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Chapter 1 Rate of Reactions List of PEKA experiments:

1. Average rate of reaction and instantaneous rate of reaction 2. Effect of surface area on the rate of reaction 3. Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction 4. Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction 5. Effect of cata !st on the rate of reaction ". Effect of the amount of cata !st on the rate of reaction #um$er La$orator! %or& 1.2 Pg. 3 'it e Average rate of reaction and instantaneous rate of reaction Aim 'o determine the average rate of reaction and the instantaneous rate of reaction Apparatus 5( cm3 $ea&er 'est tu$e )patu a *ateria *ar$ e chip 2.( mo dm+3 h!droch oric acid ,-. / (.1 mo dm+3 sodium thiosu phate0 #a2)213so ution 1.( mo dm+3 ead,22/ nitrate so ution . #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Pro$ em )tatement -!pothesis Experiment 1.1 " Effect of surface area on the rate of reaction 'o investigate the effect of tota surface area of the reactant on the rate of reaction -o3 does the tota exposed surface area of a so id reactant affect the rate of reaction4 %hen the tota surface area of mar$ e chips increases0 the rate of reaction increases. 5 'he sma er the si6e of the reactant partic es0 that is0 the arger the tota surface area of the reactant partic es0 the higher the rate of reaction. 5( cm3 measuring c! inder 15( cm3 conica f as& )topper 3ith de iver! tu$e 7asin 7urette )patu a E ectronic $a ance )top3atch

Apparatus

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1perationa ;efinition

(.5 mo dm+3 h!droch oric acid ,-. / 2 g arge mar$ e chips 2 g sma mar$ e chips %ater *anipu ated varia$ e: 'ota surface area of mar$ e chips 9esponding varia$ e: 9ate of reaction .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: *ass of mar$ e chips0 vo ume and concentration of h!droch oric acid ,-. /0 temperature 1. )ma er mar$ e chips have a arger tota surface area than arger mar$ e chips of the same mass. 2. :or the graph of the vo ume of gas re eased against time0 the curve 3ith higher initia gradient indicates a higher initia rate of reaction.

. #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Pro$ em )tatement -!pothesis Experiment 1.2 1( Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction 'o investigate the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction -o3 does the concentration of a reactant affect the rate of reaction4 5 ;oes high concentration of sodium thiosu phate #a2)213 so ution decrease the time ta&en for the mar& <=> to disappear from sight4 %hen the concentration of sodium thiosu phate0 #a2)213 so ution increases0 the rate of reaction increases. 5 'he higher the concentration of sodium thiosu phate #a2)213 so ution0 the shorter the time ta&en for the mar& <=> to disappear from sight. 15( cm3 conica f as& 5( cm3 measuring c! inder 1( cm3 measuring c! inder )top3atch (.2 mo dm+3 sodium thiosu phate so ution 1.( mo dm+3 su phuric acid ;isti ed 3ater %hite paper mar&ed <=> at the centre *anipu ated varia$ e: .oncentration of sodium thiosu phate0 #a2)213 so ution 9esponding varia$ e: 9ate of reaction .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: .oncentration0 vo ume and initia temperature of su phuric acid0 -2)14. 'ota vo ume of reactants 9ate of reaction is inverse ! proportiona to the time ta&en for the the mar& <=> to disappear from sight

Apparatus

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1perationa ;efinition . #um$er Pg.

Experiment 1.3 13

'it e Aim Pro$ em )tatement -!pothesis Apparatus

Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction 'o investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction -o3 does temperature affect the rate of reaction4 An increase in temperature 3i increase the rate of reaction. 15( cm3 conica f as& 5( cm3 measuring c! inder 1( cm3 measuring c! inder )top3atch 'hermometer 7unsen $urner 'ripod stand %ire gau6e (.2 mo dm+3 sodium thiosu phate so ution 1.( mo dm+3 su phuric acid %hite paper mar&ed <=> at the centre *anipu ated varia$ e: 'emperature of sodium thiosu phate0 #a2)213 so ution 9esponding varia$ e: 'he time ta&en for the cross <=> to disappear .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: vo ume and concentration of sodium thiosu phate #a2)213so ution0 vo ume and concentration of su phuric acid0 si6e of conica f as& 9ate of reaction is inverse ! proportiona to the time ta&en for the mar& <=> to disappear from sight

