1.

Look for ENERGY STAR Certified Office Equipment

Youll lower utility bills, save energy and help reduce global warming. ENERGY STAR qualified fax machines, printers and scanners are about 40% more energy efficient.

2. Power Your Savings

Computers that meet ENERGY STAR criteria use up to 65 percent less energy when power management is enabled.

3. Consider Using Multi-Function Devices

Talk about one for all: they use less energy than operating a separate fax machine, printer and scanner.

4. Plug All Your Office Equipment into Power Strips

This makes it easier to turn them all of when not in use. Better yet, purchase a smart power strip, which senses when a product is not in use and eliminates its standby power consumption. Why pay for power youre not even using?

5. Avoid Being Plugged In

Unplug cell phones and laptops once they are charged, along with the battery chargers or power adapters.

6. Use Both Sides

Print on both sides of the paper to reduce paper costs and save the trees that purify our air.

7. Email Is Your Friend

Save even more on paper and energy by emailing information instead of printing multiple copies for everyone in the office.

8. Put to Rest Your Monitor's Screensaver

Let it switch to sleep mode or just turn it off when you're away from your computer. Oh, and turn on your monitor's power management feature while you're at it.

9. Dont Throw Away Your Computer

Instead, recycle your old computer. Visit GreenerGadgets.org to learn how, or visit Samsung Recycling Direct.

10. Give Old Office Equipment a New Life

If its still in decent working condition, donate office equipment to schools or organization that may need it. Just make sure that when theyre done with it, they commit to responsible recycling through an e-Stewards Certified recycler.

Switching to GreenPower is just one way to reduce your environmental impact. There are many other practical actions we can all take to make a difference, and save money in the process. You can do your power bills and the environment a favour by making a few simple changes to your daily life at home and work. Tips for saving energy at home: Install low-energy lighting - such as LED or compact Fluorescent lights - where possible, energy saving alternatives are also available for energy hungry halogen down-lights Switch off lighting in unoccupied rooms Switch off appliances which are not in use at the wall, to save standby power Only use heating when and where needed close off doors to unoccupied rooms where possible Dress for the weather and set your heating thermostat to 18 to 20C every 1 degree less will save about 10 per cent on your heating bill Weather-seal external doors using draught stoppers or 'door snakes' at the bottom and weather stripping around the frame, and seal up any gaps and cracks in external walls, floors and the ceiling to keep heat inside during winter Make sure your ceiling is adequately insulated and use thick drapes with a boxed pelmet to reduce heat loss in winter Use shutters and/or install awnings to cut out the summer sun on the Northern and Western side of your building. Wash your clothes in cold water where possible, and dry on a line or rack Compare star ratings on appliances - the more stars, the lower the running costs When replacing your gas hot water system, consider installing a solar hot water system. Government rebates are available for eligible households. When installing a ducted heater, look for a high efficiency zoned system which can limit its heating to certain areas Choose an accredited EcoSmart Electrician or Green Plumber for electrical and gas work Make sure your washing machine and dishwasher are full before running Tips for saving energy at work:
Make a plan thats achievable and encourage colleagues to consider their energy

use Sign up to CitySwitch, a free energy-efficiency program for office tenants

Put your computer in power-saving mode to use 50 per cent less energy Switch to laptops instead of desktop computers and use up to 85 per cent less energy Replace your old lights with more energy-efficient models Hold a phone or web conference instead of driving or flying to attend meetings Invest in reusable coffee cups (Keep Cups) for your team, and customise with corporate colours and branding to promote your green credentials Consider the environmental credentials of suppliers and ask that they take back their packaging or recycle.

Need for Developing Green Building Concept in the Country

Dr. Y. P. Gupta, Chairman, ICI UP Allahabad Centre, Technical Advisor, Jamuna Bridge Information Centre, DIPL COWI JV, Allahabad

What is Green Buildings?

A green Building uses less energy, water and other natural resources creates less waste & Green House Gases and is healthy for people during living or working inside as compared to a standard Building. Another meaning of Green Structure is clean environment, water and healthy living. Building Green is not about a little more efficiency. It is about creating buildings that optimize on the local ecology, use of local materials and most importantly they are built to cut power, water and material requirements. Thus, if these things are kept in mind, then we will realize that our traditional architecture was in fact, very green. Today, we have forgotten that how to make natural environment, instead copying it from developed countries.

