Chapter #14: Forging the National Economy Big Picture Themes 1.

. A wave of immigration came over starting in the 1840s, headed up by hungry Irish and Germans seeking a better life. Both of these groups were looked upon with suspicion, but they were hard workers and did well for themselves. 2. The factory system was in its infancy, led by Eli Whitneys interchangeable parts Cyrus McCormicks mechanical reaping machine paved the way for modern agriculture. 3. Changes were foreshadowed including women beginning to work outside the home. 4. The nation became smaller and tied together more closely thanks to (a) railroads being built, (b) canals such as the Erie, (c) steamships, and (d) the Pony Express.

IDENTIFICATIONS: American Industrial Revolution Transition from small shops of hand-made goods to factories and mills powered by water. Nativism movement based on hostility to immigrants; motivated by ethnic tensions and religious bias. Canal Age transportation greatly increased and costs in this period fell. It was started by the building of the Erie Canal. Samuel Slater Father of the factory system Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin created the cotton gin that helped increase the speed at which cotton was harvested. He also invented interchangeable parts of firearms. Elias Howe he invented the sewing machine that increased productivity of textile products. Lowell/Waltham System developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts in the 1820s. as much machinery as possible were used so few workers were needed. Commonwealth v. Hunt resulted in favor of the labor unions and better working conditions.

Erie Canal increased the speed of transportation, and linked many locations together. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Westward Movement Know: "Self-Reliance" 1. What were settlers of the frontier like? Settlers of the frontier were restless, energetic, and always on the move westward. Shaping the Western Landscape Know: Kentucky Bluegrass, Rendezvous, Bison, George Catlin 2. "The westward movement also molded the physical environment." Explain. The westward movement molded the physical environment by exhausting the Wests natural bounty with ecological imperialism. The March of the Millions Know: Chicago, Irish and Germans, America Letters 3. How and why did American demographics change from 1820 to 1860? American demographics changed because urbanization grew rapidly causing many unwanted problems. The Emerald Isle Moves West Know: Molly Maguires, Tammany Hall, Paddy Wagons, Twisting the British Lion's Tail 4. After reading this section, does it seem logical or unbelievable that an Irish-American became president in 1960? Explain. It seems unbelievable that an Irish American became president because the Irish were looked down upon by the Americans. The German Forty-Eighters Know: Carl Schurz, Conestoga Wagon, Kindergarten, Beer 5. Did the Germans make as large a contribution to America as the Irish did? Explain. The Germans also contributed many things to America including beer, Christmas trees, kindergartens, and many other cultural items. Flare-Ups of Antiforeignism Know: Nativists, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, American (Know-Nothing) Party 6. Why were immigrants from Germany and Ireland feared and hated? Immigrants from Germany and Ireland were feared and hated because they brought new cultural ideas and religions that clashed with those of Americans.

Creeping Mechanization Know: Factory System, Industrial Revolution 8. What barriers stood in the way of the industrial Revolution in the United States? The industrial Revolution in the US was hindered by scarce labor, limited money, and undiscovered raw materials. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine Know: Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin, King Cotton 9. Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney caused the North and South to develop in opposite directions. Explain. Samuel Slater invented the factory system which improved the speed in which products could be made, while Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin which improved the speed of harvesting cotton, leading to more advances in the agricultural department.

Marvels in Manufacturing Know: Interchangeable Parts, Isaac Singer, Limited Liability, Free Incorporation Laws, Samuel F. B. Morse 10. Which were more important in Antebellum America, new inventions or changes in business forms and legal status? Explain.

New inventions were very important in Antebellum America because each new invention spurred more imaginative creations. Workers and "Wage Slaves" Know: Wage Slaves, Strikebreakers (Scabs), Commonwealth v. Hunt 11. What demands did labor have in the 1830's and 1840's? In the 1830s and 1840s, labor demanded better pay, less work hours, and better working conditions. Women and the Economy Know: Lowell Mills, Catherine Beecher, Cult of Domesticity, Fertility Rate, Child-centered Homes 12. What types of work were done by women in Antebellum America? (Be careful on this one.) Women were mostly occupied with domestic chores, but there were some who would work in textile mills.

Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields Know: Corn, John Deere, Steel Plow, Cyrus McCormick, Mechanical Mower-reaper, Cash-crop Agriculture 13. What factors led to increased productivity for farmers? Productivity for farmers increased due to the invention of the steel plow and the mower-reaper. Highways and Steamboats Know: Lancaster Turnpike, National (Cumberland) Road, Robert Fulton 14. Why were turnpikes and steamboats important?

Turnpikes and steamboats were important because they improved the speed at which transportation took. "Clinton's Big Ditch" in New York Know: Erie Canal 15. The Erie Canal brought revolutionary change to two regions. Explain. It increased the speed of transporting goods, and boosted the value of land in the area. The Iron Horse 16. Name some of the advantages and disadvantages of early railroads. Railroads allowed for faster transportation, but sparks could set nearby structures on fire. Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders Know: Trans-Atlantic Cable, Clipper Ships, Stagecoaches, Pony Express 17. The clipper ship, stagecoach and Pony Express ultimately failed because they were not forward looking. Explain. These transportations failed because they were unable to compete with the newer ones such as the railroad or the steamboat. The Transport Web Binds the Union Know: Division of Labor 18. Explain the effects of division of labor on a national and personal basis. The division of labor caused many things to advance and productivity and profit to increase. The Market Revolution Know: John Jacob Astor, Social Mobility 19. To what extent was social mobility possible in the United States in the years before the Civil War? Social mobility was possible in the US in the years before the Civil War where disagreements were brought to the court.

Ferment of Reform and Culture Big Picture Themes

1. The "Second Great Awakening" began in the 1830s. It's purpose was to wake people from lackluster religion and, like the First Great Awakening, was led by passionate and emotional preachers. 2. The Mormons emerged from these beginnings and wandered westward to the Great Salt Lake. 3. Free public schools began in large measure. 4. There was push to ban alcohol called "temperance." This was led by the ladies; they felt the way to save the family was to ban alcohol. 5. The first women's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, NY. They asserted that all men, and women were created equal. 6. Many "utopia experiments" began. The overall mission was to perfect society and create true equality. Most simply failed and none of them succeeded in the ways envisioned. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Great Awakening a series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. It stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds. Shakers religious utopian society. Celibate people that shook their bodies of sin. Mormons followed the Book of Mormon and conflicted with individualistic views of other Americans. Brigham Young Smiths successor to the Mormon church presidency. Led the Mormons on the long difficult exodus from Illinois to the Great Salt Lake. Transcendentalists those who prescribed to the new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the middle 19th century. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a Unitarian minister but also wrote, taught, lectured, and was an advocator of individual ideas. Henry David Thoreau he believed each individual should work for self-realization by resisting pressure to conform.

Chapter #15: The

Utopia hopes for social perfection were widespread among evangelical Christians as well as secular humanists. Brook Farm a famous experimental community. Individuals gathered to create a society that would permit every member the opportunity for self-realization. New Harmony Established by Robert Owen and was supposed to be a village of cooperation. Oneida Community established by John Humphrey Noyes in New York. They rejected traditional notions of family and marriage. Temperance Crusade the most successful reform movement where Beecher published sermons against drinking the demon rum. It viewed alcohol as a threat to public morality. Seneca Falls Convention assembly held on July 19-20, 1848 that launched the women suffrage movement in the US. American Colonization Society organization that founded Liberia, a colony on the coast of West Africa in 1821 and transported free blacks there from the US. William Lloyd Garrison a militant abolitionist who became editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831. It attacked everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists. David Walker An American womens rights and temperance advocate. She presented her view in her own monthly paper, The Lily, which she began publishing in 1849. Hudson River School Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the US. It attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Reviving Religion Know: Alexis de Tocqueville, The Age of Reason, Deism, Unitarians, Second Great Awakening, Camp Meetings, Charles Grandison Finney 1. In what ways did religion in the United States become more liberal and more conservative in the early decades of the 19th century? Religion in the US became more liberal and more conservative in the early decades of the 19th century in that there were more and more religions that surrounded a certain belief. Denominational Diversity Know: Burned-Over-District, Millerites (Adventists) 2. What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on organized religion? The Second Great Awakening effected organized religion by fragmenting religious faith. A Desert Zion in Utah (Website if interest: http://www.pbs.org/mormons/view) Know: Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, Brigham Young 3. What characteristics of the Mormons caused them to be persecuted by their neighbors? The Mormons were persecuted by their neighbors because their beliefs conflicted with that of the individualistic and dedicated to free enterprise Americans. Free Schools for a Free People Know: Three R's, Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGuffey's Readers 4. What advances were made in the field of education from 1820 to 1850? The field of education in 1820 to 1850 advanced with the beginning of free schools and the improvement of textbooks. Higher Goals for Higher Learning Know: University of Virginia, Oberlin College, Mary Lyon, Lyceum, Magazines 5. In what ways did higher education become more modern in the antebellum years?