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1perationa ;efinition . #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Pro$ em )tatement -!pothesis Apparatus

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Experiment 1.4 15 Effect of cata !st on the rate of reaction 'o investigate the effect of a cata !st on the rate of reaction -o3 does a cata !st affect the rate of reaction4 5 -o3 do cata !sts affect the rate of decomposition of h!drogen peroxide4 'he presence of a cata !st increases the rate of reaction. 5 *anganese,28/ oxide increases the rate of decomposition of h!drogen peroxide. 'est tu$e 'est tu$e rac& )patu a %ooden sp inter 9etort stand and c amp 1( cm3 measuring c! inder E ectronic $a ance %eighing $ott e 2(+vo ume h!drogen peroxide0 -212 so ution 1.( g *anganese,28/ oxide po3der *anipu ated varia$ e: Presence or a$sence of a cata !st 9esponding varia$ e: 'he re ease of ox!gen gas 5 9ate of reaction

1perationa ;efinition

.ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: 8o ume and concentration of h!drogen peroxide ,-212/ so ution0 temperature 'he decomposition of h!drogen peroxide is fast if the g o3ing 3ooden sp inter re&ind es $right ! and rapid !. 'he decomposition of h!drogen peroxide is s o3 if the g o3ing 3ooden sp inter g o3s dim ! and s o3 !.

. #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Pro$ em )tatement -!pothesis Apparatus Experiment 1.5 1? Effect of the amount of cata !st on the rate of reaction 'o investigate the effect of the amount of cata !st on the rate of reaction. -o3 does the amount of a cata !st affect the rate of reaction4 5 ;oes higher amount of cata !sts increases the rate of reaction4 %hen the amount of a cata !st used increases0 the rate of reaction increases. 5 'he higher the amount of the cata !sts0 the higher the rate of reaction. 5( cm3 measuring c! inder 15( cm3 conica f as& )topper 3ith de iver! tu$e 7urette 9etort stand and c amp 7asin )top3atch E ectronic $a ance )patu a %eighing $ott e 7ea&ers 2+vo ume h!drogen peroxide so ution 1.( g manganese,28/ oxide po3der *anipu ated varia$ e: amount 5 mass of cata !st 9esponding varia$ e: 9ate of reaction .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: 'emperature0 vo ume and concentration of h!drogen peroxide so ution 'he curves for the graph of vo ume of gas i$erated against time a higher gradient indicated a higher rate of reaction.

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1perationa ;efinition

Chapter 3 Oxidation and Reduction List of PEKA experiments:

1. 9edox reaction as oss or gain of ox!gen 2. .hange of iron,22/ to iron,222/ ions and vice versa 3. ;isp acement of meta s

4. ;isp acement of ha ogens 5. 'ransfer of e ectrons at a distance ". Effect of other meta s on rusting ?. 9eactivit! of meta s 3ith ox!gen @. ,A/ 'he position of car$on in the reactivit! series of meta s 3ith ox!gen ,7/ -eating car$on dioxide 3ith meta s A. 'he position of h!drogen in the reactivit! series of meta s ,;emonstration $! teacher/ 1(. 1xidation and reduction in e ectro !tic ce s 11. 1xidation and reduction in chemica ce s 12. 1xidation and reduction in vo taic ce 3ith a sa t $ridge 13. #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim La$orator! %or& 3.1 "? 9edox reaction as oss or gain of ox!gen 'o investigate oxidation and reduction A. .om$ustion of meta in ox!gen 'o investigate redox reaction in the com$ustion of meta in ox!gen gas0 12 7. -eating of meta oxide 3ith car$on 'o investigate redox reaction in the heating of meta oxide 3ith car$on A. .om$ustion of meta in ox!gen 2n the reaction $et3een meta s in ox!gen0 3hich reagent undergoes oxidation and 3hich reagent undergoes reduction4 7. -eating of meta oxide 3ith car$on 2n the reaction $et3een meta oxide and car$on0 3hich reagent undergoes oxidation and 3hich reagent undergoes reduction4 A. .om$ustion of meta in ox!gen ,2/ *agnesium undergoes oxidation to form magnesium ion0 *g2B ,22/ 1x!gen gas undergoes reduction to form oxide ion0 12+ 7. -eating of meta oxide 3ith car$on

