A Front-to-Front (FTF) System Consisting of Two Modular Multilevel Cascade Converters Based on Double-Star Chopper-Cells

Firman Sasongko, Makoto Hagiwara, and Hirofumi Akagi Tokyo Institute of Technology

Tokyo Institute of Technology Power Electronics Lab.

Outline
Research Background Key Technologies for HVDC Network FTF System Based on MMCC-DSCC
Simulation Results Summary

Tokyo Institute of Technology Power Electronics Lab.

Research Background
Key Technologies for HVDC Network FTF System Based on MMCC-DSCC Simulation Results

Summary
Tokyo Institute of Technology Power Electronics Lab.

Introduction
5

Installed offshore wind farm in Europe (GW)

Source: EWEA

Offshore Wind Farm Advantages

Higher wind speed

4 3
2 1 0
Annually added

Less turbulence
Large areas availability
2012 Less constructional and

1993

2002 Global offshore wind farm installed capacity in 2012 (GW)

3
2
New 2012

operational restrictions Challenges

1
Source: GWEC

Harsh environment
Remote Limited accessibility
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Offshore Wind Farm Trend

Increase the size ???
Reduce visual impacts ???
Monopile Jacket/Tripod 0 ~ 30 m, 1 ~ 2 MW 25 ~ 50 m, 2 ~ 5 MW Floating Structures >50 m, 5 ~ 10 MW Floating Structures >120 m, 5 ~ 10 MW

further from shore

Challenges
deeper water (>50m)

more difficult bottom conditions higher waves

more robust wind turbines necessity power collection and grid interconnection
Source: Principle Power

Tokyo Institute of Technology Power Electronics Lab.

Offshore Wind Farm Interconnection

AC voltage level constraints AC/AC layout 100 ~ 1000 MW Cable charging current

Limited voltage regulation Limited phase angle difference

AC/DC layout

up to 155 kV, 100 km

DC Power Collection

DC/DC layout
[1] I. Erlich, F. Shewarega, C. Feltes, F. W. Koch, and J. Fortmann, Offshore wind power generation technologies, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 891905, Apr. 2013. [6] S. Lundberg, Evaluation of wind farm layouts, EPE Journal, vol. 16, pp. 1421, 2006.

Higher flexibility and reliability

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High-Power Long-Distance Offshore Transmission

AC vs. DC Transmission Cost
Cost
Total AC Cost Total DC Cost

Estimated Optimal Solution Power [MW] for Offshore Transmission

600 500

DC losses

LCC-HVDC

400
AC losses DC line cost

300 200 VSC or LCC-HVDC

AC line cost DC terminal cost AC terminal cost

100
0
0

AC
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Distance

[i] M. Okba, M. Saied, M. Mostafa, et. al., High Voltage Direct Current Transmission A Review, Part I, IEEE Energytech, pp. 17, May. 2012. [2] N. M. Kirby, L. Xu, M. Luckett, and W. Siepmann, HVDC transmission for large offshore wind farms, Power Engineering Journal, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 135141, Jun. 2002.

Distance [km]
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 Research Background

Key Technologies for HVDC Network

FTF System Based on MMCC-DSCC

Simulation Results Summary

Tokyo Institute of Technology Power Electronics Lab.

Multi-Terminal HVDC Networks

Offshore Onshore

Stability Issue: Fast fault interruption required

9
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DC Circuit Breakers
Mechanical Switches

Slow
Inefficient

Power Electronics Hybrid System

ABBs breakthrough: up to one gigawatt with the interrupt time of 5 ms and power loss less than 0.01%.
10

Fast and Efficient ?

Cost???
Tokyo Institute of Technology Power Electronics Lab.

Key Technologies for HVDC Networks

DC/DC Transformer

DC

Technically feasible

Economically feasible?
Medium Frequency Transformer

DC
Fault-Protective DC/DC Converter
DC Circuit Breaker Technically feasible? Economically feasible???
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11

 Research Background Key Technologies for HVDC Network

FTF System Based on MMCC-DSCC

Simulation Results Summary
Tokyo Institute of Technology Power Electronics Lab.

12

MMCC-DSCC Basic Principles

= =

n+1 level
= +

= +

arm leg

13

[13] R. Marquardt, A. Lesnicar, and J. Hildinger, Modulares stromrichterkonzept fur netzkupplungsanwendung bei hohen spannungen, ETG-Conference, 2002. [14] H. Akagi, Classification , terminology , and application of the modular multilevel cascade converter (MMCC), IEEE tran. on power elect., vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 31193130, Apr. 2011.

Tokyo Institute of Technology Power Electronics Lab.

