Variation of Conductance with Temperature in Electrolytes

Name: School: Roll No:

PAVNEET SINGH G.G.N.P !"IC.SCH##" $%

Inde&
'. Certificate.................................................................( ). Ac*nowled+ements....................................................., (. Aim..........................................................................,. Apparatus..................................................................% -. Important Terms......................................................... %. Conducti/ity...............................................................0 .. 1actors Affectin+ Electrical Conducti/ity.........................2 0. Procedure.................................................................'$ 2. Physical Constants.....................................................'' '$. #3ser/ation Set '.....................................................') ''. Graph of #3ser/ation Set '........................................'( '). #3ser/ation Set ).....................................................', '(. Graph of #3ser/ation Set )........................................'',. 4esult.....................................................................'% '-. Conclusion...............................................................'. '%. Precautions..............................................................'0 '.. !i3lio+raphy.............................................................'2

Certificate

This is to certify that PAVNEET SINGH5 student of Class 6II A5 G.G.N. PUBLIC. SCHOOL has completed the pro7ect titled Variation of Conductance with Temperature in Electrolytes durin+ the academic year )$$08)$$2 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the Chemistry practical e/aluation of AISSCE )$'$5 and su3mitted satisfactory report5 as compiled in the followin+ pa+es5 under my super/ision.

Mrs. IRAN!EET AUR 9epartment of Chemistry G.G.N.P !"IC.SCH##"

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Ac*nowled+ements
"There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than words of praise to only as good as belittle a person, whose words do not express, but only put a veneer over true feelings, which are of gratitude at this point of time." I would li*e to e&press my sincere +ratitude to my chemistry mentor Mrs. IRAN!EET AUR5 for her /ital support5 +uidance and encoura+ement 8 without which this pro7ect would not ha/e come forth. I would also li*e to e&press my +ratitude to the staff of the 9epartment of Chemistry at G.G.N.P !"IC.SCH##" for their support durin+ the ma*in+ of this pro7ect.

Aim

To find the /ariation of conductance with temperature in electrolytes

Apparatus

Glass 3ea*er5 CuS#, solution5 Cu electrodes5 :nS#, solution5 :n electrodes5 rheostat5 3attery eliminator5 water5 3urner5 thermometer5 flas*5 ammeter5 /oltmeter

Important Terms

Co&'(c)a&ce; The property of ease of flow of electric current throu+h a 3ody is called conductance. Res*s)a&ce; The o3stacle offered to the flow of electric current is called resistance. Elec)rol+s*s; The operation in which electricity causes a chemical reaction is called electrolysis. Ohm,s La-; This law states that the current flowin+ throu+h a resistance is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across it<s ends5 at constant temperature and pressure. V !x" .ara'a+,s La-s; 1irst "aw; The mass of a su3stance produced or consumed in electrolysis is directly proportional to the =uantity of char+e passin+ throu+h it. m # or, m $%!%t where5 $ is electrochemical e=ui/alent> ! is current> t is time in seconds> # is char+e.

Second "aw; The mass of su3stance produced in electrolysis directly proportional to its e=ui/alent mass. &' ( E' &) ( E) &* ( E*... Third "aw; The mass of a su3stance produced in electrolysis is directly proportional to the num3er of electrons per mole needed to cause desired chan+e in o&idation state.

Conducti/ity
?hen /olta+e is applied to the electrodes immersed into an electrolyte solution5 ions of electrolyte mo/e5 and thus5 electric current flows throu+h the electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution and the metal conductors e&hi3it resistance to the passa+e of the current> 3oth of which o3ey #hm<s law. The reciprocal of resistance is called electrical conductance. The unit of electrical conductance is +iemens ,+- or ohm8' or mho. If a solution is placed 3etween two parallel electrodes ha/in+ cross sectional area . and distance / apart then the resistance is +i/en 3y " '(C

0 @called <rho<A is *nown as resisti/ity. Its reciprocal +i/es the conducti/ity of the solution5 which is denoted 3y 1 @called <kappa<A. Its unit is +iemens(meter. 2 '("3/(.

/ ( . is a fi&ed =uantity for a cell and is called the <cell constant<.

1actors Affectin+ Electrical Conducti/ity

The factors which affect the electrical conducti/ity of the solutions are;

I&)er1*o&*c a))rac)*o&; It depends on solute8 solute interactions. Sol2a)*o& o3 *o&s; It depends on solute8sol/ent interactions. V*scos*)+ o3 )he sol2e&); It depends on sol/ent8sol/ent interactions.

