A New Concept of Exchanging Active Power

without Common DC Link for Interline Power Flow

Controller (S-IPFC)
Zhihui Yuan
TU Delft
Z.yuan@tudelft.nl
Sjoerd W.H. de Haan
TU Delft
S.W.H.deHaan@tudelft.nl
Braham Ferreira
TU Delft
J.A.Ferreira@tudelft.nl
AbstractThe Separated Interline Power Flow Controller (S-
IPFC) presented is a new concept for a FACTS device. The S-
IPFC is an adapted version of the IPFC, which eliminates the
common dc link of the IPFC and enable the separate installation
of the converters. Without location constrain, more power lines
can be equipped with the S-IPFC, which gives more control
capability of the power ow control. Instead of the common dc
link, the exchange active power between the converters is through
the same ac transmission line at 3rd harmonic frequency. Every
converter has its own dc capacitor to provide the dc voltage.
This paper presents the basis theory of the S-IPFC, steady-state
analysis, primary control loop and the corresponding simulation
results.
I. Ixraootcrrox
Power ow control becomes a big issue in now a days
power system network due to the following reasons: the aging
of the equipment, the increase of distributed generations, the
power marketing, etc. The conventional power ow controllers
that based on copper and iron are not suitable for the future
power system, because of their slow response and step-
wise control. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), the
power electronic based power ow controllers, do not have
these disadvantages and attract more and more attention from
both academic and industry. Several FACTS devices, such as
TCSC, TCR, STATCOM, UPFC, IPFC, have been achieved in
recent decades [1].
An Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) consists of a set
of converters that are connected in series with dierent trans-
mission lines. The schematic diagram of IPFC is illustrated in
Fig.1. In addition to these series converters, it may also include
a shunt converter which is connected between a transmission
line and the ground. The converters are connected through a
common dc link to exchange active power. Each series con-
verter can provide independent reactive compensation for their
own transmission line. If a shunt converter is involved into
the system, the series converters can also provide independent
active compensation, otherwise not all the series converter can
provide independent active compensation for their own line [2]
[3].
Compared to the Unied Power Flow Controller (UPFC),
the IPFC provides a relatively economical solution for multiple
transmission lines power ow control, since only one shunt
converter is involved. The IPFC also gains more control
System 1
System 2
System n
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC n
DC LINK
System 1
System 2
System n
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC n
DC LINK
DC
AC
BUS
(a) (b)
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of IPFC (a)without shunt converter; (b) with
shunt converter
capability than the Static Synchronous Series Compensator
(SSSC), which is like the IPFC but without common dc link
[4], because of the active compensation. From probabilistic
point of view [5], the performance of the IPFC will be better
when more series converter involves in to the IPFC system.
However, because the converters are connected through the
common dc link, the converters have to be physically close to
each other. The common dc link becomes a location constrain
for the IPFC and limits its commercial application in the
future network. Therefore, a method which can eliminate the
IPFC common dc link and provide the active power exchange
between converters will be interesting.
This paper presents a concept that allow the converters of
the IPFC exchange active power without common dc link. The
method eliminate common dc link and only use a capacitor
to provide the dc voltage for each converter. The active
power is exchanged at a harmonic frequency through the ac
transmission line [6]. Theoretically, this method allow as many
series converters employed to the IPFC as desired.
II. Tnr Parxcrrir or rnr Mrrnoo ro Excnxxor Acrrvr Powra
wrrnotr Commox DC Lrxk
The method for active power exchange is presented in [7].
It is based on the non-sinusoidal power theory. According
to Fourier analysis, a non-sinusoidal voltage and current can
be expressed by the sum of sinusoidal functions in dierent
frequencies with dierent amplitudes. The denition of active
power is the mean value of the product of voltage and
current. Since the integrals of all the cross-product of terms
with dierent frequencies are zero, the active power can be
2008 IEEE.
expressed by:
P =

