Heat and Mass Transfer

Mass Balance

  Feed In = Product Out + Vapor Out

. . .
m f = m p + m v
  H2O in Feed = H2O in Product + H2O in Vapor

. .
m f (1 - xf) = m p (1-xp) + m v
.
  Solids In = Solids Out

. .
m f xf = m p xp

.
mi = mass flow rate of i (kg/s) xi = wt fraction of i

Heat Balance: an easier approach

Heat Balance

Heat Given by = Heat to Raise + Heat to Boil

Condensing Steam Feed Temperature Off Vapor m˙ f H f + m˙ sH vs = m˙ v H v1 + m˙ p H p1 + m˙ sH cs

.
q = m ∆H
.
= m c (Tb - Tf) +
.
m ∆H H f = c pf (Tf − 0°C)
s v,s f p v v,p

Heat Transfer Across Evaporator Wall:

H p1 = c pp (T1 − 0°C)
q = UA(Ts - Tb)
€ Use Hvs and Hcs at pressure/temperature of the steam
chest steam

Use Hv1 at the temperature of the boiling liquid

Steam Economy Improving Evaporator Performance

  Used to express operating performance of   Vapor Recompression: vapor leaving the

an evaporator product is compressed, thus raising its

Mass rate of water vapor produced from product mv

. temperature.
Steam Economy =
Mass rate of steam consumed
= .
ms
  Adiabatic compression gives superheated
steam at high pressure.
  Recycled vapors can be used as a heating
medium
 Atlas-Stord

Multiple-Effect Evaporator

  Several effects are connected in sequence.

  Vapor from 1 effect is used as heating
medium for next.
  Each stage must have a lower Tb;
sucessively lower pressures required to
maintain (Ts-Tb) for heat transfer.
  Trade-off between savings in energy costs
and costs of equipment.

  Forward Feed Systems: concentrated

product from first effect is pumped to the
second effect to be further concentrated,
then on to subsequent effects
  Reverse Feed Systems: product from last
effect is pumped to next to last effect, and
so on.
 Forward vs Reverse Feed

Advantages Disadvantages
Forward Feed Inexpensive, no feed Reduced ht transfer
pumps between effects, rates as product becomes
lower T=less heat damage more viscous, rate of
to more viscous product evaporation falls with each
effect

Reverse Feed Best quality steam used Intersate pumps required,

on most difficult product higher risk of heat damage
to concentrate, better to viscous product as
economy and heat transfer liquor moves more slowly
over hot surfaces

Batch-Type Pan Evaporator

  product is heated in spherical vessel in open  

atmosphere or connected to a condenser/
vacuum system.
  Residence time long due to small surface
area for heating
  Heating usually by natural convection

Sugar cane
Pan evaporator: maple syrup process
 Tubular heat exchangers are better … Natural Circulation Evaporators

  Passing liquid through many tubes increases

  Short tubes are arranged vertically in the
the area for heat transfer
steam chest.
  Heated product rises by natural convection
through the tubes
  Concentrated liquid moves through an
overflow vessel, then falls back to base of
tubes

Rising Film Evaporator

  Low-viscosity liquid boils inside long

 
vertical tubes.
  Vapors form near bottom and cause liquid
to rise and form a thin film that moves
quickly up the tubes
  High heat transfer rates achieved
  Product not usually recirculated
  Need Ts - Tb > 14°C
  Residence time around 3-4 minutes

To Condenser
 
Steam

Tubes:
≈ 15m x 50mm ID
Product Out Swenson Technology

Product Feed Condensate

 http://www.compevaporators.com Wellman Process Engineering Limited

Falling Film Evaporator

Product Feed
  Thin liquid film falls by gravity along walls  
of the tube
  Can incorporate more effects than rising Steam

film (10 or more)

Vacuum
  Can handle more viscous materials
Condensate
  Residence time 20-30 seconds
  Good for heat sensitive juices

Product Out

Rising/Falling Film Evaporator

  Product is concentrated in rising film

section, then falls as a film through
subsequent section
 Forced Circulation Evaporator

    Liquid circulated at high rates (2-6 m/s)

through heat exchanger
  Hydrostatic head over tubes keeps pressure
lower in separator
  Boiling not occur in calandria; liquid flashes
in separator to from vapor

Vapor Out
 
Liquid head
prevents boiling
at heating surface
Concentrated
Product
Low temperature
rise across
calandria
Dilute
Product
Inlet

Circulating
Pump

Forced Circulation
Evaporators (www.niroinc.com)

A: Product 1: Calandria

B: Vapor 2: Separator (Flash

Cooler)

C: Concentrate
3: Circulation www.gea-pen.nl
Pump
D: Heating System
 Agitated Film Evaporator

  Wiper blades spread viscous foods on the

inside of the heating surface
  Agitation increases rate of heat transfer,
inhibits fouling

Feed
  Steam
Vapor
Rotor

Condensate Concentrated Product