Buildings are a major energy consuming sector in the economy. About 35 to 40% of total energy is used by buildings during construction. The major consumption of Energy in buildings is during construction and later in lighting or air-conditioning systems. This consumption must be minimized. Possibly, this should be limited to about 80-100 watts per sqm.

Introduction
We have heard of climate change. The air is getting warmer - summer comes sooner in most continents including Europe and America. Sea level is rising, - Maldives is sinking. Rivers like the Amazon, the Nile, the Danube, etc, are drying or recede several meters every year. But it's not just happening elsewhere but also happening in India. The glaciers feeding water for the Ganga are melting faster than it should. It means the Ganga could dry up in another about 60 years or so. This would leave over 50 million people thirsty who are living on the banks. Mangrove forests of Sunderban are the world's most prosperous group of 104 Rainforest Islands. However, it appears that these very unique islands are likely to be wiped out from earth's map very soon or over the period of time. In fact, 15% of Indian side Sunderban and 17% of Bangladesh side of Sunderban Island are already submerged in the ocean. Now the threat of submerging is looming large on Sagardeep, the 4th biggest of the existing island. It is also on this Island, that the annual Mela of Gangasagar is held and visited by Millions of pilgrims every year. This is all because of the generation of Green house gases (GHG) and sea level is rising. A third of all Carbon Dioxide emissions produced are absorbed in the oceans. Carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean water becomes a corrosive acid which kills sea life. Thus fish catches are falling. That would leave hundreds of coastal communities hungry. The coal is burnt in electric power plants, which is a major source of the CO2generation and it is doing all the damage - melting the glaciers, poisoning the sea, disrupting the monsoon etc. Alternate source of Energy like Renewable energy - from the sun's rays, wind, seas' waves & geo sources - is clean, doesn't release CO2 and is not hostage to a resource that will die out. In India, we are blessed with a tropical sun, fast winds and thousands of miles of sea coast. Renewable energy is thus the answer for all these ills.

Figure 1: A dump of Waste generated and luing on Streets

Similarly, building Industry is producing second largest amount of Demolition Waste and GHG (almost 40%). Buildings have major environmental impacts over their entire life cycle. Resources such as ground cover, forests, water, and energy are depleted to construct and operate buildings. Resource-intensive materials provide the building envelope and landscaping add beauty to it in

turn using up water and pesticides to maintain it. Energy-consuming systems for lighting, space conditioning and water heating provide comfort to its occupants. Hi-tech controls add intelligence to inanimate' buildings so that they can respond to varying conditions, and intelligently monitor and control resource use, security, and usage of fire systems etc. in the building. Water is another vital resource for the occupants, which gets consumed continuously during building construction and operation. Several building processes and occupant function generate large amount of waste. These all are polluting the environment and increasing (GHG).

Climate Change and Its Effect

Climate is changing fast globally because of increased energy consumption and thus increase Green house gases (GHG) like CO2. This gives rise to global Warming. The World produces about 0.6 tones / year / per capita CO2. India is the 5th largest producing GHG. This impacts the climate change resulting in:

Water stress and reduction in the availability of fresh water due to potential decline in rainwater. Threats to agriculture and food scarcity Shifts in area and boundary of different forest and threat to biodiversity with adverse implications for forest dependent activities.

Sea level rising on costal areas and effect on agriculture & habitation.

Green Building Concept and Architecture Planning

To have Green Building Concept, we should look after the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Optimum use of Energy or power Water conservation Solid and Water Waste management, its treatment and reuse Energy efficient transport systems Efficient Building System Planning etc.

If all Buildings in urban areas were made to adopt green Building concepts, India could save more than 8400 MW of power which is enough to light half of Delhi or 5.5 lakh homes a year according to estimates by TERI. A green building depletes very little of the natural resources during its construction and operation. The aim of a green building design is to minimize the demand on nonrenewable resources and maximize the utilization efficiency of these resources when in use and utilization of renewable resources.