n=1
V
sn
I
sn
cos
n
(1)
where cos
n
is power factor in n
th
harmonic frequency. Equa-
tion (1) describes that active powers at dierent frequencies
are isolated from each other, and the voltage or current in one
frequency has no inuence on other frequency component.
Consequently, the apart from the fundamental active power
can be exchanged through ac terminal instead of the common
dc link between converters. One converter extracts active
power from the fundamental frequency and injects the power
back to the ac terminal at a harmonic frequency, the other
converter absorbs the harmonic power and converts it to
fundamental frequency back. Therefore, the converters use
harmonic as media to transmit active power, and the common
dc link is eliminated.
III. Tnr Coxrrotaxrrox or Srrxaxrro IPFC
As described above, the exchange of active power is through
the ac terminal at a harmonic frequency. In order to transmit
power without common dc link, the ac sides of the S-
IPFC converters have to be connected. For the S-IPFC, the
converters should be installed in the power lines which have a
physical ac connection to enable the harmonic current to ow
through. The 3rd harmonic frequency is chosen to transmit the
active power, because the 3rd harmonic can be easily blocked
by Y-D transformer which is common used to change voltage
level [7]. Therefore, the network with S-IPFC should satisfy
the two conditions, see in Fig.2:
the network with S-IPFC is closed by Y-D transformers
to block the 3rd harmonic
the transmission line equipped with the series converter
should have physical connection to allow 3rd harmonic
current pass
The closed network
with S-IPFC
G
1
G
2
G
n

.
L
1
L
2
L
n

.
AC
DC
AC
DC
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

s
i
d
e
series
converters
L
o
a
d

a
n
d

o
t
h
e
r

n
e
t
w
o
r
k
Fig. 2. S-IPFC operation network
Because the S-IPFC uses the 3rd harmonic to transmit
active power, there will be a 3rd harmonic current owing
through series converter. Since the 3rd harmonic current is in
phase, the typical 3-legs full-bridge converter can not allow
the 3rd harmonic current pass through. In order to allow the
3rd harmonic current ow, the topology of series converter
should be specially designed, such as 3-legs 4-wires topology,
4-legs 4-wires topology, where the fourth wire acts as a return
conductor for the 3rd harmonic current that are owing in the
three lines. One of the most advantages of S-IPFC is that the
distributed FACTS idea presented by Prof. Deepak Divans
[8] can applied to the series converter in the S-IPFC system.
Distributed FACTS device (D-FACTS) is the concept to use
multiple low-power converters attached to the transmission
line by single turn transformers, see Fig.3. The concept brings
several advantages compared to conventional FACTS devices,
such as lower cost because of the low isolation and power
rating and increase the system reliability by redundancy.
Since the D-FACTS device is single phase converter, the 3rd
harmonic can ow through converter without any problem.
Fig. 3. The distributed FACTS single phase converter [8]
A shunt converter in the S-IPFC is not compulsory. How-
ever, the S-IPFC system with shunt converter will achieve
more control capability, because the shunt converter can supply
active power to series converter Without the shunt converter
the sum of active powers of all the series converters should be
zero. In the case of with shunt converter, every series converter
can inject fully controlled voltage phasor (both angle and
amplitude), therefore, active and reactive power ow through
the transmission line can be independently controlled. The
neutral point oating Y-D transformer is open circuit to the
3rd harmonic current, if only one shunt converter is placed,
there will be no path for the 3rd harmonic current. Therefore,
a 3rd pass lter is required to provide a close loop for the
3rd harmonic [7]. In the S-IPFC system, there may be more
than one busbar which requires the shunt converter to provide
reactive compensation to maintain the voltage level at the
fundamental frequency. In the case of more than one shunt
converter, the 3rd pass lter is not required, because the
shunt converters themselves constructs a closed loop for 3rd
harmonic current.
The main function of the shunt converter is to inject the
3rd harmonic current into the network to provide the active
power to series converters. Since the 3rd harmonic current is
in phase, it is possible to inject 3rd harmonic current from
the neutral point of Y-D transformer which is used to change
voltage level, see Fig.4.
Connecting the shunt converter directly to neutral point will
lead to following benets: 1. Reduce the voltage level of the
converter. The transformer neutral point is zero voltage at
the fundamental frequency, so the converter will only handle
the voltage at 3rd harmonic frequency, which is much lower
Y- Transformer
AC
DC AC
DC
Fig. 4. One S-IPFC shunt converter topology: single phase converter
connected to the neutral point of Y-D transformer
than the fundamental voltage. 2. Reduce the complexity of
converter. Single phase converter replaces the three phase
converter. 3. Eliminate one three phase transformer. The shunt
converter can directly connect to the neutral point of Y-
D transformer which changes voltage level, therefore there
is no additional transformer required as conventional shunt
converter topology. The active power required by shunt con-
verter can not be supplied by the fundamental component,
because there is no fundamental current through the converter
in steady-state operation. In this case, a power supply for
shunt converter is required, maybe a back-to-back converter
which absorbs power from other network, or even from the
low voltage side of the transformer.
The most important advantage of the S-IPFC system is
to eliminate the common dc link, which allows multiple
converters (both shunt and series) to be applied in a meshed
power system. If the S-IPFC employs the distributed FACTS
as the series converter, it will provide the S-IPFC system
a low cost because of the low power rating and isolation
requirement for components, and high reliability because of
the redundancy. The neutral point connection shunt converter
topology, will also much reduce the cost of the S-IPFC system.
IV. Tnr Axxi.srs or Srmrirsr S-IPFC S.srrm
Consider the elementary S-IPFC scheme, two three-phase
converters are series connected to parallel transmission lines.
The transmission lines are closed by Y-D transformers. To
ensure that the 3rd harmonic current can ow between the
converters, the neutral points of Y-D transformers are oating.
The oating Y-D transformer is open circuit to 3rd harmonic,
and forces the 3rd harmonic current to ow through the
lines. To show the function of S-IPFC, each converter will
be replaced by two controlled voltage sources. One is at
the fundamental frequency, the other is at the 3rd harmonic.
Assuming a lossless converter, the active power exchange in
single converter between dierent frequencies is represented
by a bidirectional link (P
1
= P
3
). The transmission line a
and b are represented by inductor L
a
and L
b
respectively. The
sending-end of transmission lines voltage phasor is V
s
, and
receiving-end is V
r
. The magnitude and angle of V
s
and V
r
are
xed during the S-IPFC operation. The schematic diagram of
basic S-IPFC is shown in Fig.5
L
a
L
b
V
s
V
r
V
a1
V
a3
V
b1 V
b3
P
a,13
P
b,13
I
a
I
b
Fig. 5. Elementary S-IPFC with two converters
Assume that the voltage magnitude of the sending and
receiving ends are identical, |V
r
| = |V
s
| = 1pu, with xed
transmission angle = 30