Pro$ em )tatement

-!pothesis

Apparatus

,2/ .ar$on undergoes oxidation to form car$on dioxide gas ,22/ .opper,22/ oxide0 iron,222/ oxide and ead,22/ oxide undergo reduction to form copper0 iron and ead respective ! A. .om$ustion of meta in ox!gen A pair of tongs 7unsen $urner

7. -eating of meta oxide 3ith car$on .ruci$ e Pipe+c a! triang e 'ripod stand 7unsen $urner )patu a A. .om$ustion of meta in ox!gen 5cm magnesium ri$$on )andpaper Cas Dar containing ox!gen 7. -eating of meta oxide 3ith car$on

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.ar$on po3der .opper,22/ oxide po3der 5 2ron,222/ oxide po3der 5 Lead,22/ oxide po3der A. .om$ustion of meta in ox!gen *anipu ated varia$ e: '!pe of meta 9esponding varia$ e: 9eaction product .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: 1x!gen gas and the conditions of reaction 7. -eating of meta oxide 3ith car$on

*anipu ated varia$ e: '!pe of meta oxide 9esponding varia$ e: 9eaction product .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: .ar$on and the conditions of reaction

. #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim La$orator! %or& 3.2 ?1 .hange of iron,22/ to iron,222/ ions and vice versa 'o investigate oxidation and reduction in the change of iron,22/ ions0 :e2B to iron,222/ ions0 :e3B and vice versa ,change of iron,222/ ions0 :e3B to iron,22/ ions0 :e2B/ ;ropper )patu a 'est tu$e 'est tu$e ho der 'est tu$e rac& 7unsen $urner :i ter funne *easuring c! inder (.5 mo dm+3 fresh ! prepared iron,22/ su phate0 :e)14 so ution (.5 mo dm+3 iron,222/ su phate0 :e2,)14/3so ution 7romine 3ater Einc po3der :i ter paper ,1 piece/ 2.( mo dm+3 sodium h!droxide0 #a1- so ution

Apparatus

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(.5 mo dm+3 potassium hexac!noferrate,222/0 K3:e,.#/" so ution

. #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Pro$ em )tatement -!pothesis La$orator! %or& 3.3 ?3 ;isp acement of meta s 'o investigate oxidation and reduction in the disp acement of meta s from their sa t so utions -o3 does redox reaction occur in a disp acement reaction in 3hich a meta is disp aced from its sa t so ution4 ,2/ 'he meta that acts as a reducing agent 3i form meta ion ,22/ 'he meta ion that acts as an oxidising agent 3i $e precipated as meta 'est tu$es 'est tu$e rac& Einc strip .opper strip *agnesium ri$$on (.5 mo dm+3 si ver nitrate (.5 mo dm+3 copper,22/ su phate (.5 mo dm+3 magnesium su phate *anipu ated varia$ e: A pair of meta s and sa t so utions 9esponding varia$ e: Precipitation of meta and co our changes in the so utions .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: 8o umes and concentrations of so utions containing the meta ions

Apparatus *ateria

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. #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Pro$ em )tatement -!pothesis Apparatus *ateria La$orator! %or& 3.4 ?4 ;isp acement of ha ogens 'o investigate oxidation and reduction in the disp acement of ha ogen from its ha ide so ution -o3 do redox reactions occur in disp acement reactions $et3een ha ogens and aFueous so utions of ha ide ions4 A more reactive ha ogen disp ace a ess reactive ha ogen from an aFueous so utions of its ha ide ions 'est tu$es 'est tu$e rac& .h orine 3ater 7romine 3ater 2odine 3ater (.5 mo dm+3 potassium ch orine0 K. so ution (.5 mo dm+3 potassium $romine0 K7r so ution

