Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
LING 275 Fall 2010 Language and Mind TA: Iris Ouyang
Outline
IPA to speech sound
IPA charts (http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/IPA_chart_(C)2005.pdf) are in the handouts for week 2.
Sagittal sections
All the graphs in this handout are generated on: http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy.html
Natural class Ear Waveform vs. Spectrum Contrastive/Complementary/Free Distribution Rules and Rule ordering
aj dslajk sm l kwsts
=> I dislike some linguists.
Sagittal Section
[p]
Sagittal Section
[f]
Sagittal Section
[]
Sagittal Section
[n]
Sagittal Section
[s]
Sagittal Section
[]
Sagittal Section
[g]
Natural Class
l j
[l, , j]: approximants []: nasal (stop)
o
[, , ]: lax tongue shape [-ATR] [o]: tense tongue shape [+ATR]
Natural Class
i y
[y ]: rounded [i]: unrounded
b d l
[d, l, ]: alveolar [b]: bilabial
a
[, , ]: back [a]: front
Ear
Outer ear amplify and localize sounds Sound amplification: particularly for frequencies employed in human speech Sound localization: since we have one ear on each side Middle ear increase intensity (pressure) Tympanic membrane (eardrum): sensitive to air pressure fluctuations Ossicles: convert the motion of tympanic membrane into mechanical energy
Ear
Inner ear analyze the frequency components of sounds Cochlea
Fluid-filled
Convert the physical movements into a electrical (neural) signal Base (the portions more exterior): narrow and stiff, resonate to higher frequencies Apex (the portions more interior): wide and less stiff, resonate to lower frequencies
The number of hair cells are fixed. Damaged or dead hair cells are not recoverable or regenerable.
Waveform
X axis: time Y axis: amplitude Period (T) = seconds/cycle Frequency (f) = cycles/second f = 1/T; T= 1/f Frequency Pitch Amplitude Intensity
Waveform
(a) (b) (c)
Time (ms) [1 sec = 1000 ms]
http://sail.usc.edu/~lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Waves/Waves.html
Spectrum
If F0 = 150 Hz; the harmonics = 300 Hz, 450 Hz, 600 Hz, If F0 = 300 Hz; the harmonics = 600 Hz, 900 Hz, 1200 Hz,
http://sail.usc.edu/~lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Source_Filter/SFb.html
Phonemes
The abstract mental representation of a set of sounds which are identified as the same sound The sounds in a given language which show contrastive distribution
A change in the phonemes changes the meaning of the word. Minimal pairs should be found, especially for the phonemes which belongs to the same natural class.
Allophones
The concrete variants of a phoneme Some allophones of a phoneme may show complementary distribution.
The forms are predictable when given a context. e.g. [kjt] kite [skj] sky
in meaning.
[pt] pot
Complementary Distribution
Two sounds never appear in the same environment. Which form will appear is predictable by context.
Free variation
Two sounds in the same environment dont result in different meanings. Which form will appear is not predictable by context.
Georgian
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [amazad] [kaa] [leo] [xoo] [saxi]
Georgian
Consider the left-hand context: Both laterals may appear at the beginning of a word, after the vowels [a] [e] [o], and after the consonant [x]. Consider the right hand context: Complementary Distribution The velar lateral [L] appears in a wide variety of contexts: before the vowels [a] and [o], and before the consonants []. In contrast, the alveolar lateral appears only before the vowels [e] and [i] the front high vowels. /L/ [l]/__[i, e] /L/ [L]/elsewhere Lateral Alveolarization: Laterals become alveolar before front vowels. [+lateral] [+alveolar]/__[+front, +high, +vowel]
Tagalog [h]-insertion/deletion
stem bata bili polo stem-in bath-in bilh-in pulh-in stem-an bath-an bilh-an pulh-an gloss suffer buy ask for trifles
[h]-Insertion: h / V __ V Insert a [h] between adjacent vowels. Could the rule be /h/-Deletion? h / __ # (Yes)
Assimilate the alveolar nasal /n/ to the place of articulation of the following consonant.
Final Devoicing: obstruent [voice] / __ # An obstruent becomes voiceless at the end of a word.
/o/-Raising:
/dom/ ----[dom]