. The line impedance of both

lines are also assumed the same at the fundamental frequency,
X
a
= X
b
= 0.5pu. Therefore, the uncompensated system shown
in Fig.5 will have the active and reactive power ow P
r
= 1pu
and Q
r
= 0.268pu respectively for each transmission line.
Based on the superposition theorem, the S-IPFC circuit in
Fig.5 can be split into two circuit at dierent frequencies.
The circuit at fundamental frequency is identical to the con-
ventional IPFC which uses a common dc link to exchange
active power. Therefore the function of the S-IPFC is the same
as the IPFC. The primary converter, assuming converter a,
can inject 4-quadrant rotatable voltage vector, which can both
active and reactive compensate the power ow of line a. The
converter b control active power ow of line b by injecting a
controllable reactive voltage phasor, and provide active power
for line a at the same time, which means converter b lose the
capability of active compensation for the transmission line b,
see details in [2].
The 3rd harmonic circuit of the S-IPFC provides the media
to exchange active power, whose amount P
a,ex
is given by the
equation: [7]
P
a,ex
= Re{S
a,ex
} =
|X
a,1
||S
a,r
||S
a,r0
|
|V
r
|
2
sin (
a,r0

a,r
) (2)
where X
a,1
= L
a
,
a,r0
is the uncompensated power angle
at the receiving end of transmission line a, and
a,r
is
compensated power angle of line a at receiving end. The
line impedance X
a,1
and voltage magnitude V
r
at the funda-
mental frequency are constant, so the active power required
by converter a at the fundamental frequency is proportional
to |S
a,r
||S
a,r0
| sin (
a,r0

