Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html)
ISSN : 2231 3168 CODEN (USA) : JMBRB4
Studies on the effect of different native strains of Azospirillum on paddy (Oryza sativa L.)
Senthil Kumar. R and Panneerselvam.A Dept of Botany and Microbiology, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Poondi, Thanjavur Dt, Tamilnadu, India
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT An attempt was made to study the effect of different native strains of Azospirillum inoculation on the paddy variety of ADT-36. To find out the best strain in terms of seedling characters such as seed germination, biomass and phytomass yield under controlled conditions. In the case of seed germination, the percentage of seed germination was higher in Azospirillum treated seed than in control. Similarly, shoot and root lengths and fresh and dry weights of paddy variety ADT-36 treated with Azospirillum inoculation showed better response than the untreated plants due to the secretion of plant growth hormones by Azospirillum. The biochemical parameters of total chlorophyll and carotenoid were also increased to varying level in Azospirillum treated plants. The overall studies indicated that the growth of Azospirillum treated paddy seedling excelled over the untreated ones due to biofertilizer effect upon nitrogen fixation. Among the 10 native Azospirillum strains (TNM01, TVM02, TKV03, TNM04, TVR05, TKC06, TMG07, TKR08, TTP09 and TMP10) treated the TMP10 and TNM5 strains showed good response. Key words: Azospirillum, Paddy, Biofertilizer, Biomass and Chlorophyll _____________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Biofertilizers form an important part of Integral Plant Nutrient Supply System (IPNS) and organic farming which constitutes the present as well as future mandate of Indian agriculture. Biofertilizers manufactured in India presently are carrier based, in general and suffer from short shelf life, poor quality, high contamination and low and unpredictable field performances. Biofertilizers are preparations containing agriculturally useful microorganisms, which help in mobilizing plant nutrients through their biological activity. Biofertilizers generally are defined as preparation containing live or latent cells of efficient strains of N- fixing, P- solublizing or cellulolytic microorganisms used for the application to seed or soil (Motsara et al., 1995). Rice (Oriza sativa L.) is the stable food for half of the worlds population especially in oriental countries. In India, about 2500 varieties of rice are being cultivated, from which more than 1500 varieties are in southern India which are preferred over others, sowing to their yield, good quality and quantity of grain, short duration of growth and resistance against pest and diseases. A large number of experiments have been conducted in several countries to investigate the effect of inoculation of various grasses (Smith et al., 1976; Watanable et al., 1981). The aim of the application of Azospirillum is to get fast growth, better health of the plant and higher yield. It is known to be very active nitrogen fixing bacteria viz., Azotobacter, Nitrosomonas and Azospirillum to increase yield under controlled conditions.
Treatment
Table-2 Shoot and root fresh weight between control and different strains of Azospirillum treated paddy variety ADT-36. Shoot weight (mg) Root weight (mg) Number of days Number of days 10th 20th 30th 10th 20th 30th Control 180 437 690 20.3 40.1 69.5 TNM01 191 461 718 29.5 47.2 90.4 TVM02 192 459 722 29.8 48.6 91.8 TKV03 195 455 730 28.9 47.7 92.1 TNM04 210 470 741 30.5 49.6 96.9 TVR05 199 465 738 30.1 49.3 95.4 TKC06 194 464 735 30.0 49.1 94.9 TMG07 190 460 733 29.6 48.8 92.6 TKR08 193 458 736 29.4 48.2 92.2 TTP09 196 462 727 29.9 48.5 92.4 TMP10 219 479 749 31.3 51.2 99.7 Values are the mean standard deviation of five replicates Treatment
The fresh and dry weights of root and shoot system of paddy treated by various strains of Azospirillum were also found to be increased to a considerable extent in Azospirillum treated seedlings particularly TMP10 Azospirillum strains treated (Table-2 and 3). This may be due to the formation and development of numerous root branching, root hairs and primary and secondary lateral roots which increases the nutrient uptake capacity of roots (Gopalswamy and Vidhyasekaran, 1988: Hartmann et al., 1983). This effect on the root system as well as more root colonization and root proliferation are probably due to the growth hormones secreted by the bacteria and also nitrogen fixation by it. The increased nitrogen uptake from the soil might have correspondingly increased the biomass to some extent. The changes in root functions due to Azospirillum treatment in different wheat cultivars were also reported (Kapulnik et al., 1981). These growth enhancing effects are of interest because of their potential
Kannan and Ponmurugan, (2010) studied s the he biochemical parameters such as total chlorophyll, carotenoid were increased to varying level in Azospirillum treated plants when compared to control ones (Fig-1, (Fig 2). Very high contents of biochemical constituents in TMP10 strain treated and very less in TNM01 strain treated. treated
Fig- 1 Chlorophyll content of control and Azospirillum treated paddy seedlings.