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(.5 mo dm+3 potassium iodine0 K2 so ution 10101+tricho oethane0 .-3.. 3 *anipu ated varia$ e: A pair of ha ogens and their ha ide ions 9esponding varia$ e: .hanges in co our in 10101+trich oroethane0 .-3.. 3 .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: 8o ume of reaction mixture

. #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Pro$ em statement -!pothesis Apparatus La$orator! %or& 3.5 ?? 'ransfer of e ectrons at a distance 'o investigate oxidation and reduction in the transfer of e ectrons at a distance -o3 do redox reactions occur in disp acement reactions $et3een ha ogens and aFueous so utions of ha ide ions4 A more reactive ha ogen disp ace a ess reactive ha ogen from an aFueous so ution of its ha ide ions G+tu$e Ca vanometer .onnecting 3ire 3ith crocodi e c ips Craphite e ectrode 9etort stand and c amp 'est tu$e ;ropper 5 g ass tu$e )topper 3ith 1 ho e 2.( mo dm+3 su phuric acid0 -2)14 (.5 mo dm+3 fresh ! prepared iron,22/ su phate0 :e)14 so ution (.2 mo dm+3 acidified potassium manganate,822/0 K*n14 so ution (.5 mo dm+3 potassium iodide0 K2 so ution (.2 mo dm+3 acidified potassium dichromate,82/0 K2.r21? so ution 7romine 3ater (.2 mo dm+3 potassium thioc!anate0 K).# so ution 1H starch so ution *anipu ated varia$ e: A pair of ha ogen and their ha ide ions 9esponding varia$ e: .hanges in co our in 10101+trich oroethana0 .-3.. 3 .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: 8o ume of reaction mixture

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. #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Pro$ em )tatement Experiment 3.1 @1 Effect of other meta s on rusting 'o investigate the effect of other meta s on rusting -o3 do different t!pes of meta s in contact 3ith iron affect rusting4

-!pothesis

Apparatus *ateria

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1perationa ;efinition . #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Pro$ em )tatement -!pothesis Apparatus

%hen a more e ectropositive meta is in contact 3ith iron0 the meta inhi$its rusting. %hen a ess e ectropositive meta is in contact 3ith iron0 the meta speeds up rusting 'est tu$e 'est tu$e rac& 2ron nai *agnesium ri$$on .opper strip Einc strip 'in strip -ot De ! so ution 3ith a itt e potassium hexac!anoferrate,222/0 K3:e,.#/" so ution and pheno phtha ein )andpaper *anipu ated varia$ e: '!pes of meta s that are in contact 3ith iron 5 ;ifferent t!pes of meta s 9esponding varia$ e: Presence of co ouration 5 2ntensit! of dar& $ ue co ouration 5 9usting of iron .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: . ean iron nai s0 medium in 3hich the iron nai s are &ept 5 hot De ! so ution0 temperature 7 ue co ouration indicates rusting of iron

La$orator! %or& 3." @5 9eactivit! of meta s 3ith ox!gen ,2/ 'o investigate the reactivit! of meta s 3ith ox!gen ,22/ 'o arrange meta s in terms of their reactivit! 3ith ox!gen -o3 do different t!pes of meta s react 3ith ox!gen4 'he more reactive meta react more vigorous ! 3ith ox!gen 7oi ing tu$e 9etort stand and c amp 7unsen $urner )patu a :orceps *agnesium po3der .opper po3der 2ron fi ings Lead po3der Einc po3der )o id potassium manganate,822/0 K*n14 As$estos paper C ass 3oo *anipu ated varia$ e: ;ifferent t!pes of meta s 9esponding varia$ e: the $rightness of the f ame

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.ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: 'he amount of the meta and potassium manganate,822/ po3der