Higher education became more modern in the antebellum years by beginning to admit women onto their campuses. An Age of Reform Know: Sylvester Graham, Penitentiaries, Dorthea Dix 6. How and why did Dorthea Dix participate in the reform movements? Dorthea Dix participated in the reform movement because she was compassionate and had infinite willpower. She assembled reports on firsthand observations in asylums.

Demon Rum--The "Old Deluder" Know: American Temperance Society, Neil S. Dow, Maine Law of 1851 7. Assess the successfulness of the temperance reformers. The temperance reformers were succeeded in that there were much less women drinking than before. Women in Revolt Know: Spinsters, Alexis de Tocqueville, Cult of Domesticity, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Amelia Bloomer, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments 8. Describe the status of women in the first half of the 19th century.

Women in the first half of the 19th century were the submerged sex and were expected to stay at home. Wilderness Utopias Know: Utopias, New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Complex Marriage, Shakers 9. In what ways were utopian communities different from mainstream America? Utopian communities were different from mainstream America in that they consisted of various communistic like societies.

The Dawn of Scientific Achievement Know: Benjamin Silliman, John J. Audubon 10. Was the United States a leader in the world in scientific pursuits? Explain. The US was not a leader in the world in scientific pursuits because they were more concerned with practical gadgets than with science. Makers of America: The Oneida Community Know: John Humphrey Noyes, Bible Communism, Mutual Criticism 11. The word "utopia" is a word that is "derived from Greek that slyly combines the meanings of `a good place' and `no such place'." Does the Oneida Community fit this definition? Explain. The Oneida Community fit in with the definition because although it started out as a good place, many later problems showed that such a perfect society does not exist. Artistic Achievements Know: Thomas Jefferson, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumball, Hudson River School, Daguerreotype, Stephen C. Foster 12. "The antebellum period was a time in which American art began to come of age." Assess. During the antebellum period, American art became more like those found in Europe, and buildings were following Greek and Roman structures. The Blossoming of a National Literature Know: Knickerbocker Group, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant 13. In the early 1800's American writers emerged, who were recognized world-wide for their ability. What made them uniquely American? The emerging writers were uniquely American in that they wrote in classical, simple, clear, and inspirational ways that allowed Americans to relate. Trumpeters of Transcendentalism Know: Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Walt Whitman

14.

Which of the transcendentalists mentioned here best illustrated the theory in his life and writings? Explain.

Henry David Thoreau best illustrated the theory in his life and writings in that Walden is a record of his two years in the wilderness.

Glowing Literary Lights Know: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinson 15. Name six important American writers and explain the significance of each. Six important American writers were Irving, Thoreau, Emerson, Dickinson, Alcott, and Webster. They contributed to the education system, or to the reform movement. Literary Individualists and Dissenters Know: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville 16. Why do you think Poe and Melville were not appreciated as much in America at the time as they were in other times and places? Poe and Melville were not as appreciated in America because were not what the people of that time were accustomed to reading. Portrayers of the Past Know: George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman 17. How did the geographic background of early historians affect the history they wrote? The geographic background of early historians affected the history they wrote by causing many of the accounts to be wrong because the historians were mostly from Boston.