen Pu&lishin/ @td.