a,r
), whose value is double the area
of the triangle (o, (a, r0), (a, r)). The relationship between the
required exchange of active power and the power ow of line
a at the receiving end is shown in Fig.6. The uncompensated
power ow S
r0
is on the power ow circle, and the position
depends on the uncompensated transmission angle . The
center of the control range circle is S
r0
, and radius is related
to the voltage range of the series converter.
According to Fig.6, in the following two situations, the
exchange of active power between converter is maximum.
They are: i. the condition when the dierence between S
a,r
and S
a,r0
is perpendiculars to the uncompensated power ow
S
r0
S
r
P
r
Q
r
Control
range
circle P
ex
/C
p
Fig. 6. The relationship of exchange power and power ow at the receiving
end
S
a,r0
; ii. the compensated power ow reaches the boundary
of the control range. Consequently, the maximum exchange
active power is given by:
P
se
= C
p
A
(o,(a,r0),(a,r)),max
=
|X
a,1
|
|V
r
|
2
|S
a,r0
||S
range
| (3)
where C
p
is constant value, C
p
= 2|X
a,1
|/|V
r
|
2
. If the control
range S
range
is 0.5pu, according to 3, the maximum active
power transmitted additional in the lines at the 3rd harmonic
frequency will be 0.25pu, see in Fig.7.
Max exchange
power at 3
rd
freq.
Max exchange
power at 3
rd
freq.
S
a,r0
P
a,r
Q
a,r
Max Power
at 1
st
freq.
Fig. 7. The situations of maximum power through the line at fundamental
frequency and 3rd harmonic
The maximum power ow through the line a at the funda-
mental frequency and the maximum exchange of active power
at 3rd harmonic does not happen at the same moment. At
the operation point when the line a transmits the maximum
power ow at the fundamental frequency, the area of triangle
(o, (a, r0), (a, r)) is zero. Therefore, there is no active power
requirement of converter a at this situation. When the converter
a requires the maximum active power, the power ow through
transmission line a at the fundamental frequency can be
calculated by

1
2
+ 0.5
2
= 1.118pu. The total power through
line a at the both frequencies is still less the maximum
fundamental power ow 1.5pu. It means the S-IPFC does not
decrease the transmission capability for fundamental frequency
power ow.
In the operation point of maximum 3rd harmonic power ex-
changing, the converter a not only generate 0.5pu fundamental
voltage V
a,1
, but also the 3rd harmonic frequency voltage V
a,3
.
Assuming double the voltage limits of the converters, there
will be 0.5pu left for the 3rd harmonic voltage. In order to
absorb 0.25pu active power from the 3rd harmonic of the
converter a, 0.5pu current at the 3rd harmonic frequency will
ow through the transmission line a. The total current is
RMS value of the current at dierent frequencies, which is

I
2
a,1
+ I
2
a,3
=

1.118
2
+ 0.5
2
= 1.227pu.
Accordingly, in order to maintain the same control range as
the conventional IPFC, a large voltage rating of the converters
is required. The challenge of the S-IPFC is not from the
transmission line, but from the converter itself. However, as
the development of power electronics, the price of converter
will decrease with time. Together with the distributed FACTS
idea, the converter will not be a bottle neck for the S-IPFC in
the future.
V. Parmxa. Coxraoi or S-IPFC
The simplest S-IPFC system has two impendent converters,
as shown in Fig.5. Assume that the converter a is master
converter, which can fully control the power ow of line a;
and the converter b is the so called slave converter, which
provides active power to converter a, and reactive compensates
power ow of line b. The converter b injects a 3rd harmonic
current to the grid, and converter a generates certain voltage
phasor at 3rd harmonic to absorb the active power. The control
of S-IPFC is more complex than conventional IPFC, because
it has two components at dierent frequency to control, also
two capacitor voltage to be maintained.
The control loop of converter a is shown in Fig.8. The
fundamental frequency voltage vector is controlled by external
controller, which generates the voltage reference according
to the power ow requirement from the system operator, see
details in [9] [10]. The 3rd harmonic control is primary part
of converter a. Since the 3rd harmonic is zero sequence,
the three phase abc to dq transmission should be adapted
to single phase dq transmission [11]. The phase reference
of the dq transmission uses the single generated by single
phase PLL [12] from the 3rd harmonic current. The 3rd
harmonic controller monitors the capacitor dc voltage, and
correspondingly adjust the 3rd harmonic frequency voltage to
maintain the dc voltage. The PI controller calculates the d-
axile of 3rd harmonic voltage based on the dc voltage error.
The q component V
aq,3
is set to zero, in order to minimize the
3rd harmonic voltage amplitude.
external
control a
va
ia
va,1
3
rd
harmonic
extractor
a,3 ia,3
ia,1
va,1
funda-
mental
extractor
-
+
va,dc,ref
va,dc
vda,3,ref
PI
+
+
v3,a
va
0
Single
phase PLL
vqa,3,ref
inverse
single phase
dq
tranformat
3
rd
harmonic
control loop
PWM
gen.
converter a
Fig. 8. Basic control loop for converter a
The primary control loop of converter b is shown in Fig.9.
The converter b injects 3rd harmonic current to network.
Since the converter is voltage source converter, a current
decoupling control is necessary [13]. The converter monitors
the 3rd harmonic current through line b, and compares it
to the reference i
a,3,re f
. After the current decoupling, the
voltage phasor at 3rd harmonic is generated. The capacitor dc
voltage of converter b is balanced by the d component of the
fundamental frequency. The q component of v
b,1
is generated
by external controller b based on the active power ow through
the line b requirement.
external
control b
vb
ib
vqb,1
3
rd
harmonic
extractor
b,3
ib,3
ib,1
vb,1
funda-
mental
extractor
-
+
vb,dc,ref
vb,dc
PI
+
+
v3,b
vb
Virtual PLL
single
phase dq
tranformat
PWM
gen.
converter
b
PLL
vdb,1
b,1
inverse
dq
tranformat
vb,1
PI
PI
-
+
idb,3
idb,3,ref
-
+
iqb,3
iqb,3,ref
decouple
Fig. 9. Basic control loop for converter b
VI. Srmtixrrox
The S-IPFC has been simulated in Matlab Simulink, using
power system Toolbox. Refereing to Fig.5, the two converters
a and b of the S-IPFC provide series compensation for line a
and b, respectively. The system parameters of the simulation
are the same as the system presented before, |V
r
| = |V
s
| =
1pu, with 30