BTB and FTF System Applications

Aims

Back-to-Back System

HVDC transmission
Frequency changer Asynchronous power flow controller

Aims

Front-to-Front System

DC-to-DC systems Galvanically isolated systems

Voltage changer
14
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Front-to-Front (FTF) System Based on DSCC

DC AC 150 ~ 500 Hz DC

Multilevel Signal Waveforms

Modular Structure & Redundant

Operation Bi-directional Power Flow Inherent Faults Handling Passive Components Reduction
Medium Frequency Transformer Less Space Less Weight Lower Cost

Chopper Cell

n-Cells

15

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Faults on an FTF System

OFF OFF OFF Fault Protection:
Handled by circuit operation Very fast interruption

OFF OFF OFF

ifault

OFF OFF OFF

OFF OFF OFF

16
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Power Collection Based on FTF System

Collecting Side Converters
Transmission Side Converter

17

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 Research Background Key Technologies for HVDC Network FTF System Based on MMCC-DSCC

Simulation Results
Summary
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18

Circuit Configuration for Simulation

DC Capacitors

P* : 10 MW

1.65 kV/3 mF

Switching Method

Vref
13.2 kV

Phase-Shifted PWM fc = 1350 Hz Dead-time = 4 s

Power Control 1:1

6.6 kV 150 Hz LAC : 0.37 mH (8%) LC : 1.1 mH (23.8%)

- Decoupled Current Control

Capacitor Control
- Leg Balancing

- Arm Balancing

n : 16
19

- Individual Balancing
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Simulation Results
10 0 -10 10 0 -10 1.25 0 -1.25 1.65

DSCC-1
Power [MW]

10 0 -10

DSCC-2

Line Voltages [kV] Line Currents [kA]

10 0 -10 1.25 0 -1.25 1.65

vC1u vC9u
0 0.75 0 -0.75 20 ms

Leg Capacitor Voltages [kV]

DC Currents [kA]

0 0.75 0 -0.75

20 ms

iDC

iZu

20

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Power Collection Simulation Results

10

p1 p2 p3

P2* : 8 MW

Power [MW]

0 -10

VDC: 13.2 kV 6.6 kV 150 Hz

Line Currents [kA]

1.25 0 -1.25

iu1 iu2 iu3

DSCC-1 1.65 Capacitor Voltages [kV] 0 DSCC-2 1.65 Capacitor Voltages [kV] 0 DSCC-3 1.65 Capacitor Voltages [kV] 0

vC1u1 vC9u1

vC1u2 vC9u2
20 ms

vC1u3 vC9u3

P3* : 2 MW
21

Tokyo Institute of Technology Power Electronics Lab.

Summary

HVDC transmission is likely to be preferred option for future offshore wind farms.
Dc/dc transformers and dc breakers are the key components to multi-terminal dc grid. A front-to-front (FTF) system is a dc/dc transformer that is capable of handling faults inherently.

The proposed FTF system based on MMCC-DSCC is applicable for dc power collection.
Tokyo Institute of Technology Power Electronics Lab.

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Thank you
23
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References
[1] I. Erlich, F. Shewarega, C. Feltes, F. W. Koch, and J. Fortmann, Offshore wind power generation technologies, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 891905, Apr. 2013. [2] N. M. Kirby, L. Xu, M. Luckett, and W. Siepmann, HVDC transmission for large offshore wind farms, Power Engineering Journal, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 135141, Jun. 2002. [3] V. G. Agelidis, G. D. Demetriades, and N. Flourentzou, Recent advances in high-voltage direct-current power transmission systems, IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, 2006. ICIT 2006., pp. 206213, Dec. 2006. [4] A. M. Abbas and P. W. Lehn, PWM based VSC -HVDC systems - a review, PES 09. IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2009., pp. 19, Jul. 2009. [5] J. Glasdam, J. Hjerrild, L. H. Kocewiak, and C. L. Bak, Review on multi-level voltage source converter based HVDC technologies for grid connection of large offshore wind farms, IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON) 2012 , pp. 16, Oct. 2012. [6] S. Lundberg, Evaluation of wind farm layouts, EPE Journal, vol. 16, pp. 1421, 2006. [7] W. Lu and B.-T. Ooi, Premium quality power park based on multiterminal HVDC, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 978983, Apr. 2005. [8] L. Xu, B. W. Williams, and L. Yao, Multi-terminal dc transmission systems for connecting large offshore wind farms, 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, pp. 17, Jul. 2008.
Tokyo Institute of Technology Power Electronics Lab.

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References (contd)
[9] J. Zhu and C. Booth, Future multi-terminal HVDC transmission systems using voltage source converters, 45th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) 2010 , pp. 16, Aug. 2010. [10] R. Marquardt, Modular multilevel converter topologies with dc -short circuit current limitation, 8th International Conference on Power Electronics ECCE Asia , pp. 14251431, Jun. 2011. [11] S. Kenzelmann, A. Rufer, M. Vasiladiotis, D. Dujic, F. Canales, and Y. de Novaes, A versatile dc-dc converter for energy collection and distribution using the modular multilevel converter, Proceedings of the 2011-14th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE 2011), pp. 110, Aug. 2011. [12] S. Kenzelmann, D. Dujic, F. Canales, Y. de Novaes, and A. Rufer, Modular dc/dc converter: comparison of modulation methods, 15th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE/PEMC) 2012, pp. LS2a.11LS2a.17, Sep. 2012. [13] R. Marquardt, A. Lesnicar, and J. Hildinger, Modulares stromrichterkonzept fur netzkupplungsanwendung bei hohen spannungen, ETG-Conference, 2002. [14] H. Akagi, Classification , terminology , and application of the modular multilevel cascade converter (MMCC), IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 31193130, Apr. 2011. [15] H. Fujita, M. Hagiwara, and H. Akagi, Power flow analysis and dc capacitor voltage regulation for the MMCC-DSCC, IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 132, no. 6, pp. 659665, Dec. 2012. [i] M. Okba, M. Saied, M. Mostafa, et. al., High Voltage Direct Current Transmission A Review, Part I, IEEE Energytech, pp. 17, May. 2012.
Tokyo Institute of Technology Power Electronics Lab.