Procedure
'. The electrolyte chosen is :nS#, and the electrodes are of :n. ). 4eadin+s for the measurement of conductance are ta*en at inter/als of (# C (. Proper precautions are ta*en to a/oid e/aporation and to *eep other factors constant. ,. The /essel and electrodes are remo/ed and the /essel is cleaned and filled with :nS#, solution. -. The electrodes are refitted in their ori+inal place so that the distance 3etween them does not chan+e. %. Current is passed and when the /oltmeter and ammeter show steady readin+s5 they are noted. .. The current is switched off. 0. It is seen that while the ammeter readin+ returns at once to $ position. The /oltmeter needle pauses for a while at a particular readin+ which is noted down. 2. This readin+ indicates the 3ac* EB1 in the electrolyte. '$. Similarly5 more sets of readin+ are ta*en5 and resistance is calculated. ''. Thus5 the /alue of conductance is calculated. '). The switched on circuit readin+s in /oltmeter and ammeter are ta*en. '(. The current throu+h the electrolyte is chan+ed 3y ad7ustin+ the rheostat and more sets of readin+s are ta*en. ',. Thus5 the mean /alue of resistance is calculated. '-. A3o/e steps are repeated for CuS#, as electrolyte with electrodes made of Cu.

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Physical Constants
1or the purpose of accuracy and con/enience5 some important aspects of the electrolyte process are *ept constant in the e&periment as their /ariation mi+ht affect the conducti/ity of the electrolyte. They are;

Volta+e Nature of electrodes SiCe of electrodes Separation 3etween the electrodes Concentration of the electrolytes Nature of the electrolytes 4esistance in the circuit

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#3ser/ation Set '

4or $n+56 electrolyte with $n electrodes

S Temperature No

4eadin+ 4eadin+ 4esistance Conductance of of Ammeter Voltmeter ! V '.$ V $.2- V $.02 V $.0, V $.0$ V $..- V $..' V $.%- V " V(! '$ D 2.- D 0.$2 D ..%( D %.%% D %.$$ D ..% D -.$$ D C '("

' ) ( , % . 0

)( # C )% )2 () ((0 ,' ,,
# # # # # # #

'$$ mA '$$ mA ''$ mA ''$ mA ')$ mA ')- mA '($ mA '($ mA

$.'$$ D8' $.'$- D8' $.')$ D8' $.'($ D8' $.'-$ D8' $.'%$ D8' $.'0$ D8' $.)$$ D8'

C C C C C C C

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Graph of #3ser/ation Set '

Zinc Sulphate Electrolyte
0.2 0.18 0.16

0.25

0.2

onductance (in #ho"

0.15
0.12 0.1 0.11

0.15 0.13

0.1

0.05

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Temperature (in degree

el!iu!"

1"

#3ser/ation Set )
4or Cu+56 electrolyte

S Temperature 4eadin+ 4eadin+ of 4esistance Conductance No of Voltmeter Ammeter ! ' ) ( , % . 0 2 '$ '' )- EC )0 EC (' EC (, EC (% EC (0 EC ,) EC ,, EC ,. EC ,2 EC -( EC .- mA .- mA .- mA .- mA 0$ mA 0$ mA 0$ mA 0- mA 0- mA 2$ mA 2$ mA V '., V '.(- V '.( V '.)- V '.) V '.'- V '.'$ V '.'$ V '.$- V '.'$ V '.2$ V " V(! C '("

'0.%. D '0.$$ D '..(( D '%.%. D '-.$$ D ',.(0 D '(..- D ').2, D ').(- D ''.'' D '$.$$ D

$.$-( D8' $.$-- D8' $.$-. D8' $.$%$ D8' $.$%% D8' $.$%2 D8' $.$.) D8' $.$.- D8' $.$0$ D8' $.$2$ D8' $.'$$ D8'

1#

Graph of #3ser/ation Set )

opper Sulphate Electrolyte

0.12 0.1
0.0% 0.1

0.08
onductance (in #ho"
0.0$ 0.0$ 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06

0.08 0.08 0.0$

0.06 0.04 0.02 0 20

25

30

35

40
el!iu!"

45

50

55

Temperature (in degree

1$

4esult
The rele/ant +raph shows that the ' ( "esistance of an electrolyte increases at a steady rate as the temperature increases.

1%

Conclusion

#n heatin+ a solution5 it is *nown that /iscosity +radually decreases5 with decrease in /iscosity5 the speed and mo/ement of the ions increases. In other words5 the conductance of the electrolyte increases with increases in temperature. Hence5 the result of the e&periment a+rees with reasonin+.

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Precautions

Variation of resistance due to one of the factors should 3e *ept constant. The electrodes used in each case should always 3e *ept parallel to each other. The solution should 3e *ept undistur3ed throu+hout the e&periment. 1or each o3ser/ation5 three readin+s are ta*en and the mean /alue is considered.

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!i3lio+raphy

Chemistry ,7art !- 8 Textbook for Class 9!!> National Council of Educational 4esearch and Trainin+ Concepts of 7hysics ) 3y H C Verma> !harti !hawan @Pu3lishers F 9istri3utorsA

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