Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
The Well Rounded Russian Woman: Her Work in The City And On The Fields
The aftermath of World War II left Russian women burdened with the rebuilding of their
country. They were left to fill the shoes of men and their various positions in the work field.
American press showed the women of Russia as the key to the revival of industry. In the article
“Women Sustaining Industry in Russia”, by Drew Middleton, the author highlights the
achievement of women in the industrial work field. He illustrated the importance of women post
war and how they surpassed the involvement of men in many ways. This type of journalism
showed Americans, especially women that both genders can be equally powerful in restoration
after war. Also during this time period John Steinbeck and Robert Capa set out to go against the
grain of the American press and wrote a book of Russia’s everyday life that would focus
primarily on rural communities. They ”decided to write it as it happened, day by day, experience
by experience, and sight by sight, without departmentalizing” (Steinbeck 8). Steinbeck and
Capa’s A Russian Journal focused on the idea of strong women in Russia post war, while also
exposing the new power women possessed within the farming industry.
In the article, “Women Sustaining Industry In Russia” author Drew Middleton praises the
female sex for their ability to carry the weight of industry upon their backs. With the destruction
caused by World War II, “publics had to attack the problem of reconstruction of the basic
industries first.” (Middleton). Middleton lays out facts for the audience. These facts give the
reader assurance that the argument he is proposing is credible and can be carried on its own.
Middleton chooses to point out the industries in which revival were deemed vital in
reconstruction, industries such as lighting and clothing. Middleton’s utilizes text in the article to
show the importance of women within industry. He creates a headline within the page entitled,
“Most Workers Are Women”, in bold. This use of font visually shows the reader the importance
of women in the work field. It shows that they stand out among the males and are employed
more frequently. At a clothing factory, “Banner of Industrialization Plant”, the women outnumber
the male population of workers by, “630 women among its 670 employees”. The women in turn
have a 94 percent gain on the men at the furniture factory. This use of numbers and facts supports
To this revelation of women being a powerhouse within the work field Middleton sights
70.13 percent of the workers were women compared with the 40 percent in 1940.” This shows
that in the matter of six years the plant has grown immensely with a 30 percent increase of
female workers. The plant has consistently been adding female workers to the payroll, making an
increase of 5 percent in female workers each year. This is significant in showing that the male
dominated work worlds were steadily being subjugated by females. The use of numbers as facts
is essential in emphasizing the females’ domination of industry. Take for example, the “70.13”
percent; Middleton could have easily rounded down the numerical value to an even 70 percent.
Instead the use of the entire number by Middleton shows that attention to detail is indispensable,
especially when it came to creating an accurate depiction of females’ gaining authority in the
work field. The .13 percent showed that women were steps much closer to gaining full equality
with men, and over time had the potential to obtain such equality.
Middleton further supports the concept of women’s movement up the working hierarchy
by stating that, “in the light industry men occupy managerial and technical positions, but there
are many women workers in these jobs as well” (Middleton). This correlation between the
positions of men and women displays how women began to take positions of power, even
working beside or above men. With these positions in power women were able to more easily
help with the reconstruction period, taking the “reins” of the operation into their hands.
Middleton further articulates women being in control of the renovation process of Russia, by
utilizing an example from the Voroshilovgrad furniture plant stating that, “only thirty of the 150
men who had left the factory for the army in 1941 returned to it”(Middleton). The vacancy in
employment made it possible for women to enter and become workers of the industry and trade.
This fact also gives support and reasoning to the 30 percent increase of female workers in the
plant. Coming from the perspective of a man Middleton proves to be informative and gives
In A Russian Journal Steinbeck and Capa confirm the fact that women were not just at
the forefront of rebuilding Russia’s industrial workplace but were also responsible for the rebirth
of the revival of the farming industry. The photograph on page 90 denotes the concept of this
hard work put in by the women. The photograph was taken at a farm named Shevechnko II, a
surviving farm of World War II. The farm was not destroyed by the Germans in the war but all of
the animals were killed. The farm was far different that the other farms Capa and Steinbeck had
seen, because its buildings remained intact during the war. In the photograph there are
approximately 12 women working. The women are working with what appears to be wheat.
There are 9 women who are working on top of the stacks of wheat and 3 women on the ground
surrounding the crop. The women on the ground are the “brains” of the operation and are leading
the other women through their work. This helps to show the hierarchy system that women have
created upon the farm. It is a cycle of women working for other women.
The women are working diligently in the photograph. The amount of light in the photo
shows that it was taken in the middle of the day. The light also gives an inclination that it may
have been hot outside. Capa wanted to capture the conditions of the women’s work environment.
While this photo is aesthetically pleasing to the eye in the means of symmetry, Capa also capture
the photo to show that, “it is women who are the real heroes of the farm front-women who did
practically all of the farm work during the war, who are doing even now 80 per cent of the work
on collective farms today” (Steinbeck). This is where the photographs of Capa and writing of
Steinbeck work best. Both are describing the women of Russia according to their work habits.
The strength of the women’s work habits within the farm industry are displayed through the
movement of the photo. In the photo some women are throwing wheat where others are seen as
shoveling it. Capa intentionally captured the movement of the photo so that Americans would
have concrete evidence of the women’s work within the field. It shows that Russian women have
The photo on page 99 is another prime example of the work ethic that the Russia women
acquired in the wake of the war. The photograph takes place upon the same farm of Shevechnko
II. This picture proves to be rather metaphoric in terms of what was happening with women in
Russia and what is happening in the photo. There is one woman in the photograph. The photo is
taken at a close range and she fills the majority of the picture. This same idea of women is
translated in Russia. Women fill not only the majority of the “photo” that is Russia but they also
are filling the shoes that men once filled. The woman is in the midst of working. The photograph
captures the pain on her face from carrying the wheat. She also is moving in a forward motion.
This same motion can be correlated to the forward motion Russian women have had to make in
rebuilding Russia. They can not change the past and there only option was to move forward. The
woman is also carrying a heavy load of wheat. This load of wheat is meant to be seen as the
burden women of Russia have had to carry since the end of the war. They have not only had to
carry there families but the country as a whole. The sky behind the woman seems to be
promising. It is fairly clear and very little clouds are in sight. Capa made sure to include the sky
within the photo to show that the future for Russia is promising, and the “skies” clear. It shows
Americans that Russia’s future is promising and they will rebuild fully.
Both the article and the book praise women for their labor within the workforce, both
industrial and rural. In the article Middleton discusses Russian women as being the front runners
of the successful revival of industry of goods. Capa and Steinbeck looked at the success of
women in the rural parts of Russia. It gives America a new perspective on the Russian woman
and shows them as being well rounded. They are influential in the areas of city work and rural
work and they were the leaders of the Russian revival. This form of “journal” –ism created by
Steinbeck and Capa through A Russian Journal was innovative and bridged the gap between
what Americans heard second hand through press and what was actually occurring within Russia
Works Cited
Middleton, Drew. “Women Sustaining Industry in Russia.” The New York Times 2 Oct. 1946. P.
45
Steinbeck, John. A Russian Journal. New York: Viking, 1948.