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European Wind Farms

Tokyo Institute of Technology Power Electronics Lab.

MMCC Family Members

Modular Multilevel Cascade Converter Double-Star Chopper-Cells (MMCC-DSCC)
Medium-Voltage High Power Converter Voltage Source Multilevel Two-Level

Current Source
Load Commutated DiodeClamped Single Arm PWM Flying Capacitor

Modular Multilevel Cascade Converter Double Arm

Cascaded H-Bridge

Star Connection ChopperCells BridgeCells

Star Connection
BridgeCells

Delta Connection
BridgeCells

27

A. Lesnicar, R.Marquardt, An Innovative Modular Multilevel Converter Topology Suitable for a Wide Power Range, IEEE PowerTech conf., 2003. Hirofumi Akagi, Classification, Terminology, and Application of the Modular Multilevel Cascade Converter (MMCC) , IEEE trans. power elect., vol.26, no. 11, 2011. Tokyo Institute of Technology

Power Electronics Lab.

Limits of AC Cables Transmission Capacity

for three voltage levels, 132 KV, 220 KV and 400 KV

T. Ackermann, N. Barberis Negra, J. Todorovic, L. Lazaridis, Evaluation of Electrical Transmission Concepts for Large Offshore Wind Farms, presented at the Copenhagen Offshore Wind -Int. Conf. Exhib., Copenhagen, Denmark, Oct. 2005. Tokyo Institute of Technology 28 Power Electronics Lab.

Chopper Cell Basic Operation

Cell Voltage Command
S1
ON OFF

S2
OFF ON

iP
+ +

vpi
vci 0

Capacitor C
charging -

ON
OFF

OFF
ON

vci
0

discharging
-

AC Voltage Command DC Voltage Command

Maintain AC Side Voltage Maintain DC Side Voltage

Maintain Capacitor Voltage

output side

input side

Capacitor Voltage Command

29

Tokyo Institute of Technology Power Electronics Lab.

MMCC-DSCC Control Method

Controlling Output Power
Decoupled Current Control

Controlling Capacitor Voltage

Leg Balancing Control
Arm Balancing Control Individual Balancing Control
30

iP, VPi , iN VNi

+
-

Cap. C
charging
discharging
Tokyo Institute of Technology Power Electronics Lab.

vci
vci

Front-to-Front for DC/DC Application

Previous Research*
Single-Phase Configuration
Two-level & Square-wave

modulation

Our Research
Three-Phase Configuration Coupled Inductor Sinusoidal Phase Shift Pulse Width Modulation Simulated and Experimental

Verification
* S. Kenzelmann, D. Dujic, F. Canales, Y. de Novaes, and A. Rufer, Modular DC/DC converter: Comparison of modulation methods, 15th International Power Electronics and Motion Control 31 Conference (EPE/PEMC) 2012, pp. LS2a.11LS2a.17, Sep. 2012.

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Fault on a Multilevel Converter

Solutions:
1. DC Breakers 2. Full-Bridge Cells 3. Parallel Thyristors

AC

AC

32

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Circuit Configuration
P* : 10 MW DC Capacitor
1.65 kV/3 mF

Switching Method 13.2 kV

Phase-Shifted PWM fc = 1350 Hz Dead-time = 4 s

1:1
6.6 kV 150 Hz LAC : 0.37 mH (8%) LC : 1.1 mH (23.8%)

n : 16
33
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Simulation Results
DSCC-1
10 0 -10 10 0 -10 1.25 0 -1.25 1.65 10

DSCC-2
Power [MW]
0 -10

Line Voltages [kV]

Line Currents [kA]

10 0 -10 1.25 0 -1.25

Short Circuit Event

vC1u vC9u
10 ms

0 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3

1.65 Leg Capacitor Voltages [kV] 0

10 ms

iZu

iDC

DC Currents [kA]

3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3

34

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Experimental Setup 400 V 10 kW FTF System

Module Structure:
16 cells/leg
U-phase

Chopper Cell:
150-V 70-A MOSFET42
50-V 6600-mF Capacitor

AC Voltage:

200 V 50 Hz
Controller System: - A DSP board

- Two FPGA boards

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Medium Frequency Transformer

Volume and Frequency Relation:

1 4

3 4

Transformer Losses

+
Core

Winding

Dielectric

U.Drofenik, A 150kW Medium Frequency Transformer Optimized for Maximum Power Density, 7th International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems (CIPS12 ), 2012.

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