Transport Layer

Pre-assessment Questions
1. What is the current version of IP? a. b. c. d. 2. IPv6 IPv5 IPv4 IPv3

Which of the following is the default address of the network? a. b. 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255

c.
d.

255.255.255.0
0.0.0.0

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Transport Layer

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Pre-assessment Questions
3. Largest unit of a packet that network can transfer is __________ a. MTU b. ACK c. tracert d. ARP 4. Which of the following is not a dynamic protocol? a. b. c. d. BGP SMTP OSPF RIP

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Pre-assessment Questions
5. Which of the following is the loopback address in IPv6? a. b. c. d. 127.0.0.1 ::1 ::0 127::1

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Solutions
Ans 1. c. IPv4 Ans 2. d. 0.0.0.0 Ans 3. a. MTU Ans 4. b. SMTP Ans 5. b. ::1

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Objectives
In this section, you will learn about:

Basics of Transport Layer Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

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Introduction to Transport Layer

The Transport layer is the second layer of the TCP/IP architecture as shown in the following figure:

TCP/IP Architecture Transport Layer

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Introduction to Transport Layer (Contd.)

It can deliver a data packet either reliably or unreliably. It breaks the data packets in smaller frames, numbers them and sends them to the destination node one by one.

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Protocols used in Transport Layer

The two most important protocols in the Transport layer are: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) The following figure shows the position of the Transport Layer protocols in the TCP/IP protocol architecture:

TCP/IP Architecture Transport Layer Protocols

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Port Addressing

The port address distinguishes these processes for incoming packets. A port address in TCP/IP is 16-bit long and is represented as a single number. The combination of IP address and port numbers is known as Socket address. The following figure shows how transport layer delivers data between the Internet Layer and the Application Layer:

Transport Layer Protocols using port numbers for data communication

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Port Address (contd.)

The port numbers are divided into different ranges, which are:

Well Known Ports Registered Ports Dynamic Ports or Private Ports Ephemeral Ports

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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

The following figure shows the position of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in the TCP/IP architecture:

TCP/IP Architecture Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) (Contd.)

It is a stream transport protocol. It is a reliable protocol. All data packets are sequenced and acknowledged, and a connection is established for data communications through TCP. It is connection-oriented protocol. It is responsible for process-to-process communication.

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TCP Applications

Higher-layer applications that use the services of TCP include the following:

Telnet

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) World Wide Web or HTTP applications e-mail applications such as SMTP, POP3, IMAP applications

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TCP Packet Format

The following figure shows the TCP segment format:

TCP segment format

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TCP Negotiation Process

The control field of the TCP headers establishes or terminates a basic TCP connection. Three flags used for this process are:

SYN

FIN
ACK

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TCP Negotiation Process (Contd.)

The following figure shows TCP protocols three-way handshake mechanism of data communication:

Three-way hand shake TCP protocol

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TCP Negotiation Process (Contd.)

The following figure shows TCP protocols four-way handshake mechanism of data communication:

Four-way hand shake TCP protocol

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TCP Ports
Port
7 9 11 20 21 23 25 53 80

Protocol
Echo Discard Users FTP, Data FTP, Control TELNET SMTP DNS HTTP

Description
Echoes a received data packets back to the sander Discards any data packets that is received Active users File transfer protocol data connection File transfer protocol control connection Terminal network Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Domain Name Server Hypertext Transfer Protocol
List of TCP Ports

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Demonstration - Analyzing TCP Packets

Problem Statement Analyze TCP data packets on the network with the help of Ethereal, a protocol analyzer.

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Solution
1. 2. Generate and capture TCP packets Analyze TCP packets

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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

The following figure shows the position of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) in the TCP/IP protocol architecture:

TCP/IP Architecture User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

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User Datagram Protocol (UDP) (Contd.)

It is connectionless protocol. It is responsible for process-to-process communication. It is a simple and unreliable transport protocol. It is a process-to-process protocol that adds the port addresses, checksum error control and data length information to the data packets from the upper layer. It is a suitable transport protocol for multicasting and broadcasting.

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UDP Applications

Higher-layer applications that use the services of UDP include the following:

Network File system (NFS)

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Applications that includes flow and error control such as Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Domain Name system (DNS) Routing updating protocols such as Routing Information Protocol (RIP) An application that requires simple communication with little flow and error control
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UDP Packet Format

The following figure shows the format of UDP header format:

UDP Header format

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UDP Ports
Port
7 9 11 53 67 68 69 161 123

Protocol
Echo Discard Users Nameserver Bootps Bootpc TFTP SNMP NTP

Description
Echoes a received data packets back to the sander Discards any data packets that is received Active users Domain Name Service Server port to download bootstrap information Client port to download bootstrap information Trivial File Transfer Protocol Simple Network Management Protocol Network Time protocol
List of UDP Ports

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Demonstration - Analyzing UDP Packets

Problem Statement Analyze UDP data packets on the network with the help of Ethereal, a protocol analyzer.

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Solution
1. 2. Generate and capture UDP packets Analyze UDP packets

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Summary
In this lesson, you learned: The protocols of the transport layer deliver data between the Application Layer and the Internet Layer. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is unreliable, connectionless Datagram protocol. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a reliable, connection-oriented bytestream protocol. A 16-bit port address represented as a single number is known as port number. In the TCP/IP protocol architecture the port numbers are integers between 0 and 65535. The Well-known port numbers are in the range from 0 through 1023. The registered port numbers are in the range from 1024 through 49151. The Dynamic port numbers are in the range from 49152 through 65535. Ephemeral port numbers are unique port numbers assigned to client processes.
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Summary (Contd.)

All data packets are sequenced and acknowledged, and a connection is established for data communications through TCP. The unit of data transfer between two devices using TCP is a segment. The exchange of control information is known as handshake. Each application-layer protocol that uses the services of TCP is associated with a unique port number, called TCP port. Each application-layer protocol that uses the services of UDP is associated with a unique port number, called UDP port. Higher layer applications that use UDP must address problems related to flow control and reliability. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) supports network applications that need to transport data between computers. Each datagram sent by UDP is an independent datagram.

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