. #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim La$orator! %or& 3.? @? A. 'he position of car$on in the reactivit! series of meta s 3ith ox!gen 7. -eating car$on dioxide 3ith meta s A. 'o determine the position of car$on in the reactivit! series of meta s 7. 'o determine the a$i it! of a meta to remove ox!gen from car$on dioxide. -o3 is the position of car$on in the reactivit! series of meta s determined4 ,2/ A reaction occur if car$on is more reactive than the meta ,22/ A reaction not occur if car$on is ess reactive than the meta ,222/ .ar$on is p aced $et3een a uminium and 6inc in the reactivit! series of meta s A. 'he position of car$on in the reactivit! series of meta s 3ith ox!gen .ruci$ e 5 Porce ain dish 5 As$estos paper )patu a 7unsen $urner Pipe+c a! triang e 'ripod stand 7. -eating car$on dioxide 3ith meta s

Pro$ em )tatement -!pothesis

Apparatus

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Cas Dar Cas Dar cover A pair of tongs A. 'he position of car$on in the reactivit! series of meta s 3ith ox!gen .ar$on po3der )o id copper,22/ oxide0 .u1 )o id magnesium oxide0 *g1 )o id a uminium oxide0 A 213 )o id 6inc oxide0 En1 7. -eating car$on dioxide 3ith meta s

*agnesium ri$$on Cas Dar fi ed 3ith car$on dioxide gas0 .12 )andpaper *anipu ated varia$ e: '!pe of meta oxide 9esponding varia$ e: 2ntensit! of f ame .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: .ar$on po3der

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A.

7.

*anipu ated varia$ e: '!pe of meta

9esponding varia$ e: 2ntensit! of f ame .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: .ar$on dioxide gas and the conditions of reaction

. #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Pro$ em )tatement -!pothesis Apparatus La$orator! %or& 30@ @A 'he position of h!drogen in the reactivit! series of meta s ,;emonstration $! teacher/ 'o determine the position of h!drogen in the reactivit! series of meta s -o3 is the position of h!drogen in the reactivit! series of meta s determined4 -!drogen is p aced $et3een 6inc and iron in the reactivit! series of meta s .om$ustion tu$e Porce ain dish : at+$ottomed f as& G+tu$e 'hist e funne ;e iver! tu$e 7unsen $urner 9etort stand and c amps )topper 3ith 1 ho e )topper 3ith 2 ho es 2.( mo dm+3 su phuric acid0 -2)14 1.( mo dm+3 copper,22/ su phate0 .u)14 so ution Einc granu es )o id copper,22/ oxide )o id 6inc oxide )o id ead,22/ oxide )o id iron,222/ oxide Anh!drous ca cium ch oride *anipu ated varia$ e: ;ifferent t!pes of meta oxides 9esponding varia$ e: 2ntensit! of f ame.ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: -!drogen gas and the conditions of reaction

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. #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Apparatus La$orator! %or& 3.A A5 1xidation and reduction in e ectro !tic ce s 'o investigate oxidation and reduction in e ectro !tic ce sA. E ectro !tic ce invo ving mo ten e ectro !te7. E ectro !tic ce invo ving aFueous e ectro !te A. E ectro !tic ce invo ving mo ten e ectro !te .ruci$ e .ard$oard 7atter!

.onnecting 3ire 3ith crocodi e c ips 'ripod stand 7unsen $urner Pipe+c a! triang e .ar$on e ectrode )3itch Ammeter Light $u $ A pair of tongs )patu a 7. E ectro !tic ce invo ving aFueous e ectro !te

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7atter! .onnecting 3ire 3ith crocodi e c ips E ectro !tic ce .ar$on e ectrode )3itch Ammeter Light $u $ )ma test tu$e 7ea&er A pair of tongs A. E ectro !tic ce invo ving mo ten e ectro !te )o id ead,22/ $romide0 P$7r2 7. E ectro !tic ce invo ving aFueous e ectro !te

(.5 mo dm+3 potassium iodide0 K2 so ution )tarch so ution )andpaper %ooden sp inter