Figure 2: A well planned Green Structure

Building Planning should minimize the use of building materials and optimize construction practices and sinks by bio-climatic architectural practices; use minimum energy to power itself for the use of equipment and lighting and air-conditioning and lastly maximize the use of renewable sources of energy. It should also use efficiently waste and water management practices; and provide comfortable and hygienic indoor working conditions. It is evolved through a design process that requires all concerned the architect and landscape designer and the air conditioning, electrical, plumbing and energy consultants to work as a team to address all aspects of building including system planning, design, construction and operation. Thus, enhance the positive impacts on the environment. Architects & planners should start thinking green in the planning of Buildings. Integrating living & vegetation with architecture is fast gaining popularity around the world and now a new term "Vegitecture" has been coined for it and it is becoming common. Thus the Architect may think to bring concrete jungles to green jungles through "Vegitecture". This is similar to the scenario shown in figure here. The Architect can use large windows with Double glass system. The glazed trapping will act as insulating layer of air between the two layers of glass. One of these layers of glass filters and disperses light and heat without reflecting it back outside the building. The air conditioning system will also be less intensive because the double glazing system insulates the building. Further, hollow fly ash bricks can be used in walls during construction. This will also provide good insulating properties apart from using waste materials.

Contribution of Concrete towards Green House Gases

Among the primary concrete making materials, the emission of CO2 is largely attributable to cement production. It is estimated that modern cements contain on an average of about 84% Portland cement clinker and the clinker manufacturing process releases about 0.9 ton of CO2 per ton of clinker. The Concrete Industry World wide consume more than 3.5 billon tons of cement, so the carbon contribution of this industry is obviously quite large. Thus minimizing concrete consumption through innovative architecture and structural designs is one way to save on the use of cement. Another way is to use smart concrete mixture proportioning approach. This can be done through following approaches: 1. Minimize concrete consumption through innovative architecture and Structural Design methods. 2. Use smart concrete mixture or i-crete as proportioning approach to save on cement in concrete mix. 3. Consume less Cement in concrete / mortar mixtures. 4. Consume less Clinker in Cement making by adding Pozzolana like fly ash or GGBFS in Cement or Concrete.

Characteristics of Green Building

Building construction and its upkeep for livable conditions requires huge energy in lighting, airconditioning, operation of appliances etc. Green Building i.e. energy efficient building is the one which can reduce energy consumption by at least 40% as compared to conventional building. The cost of constructing energy efficient building is estimated to be 15 20% higher as compared to

conventional building without energy efficiency. However, this is more than compensated over the period of time i.e during life cycle cost and operation & living. Using green building materials and products, promotes conservation of non renewable resources internationally. In addition, integrating green building materials into building projects can help reduce the environmental impacts associated with the extraction, transport, processing, fabrication, installation, reuse, recycling, and disposal of these building industry source materials.

Green Building Products and Materials

Building and Construction activities worldwide consume about 3 billon tons of raw materials each year. Using green building materials and products promotes conservation of dwindling non renewable resources. In addition, integrating green building materials into building projects can help reduce the environmental impacts associated with the excavation, extraction, transport, processing, recycling and disposal of these building industry source materials. Green building materials are composed of renewable, rather than nonrenewable resources and are environmentally responsible because impacts are considered over the life cycle period. Depending upon project-specific goals, an assessment of green materials may involve an evaluation of one or more of the following parameters: a. b. c. d. e. f. Resource efficiency Energy efficiency Affordability Possible Recycling of Material and Waste generation Water conservation Effective Indoor air quality

A) Resource Efficiency: It can be accomplished by utilizing materials that meet the following criteria. Resource efficient manufacturing process: Products manufactured with resource-efficient processes including reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste (recycled, recyclable and or source reduced product packaging) and thus reducing greenhouse gases. Local availability: Building materials, components and systems found locally or regionally will save energy and resources in transportation to the project site.

Salvaged, refurbished, or remanufactured: It avoids the material from disposal and renovating, repairing, restoring, or generally improving the appearance, performance, quality, functionality or value of a product. Durable: Materials that are longer lasting or are comparable to conventional products with long life expectancies. B) Energy Efficiency: It can be maximized by utilizing materials and systems that meet the various criteria that help reduce energy consumption in buildings and facilities as indicated above. C) Affordability: It can be considered as the cost for the building product when life-cycle costs are comparable to conventional materials or as a whole it is within a project-defined percentage of the overall budget.

