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eBooks Dynamics Fluids Math Mechanics Multimedia Mems Statics Thermodynamics Author(s): Chean Chin Ngo Kurt Gramoll Kurt Gram oll
where V is the velocity vector, n is the outward unit normal vector, and F represents the sum of all forces (body and surface forces) applied to the control volume. The actual derivation of this equation is omitted but can be easily done using Reynolds Transport Theorem. This is similar to the conservation of mass equation, but it has an added velocity term in each integral. Also, the sum is not zero, but equal to all the applied forces. Physically, the linear momentum equation states that the sum of all forces applied on the control volume is equal to the sum of the rate of change of momentum inside the control volume and the net flux of momentum through the control surface. For steady flow, the first term on the right hand side vanishes. The sign of the force and velocity vectors (F and V) depends on the assigned coordinate system. The sign on the quantity Vn depends on the velocity as well as the orientation of the control surface. The unit normal vector is defined as positive when pointing out of the control surface. To better understand normal directions and signs, consider the mixing chamber as shown in the diagram at the left. At the inlet 1, the flow is in the positive xdirection (i.e., V1 = V1i), while the unit normal is defined out of the control surface n1 = -i. Hence, the term V1n1 yields a negative value (-V1). The flow at the inlet 2 is in the negative y-direction (i.e.,V2 = -V2j), while the unit normal vector n2 is in the positive ydirection. The term V2n2 also yields a negative value (-
V2). At outlet 3, both the velocity and unit normal vector are in the positive x-direction, hence V3n3 is positive (V3).
(V3). The vector form of the linear momentum equation can be written in scalar form once a coordinate system is established. For example, the vector equation can be rewritten in terms of x-, y- and z-components for a Cartesian coordinate system.
F = ( A V V)out - ( A V V)in
Using the continuity condition, dm/dt = AV, the momentum equation simplifies to
F = dmi/dt Vi
where i represents each outlet and inlet (sign difference). This form of the momentum equation is useful when the mass flow rate is involved, just as water jets or rocket exhaust.
Pipe Elbow
Next, the inlet and outlet are flat surfaces, and it can be assumed the velocity is uniform across the surface. This reduces the equation to (rewritten in terms of x-, yand z-components), x: p1A1 + p2A2 + Rx = u1(-u1)A1 - u2(u2)A2 y: Ry - W = 0 z: Rz = 0 where W is the weight of the pipe elbow including water. According to the principle of conservation of mass,
Forces on the Control Volume
the linear momentum equations can be rearranged to yield the reaction forces as:
Ry = W Rz = 0