1.

How are CO2 and CO formed in the engine cylinder ?

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a by product of incomplete combustion and is essentially partially burned fuel. f the air!fuel mixture does not ha"e enough oxygen present during combustion# it will not bum completely. $hen combustion ta%es place in an oxygen star"ed en"ironment# there is insufficient oxygen present to fully oxidi&e the carbon atoms into carbon dioxide (CO2). $hen carbon atoms bond with only one oxygen atom carbon monoxide (CO) forms. 'n oxygen star"ed combustion en"ironment occurs as a result of air!fuel ratios which are richer . (here are se"eral engine operating conditions when this occurs normally. )or example# during cold operation# warm*up# and power enrichment. t is# therefore# normal for higher concentrations of carbon monoxide to be produced under these operating conditions. Causes of excessi"e carbon monoxide includes lea%y in+ectors# high fuel pressure# improper closed loop control# etc. $hen the engine is at warm idle or cruise# "ery little carbon monoxide is produced because there is sufficient oxygen a"ailable during combustion to fully oxidi&e the carbon atoms. (his results in higher le"els of carbon dioxide (CO2) the principal by* product of efficient combustion.

2.

How does gra"ity help the engine run ?

,. A Four stroke IC(Internal Combustion) Engine is an IC Engine in which one complete thermodynamic cycle takes four strokes of the piston rod(or two revolutions of the crank wheel) to complete. A stroke is the movement of the piston from top dead center (!"C# the farthest position of the piston from the crankshaft) to bottom dead center ($"C# the closest position of the piston from the crankshaft)# or the other way round# from $"C to !"C. As their name implies# four%stroke internal combustion engines have four basic steps that repeat with every two revolutions of the engine& (') Intake(suction stroke ()) Compression stroke (*) +ower(e,pansion stroke and (-) E,haust stroke
The whole process is a cycle. A new mixture enters and is ignited. Combustion occurs, expanding gases drive the piston down and turn the crankshaft which pushes the piston back up the cylinder. These 5 events occur in all internal combustion engines.

(emperature and pressure are directly proportional to each other. (his means that as the temperature decreases# the pressure also decreases# and as the temperature increases# the pressure increases. One way to thin% of this is if you increase the speed of the molecules - by increasing their temperature * the force of the
4.

molecules hitting their container increases and this increases the pressure. (his relationship is called .ay*/ussac0s /aw and ma%es up part of the ideal gas law. (heory $hen the speed of a gas0s molecules increases# the gas molecules hit their container more often. (he more fre1uently the gas impacts the container walls# the higher the pressure. 2o# as temperature in*creases# the pressure also increases. f the gas co ols# the impacts are less fre1uent and the pressure de*creases. (his relationship can be described using mathematics as well. 3athematically# .ay* /ussac0s /aw states that

4!( = %
where k, is any constant. 5. ' diesel engine (also %nown as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition and burn the fuel that has been in+ected into the combustion chamber. (his contrasts with spar%* ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline)# which use a spar% plug to ignite an air*fuel mixture. (he term spark-ignition engine refers to internal combustion engines# usually petrol engines# where the combustion process of the air*fuel mixture is ignited by a spar% from a spar% plug. (his is in contrast to compression*ignition engines# typically diesel engines# where the heat generated from compression is enough to initiate the combustion process# without needing any external spar%. 6. !he four strokes refer to intake# compression# combustion (power) and e,haust strokes that occur during two crankshaft rotations per power cycle. (.is/u0 slang among some automotive enthusiasts names these respectively the 1suck#1 1s/uee2e#1 1bang1 and 1blow1 strokes.)3*4 !he cycle begins at Top Dead Centre (!"C)# when the piston is farthest away from the a,is of the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston from !op "ead Centre (!"C) to $ottom "ead Centre ($"C). (See Dead centre.)
. I5!A6E or I5"7C!I85 stroke& on the intake or induction stroke of the piston# the

piston descends from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder# increasing the volume of the cylinder. A mi,ture of fuel and air# or 9ust air in a diesel engine# is forced by atmospheric (or greater) pressure into the cylinder through the intake port. !he intake valve(s) then closes. !he volume of air(fuel mi,ture that is drawn into the cylinder# relative to the ma,imum volume of the cylinder# is called the volumetric efficiency of the engine. !. C8:+.E;;I85 stroke& with both intake and e,haust valves closed# the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the air or fuel%air mi,ture into the combustion chamber of the cylinder head. "uring the compression stroke the temperature of the air or fuel%air mi,ture rises by several hundred degrees.

". +8<E. stroke& this is the start of the second revolution of the cycle. <hile the piston is

close to !op "ead Centre# the compressed air=fuel mi,ture in a gasoline engine is ignited# usually by a spark plug# or fuel is in9ected into a diesel engine# which ignites due to the heat generated in the air during the compression stroke. !he resulting pressure from the combustion of the compressed fuel%air mi,ture forces the piston back down toward bottom dead centre. -. E>?A7;! stroke& during the exhaust stroke# the piston once again returns to top dead centre while the e,haust valve is open. !his action e,pels the spent fuel%air mi,ture through the e,haust valve(s).

Intake Stroke
!he piston starts at the top of the cylinder and begins to move downwards. :eanwhile# valves in the top of the cylinder (the cylinder head)# called intake valves# are opened. !he downward motion of the piston creates a vacuum# sucking in a mi,ture of gas and air through the intake valves. (<e@ll talk about how the gas and air get there in a moment.)

Exhaust Stroke
<hen the piston reaches the bottom# another set of valves# called e,haust valves# are opened. !he piston moves upward# pushing the spent e,haust gases out of the cylinder. <hen the piston reaches the top# the e,haust valves close# the intake valves open# and the cycle starts again.

7.

A car having multiple cylinders makes the power evenly dispoursed so the engine runs more smoothly
(o smooth the power deli"ery# all engines must employ a hea"y flywheel# using its inertia to %eep the engine running roughly at constant speed. Of course# the hea"ier the flywheel# the smoother the power deli"ery becomes# but it also ma%es the engine less responsi"e. (herefore the pulsation manner of the engine cannot be completely eliminated by a reasonably large flywheel. (herefore we need multi*cylinder engines. $hile single*cylinder engine fires once e"ery 2 re"olutions# twin*cylinder engine fires once e"ery re"olution# ,*cylinder fires once e"ery 628 ! , 9 2:8; cran% angle# :* cylinder fires once e"ery 178; (half a re"olution) .... 12*cylinder engine fires once e"ery +ust 58; cran% angle. Ob"iously# the more cylinders the engine has# the smoother the power deli"ery becomes. (his explain why we prefer <12 engines than in*line 5# although both of them achie"e near perfect internal balance.

A.