transmission angle. The line reactance is 0.5pu,

and the resistance is 0.01pu to absorb the energy stored in
the inductor. The converter a is the master converter, and
fully compensates line a. The slave converter b injects 3rd
harmonic current to the system. To simplify the simulation,
a constant 3rd harmonic frequency current I
b,3
= 0.5pu is
injected to the gird, although it can be controlled by external
controller in real system to optimize the 3rd current injection.
Consider the steady-state case of S-IPFC system, both con-
verters should have steady capacitor dc voltage, V
dc
= 0.5pu as
the reference value. During the operation, converter a injects
a voltage vector at the fundamental frequency to compensate
power follow, with open loop control. V
ad,1
and V
aq,1
varies
between 0.1pu and 0.1pu, see in Fig.10. When V
ad,1
is larger
than 0, converter a absorbs active power from 3rd harmonic
components, and works as a voltage source at the fundamental
frequency, vice versa. V
aq,1
determine the working mode of
the converter a. If V
aq,1
is larger than 0, converter a works
at capacitive mode, otherwise at inductive mode. V
ad,3
is
close loop controlled according to dc voltage V
a,dc
. Converter
b injects voltage vector with constant q components V
bq,1
=
0.2pu. V
bd,1
is generated PI controller which is for maintain the
dc voltage of converter b. In order to represent the 4-quadrant
control capability of converter a at the fundamental frequency,
the references of V
ad,1
and V
aq,1
are set as illustrated in Fig.10,
and the corresponding reaction of system is also shown in
Fig.10.
0.1
0
0.1
V
a
d
,
1

(
p
u
)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0.1
0
0.1
time (s)
V
a
q
,
1

(
p
u
)
source mode
load mode
capacitive mode
inductive mode
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0.2
0
0.2
time (s)
P
a
,
1

Q
a
,
1

(
p
u
)
Pa,1
Qa,1
source mode load mode
inductive mode
capacitive mode
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0,3
0.4
0,5
0,6
time (s)
V
d
c
,
a

(
p
u
)
load mode source mode
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
time (s)
P
r
,
a

Q
r
,
a

(
p
u
)
Pr,a
Qr,a
Fig. 10. The behavior of line a and converter a during compensation, (a) The
reference value of V
ad,1
and V
aq,1
; (b) The corresponding active and reactive
power injected by converter a at fundamental frequency; (c) The capacitor dc
voltage V
dc,a
; (d) The corresponding power ow of line a
As shown in Fig.10, the converter a maintains the dc voltage
V
dc,a
= 0.5pu during the operation. The errors of capacitor
dc voltage is caused by PI controller, and the oscillation is
the result of the 3rd harmonic voltage and current injected
to the capacitor. From 0 to 0.5s, there is no voltage at
fundamental frequency injected to network, and the power ow
through line a at receiving-end [P
r,a
, Q
r,a
] is uncompensated
[1pu, 0.268pu]. At 0.5s, a inductive voltage vector is in series
the line. The active power injected by converter a P
a,1
keeps 0,
and [P
r,a
, Q
r,a
] alter to corresponding value. With time going,
the voltage vector V
a,1
series injected by converter a rotate
through all 4-quadrants, and power ow of line a P
r,a
, Q
r,a
are fully controlled by converter a. During the operation of
converter a, the behaviors of converter b and power ow of
line b are shown in Fig.11.
During the operation of the converter a, the dc voltage of
converter b maintains at 0.5pu. As the converter b only provide
active power for converter a, the reactive compensation of
converter a has little inuence to converter b, as shown in
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0,3
0.4
0.5
0.6
time (s)
V
d
c
,
b