1.4 1.2 1 0.8 10th day 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 20th day 30th day
The results clearly showed that TMP10 Azospirillum strain accounted well followed by TNM04 and TTP09. Other strains showed poor response. From these observations, it can be concluded that among the 10 Azospirillum strains TMP10 strain showed good response tested with ADT ADT-36. 36. It had high phytomass accumulation accumula and biochemical parameters. It may be due to nitrogen uptake from the soil and proper utilization. The beneficial effect of Azospirillum strains varies itself depending up on microbial strains, method of inoculation and environmental factors particularly rly soil temperature, pH, EC, moisture content and water holding capacity.
1.5
Acknowledgement The authors express sincere thanks to Secretary and correspondent and the Principal of A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous) Poondi for providing facilities and moral support to conduct this work. REFERENCES [1] Balasubramanian, A. and Kumar, K. 1987. IRRN 12: 43. [2] Bashan, Y. and Holguin, G. 1995. Microbial. Ecology 29: 269-281. [3] Bottini, R., Fulcheri, M., Pearce, D. and Pharis, R. P. 1989. Plant physiol. 90: 45-47. [4] Cohen, A.T., Mariela, P., Rubn, B. and Patricia, P. 2007. Azospirillum brasilense and ABA Improve Growth in Arabidopsis. International Plant Growth substances substances Association 19th annual meeting Puerto Vallarta, Mexico-July Mexico 21-25. [5] Cristyakova. I.K and Kalininskaya, T.A., 1984. Ser.Biol., 1: 149-153. [6] Dobereiner, J., Marriel, J.E. and Nevy, M., 1976. Can. J. Microbiol., 22: 1464 1473. [7] Gopalswamy, G. and Vidhyasekaran, P. 1988. IRRN 12: 56-57. [8] Hartmann, A., Mahavir, S. and Kligmaller, W. 1983. Can. J. Microbiol. 29: 916-922. [9] Horborne, J. B. 1973. Phytochemical methods. A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. PP 277. Chapman and Hall, London. [10] Kannan, T. and Ponmurugan, P. 2010. J. Phytol, 2(6): 08-13. [11] Kapulnik, Y., Sarig, S., Nur, I., Okon, Y., Kiel, J. and Henis, Y. 1981. Expl. Agric. 17: 179-187. [12] Motsara, M.R., Bhattacharyya, P. and Srivastava, B. 1995. Biofertilizer technology, Marketing and usageusage A source book-cum- glossary. Fertilizer development and consultation organisation, New Delhi, India. 37-39. 37 [13] Niranjan, S. R., Shetty, N. P. and Shetty, H. S. 2004. J.pest.manage.50(1): 41-48. [14] Nesterenko V., Mikhailouskaya N. and Barashenko, T.1995. Soil Sci. Fert. Appl., Minsk, 23: 261167. [15] Okon, Y. 1984. Trends in Biotech. 3: 223-228. [16] Okon, Y. and Kapulnik, Y. 1986. Plant and soil. 90: 3-16. [17] Salantur, A., Ozturk, R. and Akten, S. 2006. Growth and yield response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to inoculation with rhizobacteria. Plant Soil Environ. 52: 111118. [18] Sarig, S., Kapul nik, Y., Nur, I. and Okon, Y. 1984. Expl. Agric.20: 59-66. [19] Sifton, H. B. 1959. Can. J. Bot. 37: 719-741.