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Lecture 11

Indicator diagram and its variation



INDICATOR DIAGRAM AND ITS VARIATION
The indicator diagram for a reciprocating pump is defined as the graph between the
pressure head in cylinder and the distance travelled by the piston from inner dead centre
for one complete revolution of the crank.
It defines the work done by the reciprocating pump during one complete cycle.
Pressure is plotted on vertical ordinate while stroke length is plotted on horizontal
abscissa as shown in Fig below







The acceleration and friction losses in pipe are neglected.
The horizontal line ef represents atmospheric pressure. The line ab represents the
pressure in the cylinder during suction stroke. It is below the atmospheric line by amount
h
s
. The line cd represents the pressure in the cylinder during delivery stroke. It is above
the atmospheric line by an amount h
d
.
Strokelength
Deliverystroke
Suctionstroke
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

h
atm
h
s
h
d
a

e
f

Figure 6.20:- Simple indicator diagram



L
Therefore, the area of the indicator diagram abcd represents the work done per
revolution of the crank for single acting reciprocating pump.
If the pump is double acting, then the work done is approximately twice this amount to
some scale.
Work done per second,
w =
AN
60
{L(h
s
+ h
d
)]
Or, w =
AN
60
Aiea of inuicatoi uiagiam
The theoretical suction head is limited to 10.3m of water. In practice, however, it is
limited to 7.7m of water. But there is no limitation on the delivery head.
EFFECT OF ACCELERATION
The piston is connected to the rotating crank by a crankshaft.
The piston will move to and fro with simple harmonic motion. Therefore, velocity of the
piston will not be uniform at all points; it will be zero at its extreme ends and whereas, it
will be Maximum at its centre

Piston
Rotatingcrank
r
0
x
Crankshaft
Figure6.21:CrankMechanism
A
O
Due to this velocity variation there will be acceleration at the beginning and a retardation
at the end of each stroke. This will also lead to variation in the pressure in the cylinder
with transmission of the water in the suction and delivery pipe.
Let, A = area of piston or plunger; A
s
= area of the suction pipe; A
d
= area of the delivery
pipe; angular velocity of the rotating crank in radians/sec; r= radius of the rotating
crank; l
s
= length of the suction pipe; l
d
= length of the delivery pipe; and t = time taken
by the crank to rotate throughout the angle . Subscript s and d stands for suction and
delivery stroke respectively.
Acceleration head Beginning of the stroke Middle of the stroke End of stroke
h
as
=0
0


=90
0

=0
=180
0


h
ad

=0


r
Atmospheric
pressurehead
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Strokelength
a b
c d
e f
p
q
s
h
as
h
as
h
ad
h
s
h
d
Figure6.22: Indicatordiagramwithaccelerationhead
O
h
ad
At the beginning of the suction stroke, the acceleration head[
I
s
g
A
A
s

2
r, is positive and
should be added to the suction head. (as water to be accelerated and vacuum is to be
increased) This is done by setting up ap = h
as

At the centre of the stroke, the acceleration head is zero. Finally at the end of the stroke,
water is retarded which causes positive pressure on the piston there by it reduces the
vacuum in the cylinder by the amount h
as
. This is done by setting up bq = h
as

pq represents the pressure variation during suction stroke, which is a straight line
variation. Work done during the suction stroke is given by, the area pqfe.
During the delivery stroke, the pressure is increased from fc to fr at the beginning of the
stroke (that is,h
ad
is +ve and hence the pressure head in the cylinder will be (h
d
+h
ad
)
above the atmospheric pressure head), zero at the centre of the stroke ( that is, h
ad
=0, and
hence the pressure head in the cylinder equal to h
d
above the atmospheric) and is reduced
from ed to es at the end of the stroke (that is, h
d
is ve and hence, the pressure in the
cylinder will be (h
d
-h
ad
) above the atmospheric pressure head.
Effectoffrictioninsuctionanddeliverypipesonindicatordiagram
Whenever, the fluid is flowing through a pipe, there is always some loss of head due to
friction of the pipe, which offers resistance to the flow of fluid.
The loss of head due to friction in the suction pipe is given by,
b
]s
=
4lI
2
2gJ
=
4l
s
[
A
A
s
r0
2
2gJ
s