. #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Apparatus La$orator! %or& 3.1( A? 1xidation and reduction in chemica ce s 'o investigate the oxidation and reduction in chemica ce s Porous pot 8o tmeter .onnecting 3ires 3ith crocodi e c ips 7ea&er *easuring c! inder 1.( mo dm+3 copper,22/ su phate0 .u)14 so ution 1.( mo dm+3 6inc su phate En)14 so ution .opper strip Einc strip )andpaper

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. #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Apparatus La$orator! %or& 3.1( ,)imi ar experiment/ A? 1xidation and reduction in vo taic ce 3ith a sa t $ridge 'o investigate the oxidation and reduction in chemica ce s 8o tmeter .onnecting 3ires 3ith crocodi e c ips 1(( cm3 $ea&ers *easuring c! inder 1.( mo dm+3 copper,22/ su phate0 .u)14 so ution 1.( mo dm+3 6inc su phate En)14 so ution 1.( mo dm+3 ead,22/ nitrate P$,#13/2 so ution 1.( mo dm+3 iron,22/ su phate :e)14 so ution .opper p ate Einc p ate Lead p ate 2ron nai )andpaper )aturated potassium ch oride0 K. so ution :i ter paper strip

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Chapter 4 Thermochemistry List of PEKA experiments:

1. Exothermic and endothermic reactions 2. -eat of precipitation 3. -eat of disp acement 4. -eat of neutra isation 5. -eat of neutra isation of acids and a &a is of different strength ". -eat of neutra isation ?. -eats of com$ustion for a coho s #um$er La$orator! %or& 4.1 Pg. 1(1 'it e Exothermic and endothermic reactions Aim 'o identif! an exothermic or endothermic reaction Pro$ em -o3 to identif! exothermic or endothermic reactions4 )tatement -!pothesis Exothermic reaction occurs 3hen the temperature of the reaction mixture

Apparatus

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increases.Endothermic reaction occurs 3hen the temperature of the reaction mixture decreases. P astic cup 3ith cover 5 Po !st!rene cup ( I 11(J. thermometer )patu a C ass rod 5( cm3 measuring c! inder )o id sodium h!drogen car$onate0 #a-.13 )o id sodium h!droxide0 #a1 )o id ammonium ch oride0 #-4. )o id ammonium nitrate0 #-4#13 )o id ammonium su phate0 ,#-4/2)14 2.( mo dm+3 h!droch oric acid0 -. ;isti ed 3ater *anipu ated varia$ e: Pairs of reactants 9esponding varia$ e: 'he temperature change in the reaction mixture .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: '!pes of container0 vo ume of so ution or 3ater

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Apparatus La$orator! %or& 4.2 1(4 -eat of precipitation 'o determine the heat of precipitation of si ver ch oride0 Ag. P astic cup 3ith cover 5 Po !st!rene cup ( I 11(J. thermometer C ass rod 5( cm3 measuring c! inder (.5 mo dm+3 si ver nitrate so ution (.5 mo dm+3 sodium ch oride so ution

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Apparatus La$orator! %or& 4.3 1(" -eat of disp acement 'o determine the heat of disp acement of copper P astic cup 3ith cover 5 Po !st!rene cup ( I 11(J. thermometer C ass rod 5( cm3 measuring c! inder (.5 mo dm+3 copper,22/ su phate so ution Einc po3er

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

#um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Apparatus

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La$orator! %or& 4.4 1(@ -eat of neutra isation 'o determine the heats of neutra isation $et3een strong acids and strong a &a is P astic cup 3ith cover 5 Po !st!rene cup ( I 11(J. thermometer C ass rod 5( cm3 measuring c! inder 2.( mo dm+3 h!droch oric acid0 -. 2.( mo dm+3 sodium h!droxide0 #a1- so ution 2.( mo dm+3 nitric acid0 -#13 2.( mo dm+3 potassium h!droxide0 K1- so ution

