GLY 1010 Study Guide for Final Chapters 13-24

Chapter 13 Know the difference between active and passive continental margins and where each are found. Remember the order and characteristics of the continental shelf-slope-rise. Know the following terms: bathymetry, submarine valley/canyon, turbidity current, turbididite, submarine fan, abyssal plain, seamount, guyots, deep-ocean trench, oceanic plateau, rift valley, pillow basalt. Be able to name and describe the three provinces of the ocean floor (continental margin, deep-ocean basin, and oceanic ridge). Where does most volcanic activity take place on the Earth? Why are ocean ridges elevated? Know and be able to describe the 4 layers of oceanic crust. Be able to explain the evolution from a rift valley to an ocean basin. What controls the angle of the subducting slab?

Chapter 14 Know the major features of subduction zones including; deep ocean trench, volcanic arc, forearc, backarc, continental volcanic arc, accretionary wedge, fore/backarc basins. Know the main magma type generated in a volcanic arc. Know the major features of a compressional mountain belt including; fold and thrust belts, suture zone, ophiolites. Understand how accretion adds to continents and know the parts, especially terrane, microcontinent, oceanic plateaus. How does accretion differ on the west versus east coasts of North America) Understand how crustal extension formed the fault-block mountains of the Basin and Range Province.

Know the timing for the Appalachian and Cordilleran orogenies.

Chapter 15 What is the main cause of mass wasting and what factors affect its occurrence? Understand the role of water in mass wasting, especially how surface tension effects moist versus saturated soils. What is the angle of repose and how do slopes respond to variations in this angle? How does the presence of vegetation effect mass wasting? Know how mass wasting processes are classified. Type of material, type of motion, and rate of movement. Know the following terms: flow, slide, avalanche, lahar, fall, slump What is creep and what feature identify that it is occurring in an area? What is permafrost and how does mass wasting (solifluction) occur in areas of permafrost? What underwater areas are susceptible to submarine landslides and why?

Chapter 16 Describe the basics of the Earths hydrologic cycle. How do streams differ upstream to downstream? Know the following terms: discharge, saltation, capacity, load, competence, alluvium, drainage basin, divide. How does running water effect alluvium? Know the three types of stream loads (dissolved, suspended, and bed). Where does deposition and erosion occur in a meander? Know the terms: bar, point bar, cutbank, oxbow lake, incised meander. What is a base level and how do dams effect it?

Know the following depositional landforms: delta, natural levee, alluvial fan Know the four drainage patterns and where they occur. What is the worlds largest river by discharge? What are some methods of flood control and what is good/bad about each? Chapter 17 Know the distribution of the Earths water (Oceans, fresh, glaciers, and groundwater, rivers and lakes, atmosphere). Know the following terms: saturated zone, unsaturated zone, water table, porosity, permeability, aquifer, aquiclude (confining unit), drawdown, cone of depression, artesian well. Where does Miamis water come from? What are some ways that groundwater can become contaminated? What is karst topography, how does it form, and in what type of rock does it occur? Know the difference between stalactites and stalagmites. What is salt water intrusion and how does it affect coastal Florida?

Chapter 18 Know the two types of glaciers. How thick are the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps? Which is the largest? Know the following terms: arete, cirque, horn, drumlin, esker, erratic, moraine (all types), hanging valley, sublimation. What is a snow line? Where is it highest? Understand how glaciers move, plastic flow vs basal slip, which type for each type of glacier/climate. Where is flow fastest during plastic flow? Know how snow transforms into glacial ice.

Understand the glacial budget (accumulation/ablation). Melting of iceberg versus glacier, which will raise sea level? If all the Antarcticas ice melted, sea level would rise how much? All of the Earths ice?

Chapter 19 What powers the Earths weather? Understand how the global wind/weather patterns are formed. Know which way the wind blows in the tropics and temperate zones and why. Where do deserts form and why? Know the following terms: eolian, trade winds, westerlies, saltation, deflation, alluvial fan, playa lake, loess, desert varnish. Know why some sand grains are frosted and others are not, and how this is useful to geologists. What shapes (main cause of erosion) desert landscapes? Cross beds dip how, in relation to wind direction? Know the 6 types of dunes, how they form, and characteristics. How does desert pavement form? What is the dominate type of weathering in the desert?

Chapter 20 The height of ocean waves depends on what three factors? Know how water particles in open-ocean, deep water waves move. What characteristics are used to describe waves (height, length, and period)? What is wave refraction and how does it affect the coast? Know the following terms: sea-arch, sea-stacks, platforms, and terraces, spit, bar, barrier islands, beach drift, longshore current.

Know what causes tides and the following tide terms: spring tide, neap tides, diurnal, semidiurnal, mixed, flood, ebb, tidal flat. What kind of tidal pattern do we have in Miami?

Chapter 21 Know and be able to describe how scientists determine past paleoclimates. What is the composition of the atmosphere? Know the top 4 gases and percent of each. What are the variable parts of the atmosphere and how does each effect global climate? What is the Greenhouse Effect? Be able to explain in basic terms how the Suns energy reacts with the Earth, including radiation wavelength. What is the real cause of global warming? Know some of the natural causes of climate change and be able to describe how they affect climate. How do volcanoes affect climate? What are the main greenhouse gases (5), where do they come from, and how do they effect global climate change? Where is ozone good/bad and why? What are aerosols, where do they come from, and how do they effect climate change? What are the possible effects of global warming? How are the effects of global warming changing the polar regions?

Chapter 22 Be able to describe the Earths early evolution. How did the moon and the atmospheres (3) evolve into what we have today?

Know a rough tectonic history of the Earth and North America through time, especially when super continents formed and broke apart. Know their names in order. What are some possible scenarios for the how life evolved on Earth? How did life evolve and change over time? Be able to relate the dominant life forms to the Eras/Periods of the geologic time scale (age of reptiles, age of fishes, etc.) and how extinctions affected evolution. Know the two major mass extinctions and how they affected life on Earth

Chapter 23 How does the US compare to the world in energy use versus population? Know and understand the following terms: oil trap, reserves, resources, source rock, reservoir rock, cap rock. Know the 4 types of oil traps and how each works to trap oil (Fig 23.8). How does oil and natural gas form? When fossil fuels are burned, what type of stored energy is released? Think sun. What rock type makes the best oil reservoir? Where is most of the worlds oil reserves located? What energy source is used to generate most of the electricity in the United States? What problems are caused by the use of coal? Know the following mineral deposit types, how each forms, and how each differs: disseminated deposit, vein deposit, placer deposit, hydrothermal deposit. Know the minerals/rocks mined here in Florida and their uses.

Chapter 24 Know the order of the planets from the Sun. Know basics of table 24.1(largest, densest, smallest etc.).

Know the basics of each planet (moons, atmosphere, composition, surface features, and other interesting facts put out in class). Know the different types of meteorites and how scientists relate them to the composition of the Earth. Understand the basics of the minor members of the solar system such as what and where are they located, what are they made of, where did they come from.