Similarly, for the delivery pipe,
b
]d
=
4l
d
[
A
A
d
r0
2
2gJ
d

It is evident that, the curves describing frictional losses are parabolic in nature as shown in
Fig. below.
The loss of head at the beginning and at the end of the suction and delivery strokes, are
zero. At the beginning of the stroke, 0 = u. Therefore, the velocity of water in the pipe is
zero. Consequently, there is no loss of head due to friction.
Loss of head is Maximum at the middle of stroke as shown in Fig below That is at the
middle of the stroke, 0 = 9u
0
.
At the end of the stroke, 0 = 18u
0
, hence, the velocity of water in the pipe is zero.
Consequently, there is no loss of head due to friction.
The area of the parabola aqb and cgd represents the work done against friction in
suction and delivery pipes.

a b
c
d
e
f
g
h
p
q
h
s
h
d
h
fs
h
fd
0 = u
0 = 9u
0 = 18u
h
atm
Fig6.23.:Effectoffrictiononindicatordiagram
Effect of acceleration and friction in suction and delivery pipes on indicator
diagram
The loss of head at the beginning and at the end of the suction and delivery strokes, are
zero.
At the beginning of the stroke, 0 = u, hence, the velocity of water in the pipe is zero.
Consequently, there is no loss of head due to friction.
If we consider, in addition to acceleration, the effect of friction in the suction pipe, then
in the beginning of the suction stroke, the pressure head will be below the atmospheric
pressure head by (h
s
+h
as
), because h
fs
is zero. Loss of head is Maximum at the middle of
stroke as shown in Figure below.
The loss of head due to friction is, b
]s
=
4]I
s
[
A
A
s
o
2
2gd
s

In the middle of the stroke, the pressure head will be below the atmospheric pressure
head by (h
s
+h
fs
), because, h
as
is zero. At the end of the stroke, 0 = 18u
0
the velocity of
water in the pipe is zero. Consequently, there is no loss of head due to friction. At the end
of the suction stroke, the pressure head will be below the atmospheric pressure head by
(h
s
-h
as
), because h
fs
is zero.
Similarly, at the beginning of the delivery stroke, the pressure head will be above the
atmospheric pressure head by (h
d
+h
ad
), because, h
fd
is zero. In the middle of the delivery
stroke, the pressure head will be above the atmospheric pressure head by (h
d
+h
fd
),
because, h
ad
is zero. At the end of the delivery stroke, the pressure head will be above
atmospheric pressure by (h
d
-h
ad
), because, h
fd
is zero.
It is clear from the indicator diagram that the loss of head due to friction in suction and
delivery pipes increases the area of the indicator diagram and hence, total work required
also increases.

Example 6.10: - The cylinder bore diameter of a single acting reciprocating pump is 150
mm and its stroke is 300 mm. the pump runs at 60 rpm and lifts water through a height of
25 m. The delivery pipe is 22 m long and 100 mm in diameter. Find the theoretical
discharge and the theoretical power required to run the pump. If the actual discharge is
4.5 L/s, find the percentage slip. Also, determine the acceleration head at the beginning
and middle of the delivery stroke.
Solution:
Diameter of the cylinder =0.15 m
Strokelength
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

h
e
a
d

Atmospheric
pressurehead
Discharge
Suction
h
ad
h
ad
h
as
h
as
h
d
h
fd
h
fs
h
s
h
atm
a

Fig6.24.:Effectofaccelerationandfrictiononindicatordiagram

Area of the cylinder, A=0.01767 m


2

Stroke length, L=0.3 m
Crank radius, r=0.15 m
Speed of the pump, N=60 rpm
Total height through which water is lifted =25 m
Length of delivery pipe =22 m
Diameter of the delivery pipe =0.1m
Actual discharge, Q
a
=0.0045 cumec
Theoretical discharge is given by the relation,

t
=
AIN
6u

Upon substitution, we get,

t
=
u.u1767 u.S 6u
6u

Therefore,

t
= u.uuS28 cumcc
The percentage slip is,
=

t
-
u

t
X 1uu
Upon substitution, we get,
=
u.uuS28 - u.uu4S
u.uuS28
X1uu
= 14.77% Ans
Theoretical power, P
t
is given by,
=
y
t
E
1uuu

Substituting the values,
=
981u X u.uuS28 X 2S
1uuu

P
t
= 1.294 kw
Acceleration head at the beginning of delivery stroke:
Acceleration head in the delivery pipe is given by,
b
ud
=
l
d
g
A
A
d

2
r cos 0
But, =
2nN
60

Upon substitution, we get,
=
2X nX 6u
6u

= 6.28
roJ
s

At the beginning of the stroke,
0 = u onJ cos 0 = 1
Therefore,
b
ud
=
22X u.u1767 6.28
2
u.1S
9.81 u.uu78S4

= 29.84 m Ans
At the middle of the delivery stroke,
0 = 9u
0
onJ cos 0 = u
Therefore,
b
ud
= u Ans

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