Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr., and Bruce E. Bursten
Equilibrium
There are Essentially Two Types of Reactions 1. one way (goes to completion) NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Equilibrium
11/18/2013
Types of Reactions
2. Equilibrium (two opposite reactions at same time) a. dimerization 2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
Equilibrium
Figure 15.01
11/18/2013
Equilibrium
11/18/2013
N2O4 2 NO2
A System at Equilibrium
Once equilibrium is achieved, the amount of each reactant and product remains constant.
Equilibrium
11/18/2013
Depicting Equilibrium
Since, in a system at equilibrium, both the forward and reverse reactions are being carried out, we write its equation with a double arrow. N2O4 (g) 2 NO2 (g)
Equilibrium
11/18/2013
EQUILIBRIUM
Dynamic chemical system in which two reactions, equal and opposite, occur simultaneously
Equilibrium
Properties
1. Appear from outside to be inert or not functioning 2. Can be initiated from either direction
Equilibrium
11/18/2013
As you can see, the ratio of [NO2]2 to [N2O4] remains constant at this temperature no matter what the initial concentrations of NO2 and N2O4 are.
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
11/18/2013
N2 + 3 H 2
2 NH3
It doesnt matter whether we start with N2 and H2 or whether we start with NH3: we will have the same proportions of all three substances at equilibrium.
Equilibrium
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Rf = Rr
Equilibrium
11/18/2013
At equilibrium, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
Equilibrium
How are kf and kr related to temperature? kf and kr are temperature dependent thus, Keq is temperature dependent
Equilibrium
11/18/2013
[NO2 ]2 KC [ N 2O 4 ]
Effect of Temperature
Rate Law:
Rate = kf [N2O4]
Equilibrium
10
11/18/2013
Rate Law:
Rate = kr [NO2]2
Equilibrium
kf [NO2]2 = kr [N2O4]
Equilibrium
2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
11
11/18/2013
k Keq = f kr
[NO2]2 = [N2O4]
Equilibrium
[C]c[D]d Kc = [A]a[B]b
Equilibrium
12
11/18/2013
Exercise 15-1
Write the equilibrium-constant expressions for
a. H2 + I2 2 HI b. Cd2+ (aq) + 4 Br- CdBr42-
Equilibrium
Kp =
13
11/18/2013
PV = nRT
Rearranging it, we get
P=
n RT V
Equilibrium
Kp = Kc (RT)n
where
n = (moles of gaseous product) - (moles of gaseous reactant)
Equilibrium
14
11/18/2013
Exercise 15-2
When 2.0 moles of HI(g) are placed in a 1.0 L container and allowed to come to equilibrium with its elements, it is found that 20% of the HI decomposes. What is KC and KP?
Equilibrium
Exercise 5.2b A mixture of 0.10 mol of NO, 0.050 mol H2, and 0.10 mol of H2O is placed in a 1.0-L vessel at 300K. 2 NO(g) + 2 H2(g)
Equilibrium
15