An Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Chapter 1 BIO 331: Human A & P Dr. Molly OShaughnessy

Vesalius
1514 - 1564

The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

____________ anatomy
the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships among body parts physiology ____________ the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions

All specific functions are performed by specific structures

The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology continued

Microscopic Anatomy
______________ : the study of the internal cytology structure of individual cells ______________ : the study of tissues, or histology groups of specialized cells that work together

Gross Anatomy
regional anatomy systemic anatomy

Levels of Organization
Molecular level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organism

Integumentary System
Protects against environmental hazards

helps control body temperature

Skeletal System
support

protection of soft tissues

mineral storage blood formation

Muscular System
locomotion

provides support
controls entrances and exits heat production

Nervous System
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, generally by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

Endocrine System
Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems maintains homeostasis via specific hormones

Cardiovascular System
transports cells transports dissolved materials:
nutrients wastes gases hormones, etc.

distributes heat

Lymphatic System
Defends against infection and disease

returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream

Respiratory System
Delivers air to sites of gas exchange provides O2 to bloodstream removes CO2 from bloodstream produces sounds for communication

Digestive System
processes and digests food absorbs
nutrients minerals vitamins water

Urinary System
Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products (homeostasis regulation) major influence on blood pressure helps maintain pH

Reproductive System
Produces gametes (sperm and oocytes) produces hormones

Homeostasis and System Integration

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
normal RANGE

organ systems are interdependent, interconnected, and packaged together in a relatively small space a variety of physiological mechanisms act to prevent potentially disruptive changes in the internal environment

Mechanisms Involved in Homeostatic Regulation

Autoregulation: automatic adjustments that occur in direct response to local changes Extrinsic regulation: adjustments that occur in response to the nervous or endocrine systems ______________ performs crisis management by nervous
directing rapid, short-term, and very specific responses endocrine _______________ releases chemical messengers (hormones) whose effects might not be immediately apparent but often persist for days or weeks

How do Extrinsic Homeostatic Regulatory Mechanisms Work?

____________ : receptor
a sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change or stimulus

_____________________ control or integration center :

receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor

____________ : effector
a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center

Body Temperature Homeostasis

Negative Feedback
a variation away from the ideal value triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation
the effectors activated by the control center either oppose or eliminate the stimulus this is a dynamic process which maintains a normal range, rather than a fixed value

Negative Feedback Loop

Positive Feedback
In positive feedback, the initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances its effects

not as common
example:

Positive Feedback Loop

Anatomical Landmarks and Regions

Anatomical position: standing position, looking straight ahead with arms at sides and palms facing forward __________ - lying face up supine __________ - lying face down prone

Anatomic Planes
Transverse plane:
_________ (above) superior _________ (below) inferior

Frontal plane:
_________ (front) anterior _________ (behind) posterior

Sagittal plane:
_________ (sides) R&L

Sequential Transverse Sections

Anatomic Directions
Anterior - Posterior Ventral - Dorsal Inferior - Superior Cranial - Caudal Proximal - Distal Lateral - Medial Superficial - Deep

Abdominopelvic Regions
R. hypochondriac Epigastric region L. hypochondriac R. lumbar region Umbilical region L. lumbar region R. iliac region Hypogastric region L. iliac region

Body Cavities
Dorsal Body Cavity: _________ cavity cranial _________ cavity spinal Ventral Body Cavity: _________ cavity thoracic _____________ abdominopelvic cavity abdominal cavity pelvic cavity

Thoracic Cavity
R. Pleural cavity Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity

L. Pleural cavity

Anatomical Landmarks Matching

head skull forehead eye ear cheek nose mouth chin aural or otic buccal cephalic cranial frontal mental nasal oral orbital

More Matching
armpit upper arm front of elbow forearm wrist palm thumb fingers hand antebrachial antecubital axillary brachial carpal digits manus palmar pollex

Even More Matching

neck chest breast belly belly button / navel shoulder back loin abdomen acromial cervical dorsum lumbar mammary thorax umbilicus

Almost Done Matching

hips buttocks groin thigh leg back of knee ankle foot sole of foot crus femoral gluteus inguinal pelvis pes or pedal plantar popliteal tarsus