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Pro$ em )tatement -!pothesis La$orator! %or& 4.5 1(A -eat of neutra isation of acids and a &a is of different strength 'o determine and compare the heats of neutra isation $et3een acids and a &a is of different strength -o3 do the heat of neutra isation for reactions $et3een acids and a &a is of different strength4 'he va ues of heat of neutra isation for reactions $et3een strong acids and strong a &a is are higher than that of reactions $et3een strong acids and 3ea& a &a is 5 3ea& acids and strong a &a is or 3ea& acids and 3ea& a &a is. P astic cup 3ith cover 5 Po !st!rene cup ( I 11(J. thermometer C ass rod 5( cm3 measuring c! inder 2.( mo dm+3 ethanoic acid0 .-3.11 2.( mo dm+3 h!droch oric acid0 -. 2.( mo dm+3 sodium h!droxide0 #a1- so ution 2.( mo dm+3 ammonia0 #-3 so ution *anipu ated varia$ e: ;ifferent strength of acids and a &a is 9esponding varia$ e: 'he va ue of heat of neutra isation .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: 8o ume and concentration of acids used0 vo ume and concentration of a &a is used.

Apparatus

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim La$orator! %or& 4." 11( -eat of neutra isation 'o determine and compare the heats of neutra isation $et3een: -!droch oric acid ,strong acid/0 -. and sodium h!droxide ,strong

Pro$ em )tatement -!pothesis

$ase/0 #a1- so ution Ethanoic acid ,3ea& acid/0 .-3.11- and sodium h!droxide ,strong $ase/0 #a1- so ution -!droch oric acid ,strong acid/0 -. and ammonia ,3ea& $ase/0 #-3 so ution Ethanoic acid ,3ea& acid/0 .-3.11- and ammonia,3ea& $ase/0 #-3 so ution -o3 are the heats of neutra isation determined and compared4 'he heat of neutra isation $et3een h!droch oric acid and sodium h!droxide is higher than the heat of neutra isation $et3een ethanoic acid and ammonia so ution. 5( cm3 $urette 25.( cm3 pipette Pipette fi er 9etort stand and c amps P astic cup 5 Po !st!rene cup 25( cm3 $ea&er *agnetic stirrer *agnetic stir $ar 'emperature sensor .omputer .omputer interface )top3atch 1.( mo dm+3 h!droch oric acid0 -. 1.( mo dm+3 sodium h!droxide0 #a1- so ution 1.( mo dm+3 ethanoic acid0 .-3.11 1.( mo dm+3 ammonia0 #-3 so ution *anipu ated varia$ e: ;ifferent t!pes of acids and $ases 9esponding varia$ e: -eat of neutra isation .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: 8o ume and concentration of acid and a &a i used

Apparatus

*ateria

8aria$ es

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK #um$er Pg. 'it e Aim Pro$ em )tatement -!pothesis Apparatus Experiment 4.1 112 -eats of com$ustion for a coho s 'o determine the heats of com$ustion for a coho s ;oes a coho 3ith a higher num$er of car$on atoms per mo ecu e have a higher heat of com$ustion4 'he higher the num$er of car$on atoms in the a coho mo ecu es0 the higher is the heat of com$ustion. .opper can 'hermometer C ass rod 5 )tirrer *easuring c! inder

*ateria

8aria$ es

'ripod stand )pirit amp %ooden $ oc& %eighing $a ance %ind shie d 5 As$estos screen *ethano Ethano Propano 5 Prop+1+o 7utano 5 7ut+1+o %ater *anipu ated varia$ e: ;ifferent t!pes of a coho s 9esponding varia$ e: -eat of com$ustion of a coho .ontro ed 5 :ixed varia$ e: 8o ume of 3ater and copper can 5 meta container ,ca orimeter/

Chapter 5 Chemicals for Consumers List of PEKA experiments:

1. )oap preparation process #um$er La$orator! %or& 5.1 Pg. 11? 'it e )oap preparation process Aim 'o prepare soap using the saponification process Apparatus 25( cm3 $ea&ers 5( cm3 measuring c! inder )patu a C ass rod :i ter funne %ire gau6e 'ripod stand 7unsen $urner %ash $ott e 'est tu$e *ateria Pa m oi 5.( mo dm+3 sodium h!droxide0 #a1- so ution )odium ch oride po3der :i ter paper ,3 pieces/ ;isti ed 3ater

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