CALIBRATION OF HIGH VOLTAGE RESISTOR DIVIDERS

1)

K. Draxler1) and R. Styblikova2) CTU in Prague, Faculty of Electrical EngineeringTechnicka 2, CZ-Prague 2) Czech Metrology InstituteV Botanice , CZ-Prague

Abstract This paper describes the calibration of a high voltage resistor divider, using a comparison method. A capacitive and electronic divider or a standard instrument voltage transformer serves as a standard. The difference is evaluated either by means of a special system or by means of a lock-in amplifier. Introduction In electroenergetics, voltage dividers (VD) and Rogowski coils (RC) are nowadays used instead of instrument transformers (IT) for measuring currents and voltages. VD and RC are used particularly in the medium voltage area up to 24 kV, where these elements are used in protection systems. Their advantage over ITs is that they have a simpler structure, and no magnetic circuits are used. A further advantage is the lower dependence of VD and RC on the magnitude of the measured current or voltage. The parameters given for these two elements when measuring current or voltage are similar as for ITs. The following text describes methods used for
HV

where kVD is the dividing ratio (-) and U1, U2 are the voltage magnitudes on the divider input and output (V). The phase displacement is given as the phase shift of output voltage phasor U2 related to input voltage phasor U1. Similarly to IVT calibrations, the VD calibrations described in this paper are based on comparing the output VD voltage with the output voltage of a standard with a known ratio. Two resistor VD calibration procedures are further described. The block diagram in Fig.1 uses a system for IVT calibration. The capacitive divider is formed by a compressed gas capacitor C1 and an air capacitor C2. The output voltage of the capacitive divider U3, given as
U3 = C1 U1 C1 + C 2

(2)

is led in to the electronic Tettex 4860 voltage divider with an adjustable dividing ratio. The electronic divider enables the input voltage to be processed in the range (10

R1

C1 SYSTEM FOR ERROR EVALUATION uN U4 vN uX vX

U1

VOLTAGE FOLLOWER R2 U2 U2

C2 U3

ELECTRONIC DIVIDER

Fig. 1. Calibration of an HV divider using Tettex 2767 system calibrating resistor VDs in the medium voltage range for 50 Hz networks. Resistor VD Calibration in the Range up to 24 kV As in the case of instrument voltage transformers (IVT), the basic VD parameter is ratio error VD and phase displacement VD. The ratio error is defined as
ND = k NDU 2 U1 , U1

(1)

- 1 010) V and the output voltage U4 to be adjusted in the range (5 - 250) V, with a step of 1 V. Voltage U4 is led as a standard voltage into the input "N" of the Tettex 2767 system for error evaluation. The system evaluates the difference between a phasor of standard voltage U4 and the divider output voltage U2. The VD output voltage U2 is led into the voltage follower with high input resistance and from its output on the "X" terminals of the Tettex 2767 system. The high input resistance and gain of the operational amplifier ensure that the follower errors are negligible.

1-4244-2399-6/08/$20.00 2008 IEEE

The Tettex 2767 system evaluates the difference between standard voltage U4 and divider output voltage U2 phasor. From the readings of the Tettex 2767 system the VD errors can be expressed as
VD = VM + VS ; VD = VM + VS ,

(3)

where VD and VD are the ratio error and phase displacement of the divider, VM and VM are the ratio error and phase displacement measured by means of the Tettex 2767 system, and VS and VS are the ratio error and phase displacement of a standard capacitive and electronic voltage divider. The principle of the second VD calibration method is shown in Fig.2. An IVT serves as the source of voltage U3, the rated value of which is usually 100 V. The rated value of an ID is usually units to tens of volts. The inductive divider (ID) connected in the IVT secondary circuit enables the standard voltage U4 to be adjusted so that it will correspond to the VD output voltage U2. The ID first step for 100 V was specially designed in such a way that it would not to load the IVT secondary circuit.
U

calibration results are given in Table 1. The expanded measurement uncertainty U(VD) = 0,08 % for ratio error, and U(VD) = 1,5 for phase displacement. Type A uncertainties apply for this procedure, because the Tettex 2767 system operates in the bottom part of the measuring range. The procedure according to Fig.2 reduces the level of uncertainty. An SR 830 or SR 80 lock-in amplifier is used for evaluating the difference between standard and measured voltages U4 and U2.

U1 (kV) VD (%) VD ( )

4 0,12 6,92

6 0,13 4,00

8 0,16 3,30

10 0,19 3,53

12 0,18 2,50

14 0,21 2,35

16 0,23 2,05

Table 1. Calibration results of the HV divider

TA

uN 3-STAGE DECADE U4 INDUCTIVE DIVIDER UREF

TN

UN

U VOLTAGE FOLLOWER U2 U2 vN VN LOCK-IN REF AMPLIFIER V2 U3 U1

Fig. 2. Block diagram for IVT calibration by means ID and lock-in amplifier The real and imaginary part of the difference between standard voltage U4 and VD output voltage U2 is evaluated by means of a lock-in amplifier, the reference voltage of which is selected on the ID tap. An auxiliary transformer TA with transformation ratio 1:1 serves for galvanic separation of the floating voltage U, and it can be substituted by a differential amplifier with a gain of 1. The ratio error VD and phase displacement VD of the VD that is being tested can be expressed as
VD Re U Re U = = , U U4 kD U 3 Im U = tg U = k U ,(4) D 3
.

The authors would like to express their thanks to Telcon Ltd, UK for providing the special SM150 soft magnetic material for constructing the inductive divider. This work was supported by research program No. MSM6840770015. References [1] H. Hirayama et all: "Calibration of AC and DC High Voltage Standards and (4) their Traceability by Means of JCCS in Japan". 9th International Symposium on HV Engineering, Austria, 1995. [2] K. Draxler and R. Styblikova: "Calibration of Instrument Voltage Transformers Using Lock-in Amplifier". Proc. of 6th International Seminar on Electrical Metrology. Sept. 21 23, 2005, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, pp. 191 194.

where ReU and ImU are real and imaginary components of the voltage U related to the voltage U3, kD is the ID constant, U3 is secondary voltage of the standard IVT TN. Conclusion A high voltage divider with a range up to 16 kV, type KEVCD17, produced by ABB EJF Brno, formed by resistors R1 = 250 M and R2 = 25 k, was calibrated according to the procedure shown in Fig.1. The