(
p
u
)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
time (s)
P
r
,
b

Q
r
,
b

(
p
u
)
Pr,b
Qr,b
Fig. 11. The behavior of line b and converter b during compensation, (a)The
capacitor dc voltage V
dc,b
; (b)The corresponding power ow of line b
Fig.11.
To have a clear view of the current and voltage waveforms
of the S-IPFC system in steady-state, the last 0.1s have been
zoomed in. The waveforms are shown in one phase for a better
vision, since every phase wave forms are identical but only
with 120

phase shift. Fig.12 illustrates the current of line a

and b, the voltage vectors injected by converter a and b and
the dc voltages during the last 0.1s in steady-state.
As shown in Fig.12, when converters exchange active
power, the voltage at 3rd harmonic is the majority of the total
voltage injection. There is a oscillation frequency of capacitor
dc voltage at 300Hz, which is caused by the 3rd harmonic
component.
VII. Coxcitsroxs
The new concept of S-IPFC is a new member of converter-
based FACTS devices. It is derived from the IPFC, and
possesses all the control capability of the IPFC. The master
converter can adjust the voltage magnitude, transmission angle,
and line impedance. The slave converter provide the active
power for master converter, and at the same time adjust its
own line reactance. The S-IPFC eliminates the common dc
link of the IPFC, which enables the long range installation
of converters and gives more exibility for the IPFC. The
exchange active power between converters is through the same
transmission line at the 3rd harmonic frequency. The S-IPFC
converters should all be installed in a connected power network
closed by the Y-D transformers, to prevent the 3rd harmonic
leakage.
The S-IPFC can employ more converters to the system, also
the shunt converter. The S-IPFC equipped with shunt converter
will behave as multiple UPFCs. Every series converter is
able to fully control its line parameters. The shunt converter
injects 3rd harmonic frequency current to the network, to
provide active power for series converters. In this case, the
shunt converter can be located at the neutral point of the Y-
3.9 3.91 3.92 3.93 3.94 3.95 3.96 3.97 3.98 3.99 4
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
time (s)
V
a
,

I
a

(
p
u
)
Ia
Va
3.9 3.91 3.92 3.93 3.94 3.95 3.96 3.97 3.98 3.99 4
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
time (s)
V
d
c
,
a

(
p
u
)
3.9 3.91 3.92 3.93 3.94 3.95 3.96 3.97 3.98 3.99 4
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
time (s)
V
b
,

I
b

(
p
u
)
Ib
Vb
3.9 3.91 3.92 3.93 3.94 3.95 3.96 3.97 3.98 3.99 4
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
time (s)
V
d
c
,
b

(
p
u
)
Fig. 12. The voltage and current waveforms in steady-state during last 0.1s,
(a)&(c) Voltage injected by converter a and b, current through line a and b
respectively; (b)&(d) Capacitor dc voltage of converter a and b
D transformer, which will much reduce the size of the shunt
converter.
Since the active power exchange through the transmis-
sion, S-IPFC will increase line current RMS value. However,
the maximum active power exchange and maximum power
transmission do not happen at the same moment, the extra
3rd harmonic power will not limit the fundamental power
transmission capability of the line. The challenge of the S-
IPFC is the voltage rating of the series converter. During high
active power exchanging operation condition, the converter
will inject 3rd harmonic voltage, whose amplitude may be
even larger than the voltage at the fundamental frequency.
However, with the help of Distributed FACTS idea, the series
voltage rating can be increased without huge amount of cost.
The S-IPFC is a solution for power ow control in a meshed
power system. It has all the advantages of converter based
FACTS devices, and can employ large number of converters
without location constrain and signicant extra cost. Hope-
fully, the S-IPFC will be placed in transmission network and
provide a better power ow control in the future.
Rrrrarxcrs
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