Figure 3: A typical Green House

D) Possibility of Recycling of Material and resultant Waste Generation: It should satisfy the following: Recyclable Content Products with identifiable recycled content and minimum waste generation, including post use content with a preference for post consumer use content should be considered. Reusable or recyclable Select materials that can be easily dismantled and reused or recycled at the end of their useful life. E) Water Conservation It can be judged from utilizing the materials and systems that help reduce water consumption in buildings and conserve water in landscaped areas. This is similar to chemical admixture used in concrete to reduce water content. F) Effective Indoor Air Quality It should enhance by utilizing such material and meet the following criteria: Low or non-toxic Materials that emit few or no carcinogens, reproductive toxicants or irritants as demonstrated by the manufacturer through appropriate testing. Minimal chemical emissions Products that have minimal emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Products that also maximize resource and energy efficiency while reducing chemical

emissions. Low-VOC assembly Materials installed with minimal VOC-producing compounds, or no-VOC mechanical attachment methods with minimal hazards. Moisture resistant Products and systems that resist moisture or inhibit the growth of biological contaminants in buildings.

Some Steps for Material Selection

Material selection can begin after the establishment of project-specific environmental goals. The environmental assessment process for building material involves three basic steps. 1. Survey 2. Evaluation 3. Selection 1. Survey: This step involves gathering of all technical information about the material which can be indentified, including manufacturers' information such as Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) test data, product warranties, source material characteristics, recyclable content data, environmental, performance and durability information. In addition, this step may also involve investigating other issues like building codes, government regulations, building industry performance, model green building product specifications etc. Such survey will help in identifying the full range of the project's material options. 2. Evaluation: This step involves confirmation of the technical information, as well as filling in information gaps. For example, the evaluator may request product certifications from manufacturers to help sort out possible exaggerated environmental product claims. Evaluation and assessment is relatively simple when comparing similar types of building materials using the environmental criteria. However, the evaluation process is more complex when comparing different products with the same function. Then it may become necessary to process both descriptive and quantitative forms of data. A life cycle assessment (LCA) is an evaluation of the relative "greenness" of building materials and products. LCA addresses the impact of a product through all of its life stages. This tool that can be used is the LCA methodology through a software evaluation like BEES (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability) software. Such software can easily be developed or otherwise available commercially. It allows users to balance the environmental and economic performance of building products. 3. Selection: This step often involves the use of an evaluation matrix for scoring the project-specific environmental criteria. The total score of each product evaluation will indicate the product with the highest environmental attributes. Individual criteria included in the rating system can be weighted to accommodate project-specific goals and objectives.

Advantages of Green Building Materials

Green building materials offer some or all of the following benefits to the building owner and building occupants:

Reduced maintenance/ replacement costs over the life of the building Energy conservation Improved occupant health and productivity Life cycle cost savings Lower costs associated with changing space configurations. Greater design flexibility

Sustainable Development or Sustainable Building Concept

It is a development that meets the needs of present without compromising the needs of future generations to come. The concept of sustainable building incorporates and integrates a variety of strategies during the design, construction and operation of building projects. The use of green building materials and products represents one important strategy in the design of a building. As more than 40% population is living in the cities so these cites should be made Sustainable first.

Waste Generation
Huge amount of waste is generated every day in each city. For example, Delhi alone generates more than 6,500 tons of Garbage every day. By 2020 its amount will reach 1800 tons every day. Such amount of waste disposal is a Herculean task and will need space for dumping and fuel costs for transportation of waste upto disposal areas. In the cities the disposal areas are outside city which are miles apart. Therefore, this waste must be processed at nearby places and reused as much as possible. Local processing of the waste will not only keep the city clean but also generate energy and resource materials. It will also generate huge employment opportunities and give several other advantages and thus sustainable.

Some Benefits of a Green Building Concept

Green buildings are designed to be healthier and having more enjoyable working environment. Workplace qualities that improve the environment and which help in developing the knowledge of workers and may also reduce stress and lead to longer lives for multidisciplinary teams. Reduced energy and water consumption without sacrificing the comfort level. Significantly, better lighting quality including more day lighting, better daylight harvesting and use of shading, greater occupancy control over light levels and less glare. Improved thermal comfort and better ventilation. Limited waste generation due to recycling process and reuse. Increase productivity of workers and machines. It is reported that productivity can be increased by about 25% while following such green house norms. Attracting and retaining the best employees, can be linked to the benefits and qualities of workers receive, including the physical, environmental and technological aspects. Green building activities result in reduction of operating costs by 25-30%.

Need to Develop A Green Building Policy (GBP) in INDIA

The Green Building movement in India was started in 2003 and received a major impetus when, CII sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre Building in Hyderabad became the first green building in India which was awarded with the prestigious and the much covered LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum rating by the US Green Building Council (USGBS) and also became the world's greenest Building in 2003.

LEED India Concept

The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) Designed and started. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED India) system is called Green Building Rating System. It is an internationally accepted benchmark for the design, construction and operation of high performance green building. LEED certified buildings utilize less toxic materials, low-emitting adhesives & sealants, paints, carpets, and composite woods, and indoor chemical & pollutant source control.

What Is To Be Done?

Figure 4: A typical highway with greenery around

Essential to an effective green building policy that delivers energy efficiency is by using simple, standardized and better energy performance materials throughout the construction in all phases of building design and operation. Thus, to have green Building concept, some or all of the following steps need to be followed.

Plan each office / home's orientation to the sun to harness energy and shield it from heat i.e. Proper Building Orientation and Landscape and emphasis on natural light. High efficiency insulated glass windows can reduce requirements of energy during the operation or use of Building. Thus it will emit minimum carbon dioxide CO2 Minimize Cement / concrete consumption through innovative architecture and Structural Design for optimum use of cement. Maximum use of waste Pozzolanic materiel like fly ash in Concrete Mixture along with Cement. Non toxic paints should be used on the walls. These use water rather than petroleum based solvents and do not emit smog producing pollutants. This will improve Indoor Air Quality. Use Sewage treatment and recycle the waste water from bathroom and Kitchen.

Organic waste, both solid and liquid, produce a large quantity of Methane which is 23 times stronger than CO2 as green house gases (GHG). Such organic waste must be processed to tap gas which can be used as cooking gas or fuel. Provide Rainwater Harvesting systems on the roof of Building to collect water, which can be used to flush Toilets or for general wash or recharge the ground. Use Solar Panels to heat bath water and generate little electricity for use when there are power cuts instead of using Invertors. Install simple Wind turbines on the roof, which can be used to generate electricity for use when there is no power. A rain garden can help reduce storm water runoff. Use Drip Irrigation to water the plants or Native landscaping around building. This requires less water for irrigation and maintenance. Government or Municipal corporations should provide enough incentives like tax rebates or tax breaks for green buildings during approvals. Government should make basic green norms like gray water recycling and rainwater harvesting compulsory for all new buildings in all 5,161 cities, towns and urban agglomerations in the country.

Conclusion
The poverty alleviation in the developing countries can be effectively achieved by conservation of energy and creation of employment opportunities. The energy saved can be ploughed back for further development which creates a large employment opportunity. The technologies and the materials used for development should complement the use of local and waste resources. The labor forces enhancing their capability and standard of living be used to avoid the widening of gap between haves and have not. Processing of waste must be taken up at a large scale and locally in each of 5,161 cities and towns. This will not only generate jobs but also give out energy & resources of material which can be usefully utilized. It can be a blessing for the fast developing country like India that the measures called for sustainable development can be the measures of poverty alleviation as well as illustrated in the theme of Seminar through sustainable development and reprocessing of waste.

References

Lynn M. Froeschle, "Environmental Assessment and Specification of Green Building Materials," The Construction Specifier, October 1999. D.M. Roodman and N. Lenssen, "A Building Revolution: How Ecology and Health Concerns are Transforming Construction," World watch Paper 124, World watch Institute, Washington, D.C., March 1995.

Ross Spiegel and Dru Meadows, "Green Building Materials: A Guide to Product Selection and Specification," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1999.

Acknowledgement
The article has been reproduced from the proceeding of "National Seminar on Green Structures for Sustainability" with the kind permission from the event organisers.