This following document steps through each section of the main Code, and where necessary explains where

the Annexes link in, and any additional information needed.

INTRODUCTION
EN 1991 1 ! descri"es the thermal and mechanical actions for the structural design of "uildings exposed to fire, including the following aspects#

Safety requirements
EN 1991 1 ! is intended for clients $e.g. for the formulation of their specific re%uirements&, designers, contractors and rele'ant authorities. The general o"(ecti'es of fire protection are to limit risks with respect to the indi'idual and society, neigh"ouring property, and where re%uired, en'ironment or directly exposed property, in the case of fire. Construction )roducts *irecti'e +9,1-.,EEC gi'es the following essential re%uirement for the limitation of fire risks# EN 1991 1 !#!--! $E& /The construction works must "e designed and "uilt in such a way, that in the e'ent of an out"reak of fire 0 the load "earing resistance of the construction can "e assumed for a specified period of time, 0 the generation and spread of fire and smoke within the works are limited, 0 the spread of fire to neigh"ouring construction works is limited, 0 the occupants can lea'e the works or can "e rescued "y other means, 0 the safety of rescue teams is taken into consideration/. According to the 1nterpretati'e *ocument N2! /3afety in Case of 4ire 5/ the essential re%uirement may "e o"ser'ed "y following 'arious possi"ilities for fire safety strategies pre'ailing in the 6em"er 3tates like con'entional fire scenarios $nominal fires& or /natural/ $parametric& fire scenarios, including passi'e and,or acti'e fire protection measures. 1

The fire parts of 3tructural Eurocodes deal with specific aspects of passi'e fire protection in terms of designing structures and parts thereof for ade%uate load "earing resistance and for limiting fire spread as rele'ant. 7e%uired functions and le'els of performance can "e specified either in terms of nominal $standard& fire resistance rating, generally gi'en in national fire regulations or, where allowed "y national fire regulations, "y referring to fire safety engineering for assessing passi'e and acti'e measures. 3upplementary re%uirements concerning, for example# 0 the possi"le installation and maintenance of sprinkler systems8 0 conditions on occupancy of "uilding or fire compartment8 0 the use of appro'ed insulation and coating materials, including their maintenance are not gi'en in this document, "ecause they are su"(ect to specification "y the competent authority. Numerical 'alues for partial factors and other relia"ility elements are gi'en as recommended 'alues that pro'ide an accepta"le le'el of relia"ility. They ha'e "een selected assuming that an appropriate le'el of workmanship and of %uality management applies.

Design procedures
A full analytical procedure for structural fire design would take into account the "eha'iour of the structural system at ele'ated temperatures, the potential heat exposure and the "eneficial effects of acti'e and passi'e fire protection systems, together with the uncertainties associated with these three features and the importance of the structure $conse%uences of failure&. At the present time it is possi"le to undertake a procedure for determining ade%uate performance which incorporates some, if not all, of these parameters and to

demonstrate that the structure, or its components, will gi'e ade%uate performance in a real "uilding fire. 9owe'er where the procedure is "ased on a nominal $standard& fire, the classification system, which calls for specific periods of fire resistance, takes into account $though not explicitly& the features and uncertainties descri"ed a"o'e.

SECTION 1
Scope
$1& The methods gi'en in this )art 1 ! of EN 1991 are applica"le to "uildings, with a fire load related to the "uilding and its occupancy. $!& This )art 1 ! of EN 1991 deals with thermal and mechanical actions on structures exposed to fire. 1t is intended to "e used in con(unction with the fire design )arts of prEN 199! to prEN 199. and prEN 1999 which gi'e rules for designing structures for fire resistance. $:& This )art 1 ! of EN 1991 contains thermal actions related to nominal and physically "ased thermal actions. 6ore data and models for physically "ased thermal actions are gi'en in annexes. $;& This )art 1 ! of EN 1991 gi'es general principles and application rules in connection to thermal and mechanical actions to "e used in con(unction with EN 199-, EN 1991 1 1, EN 1991 1 : and EN 1991 1 ;. $5& The assessment of the damage of a structure after a fire, is not co'ered "y the present document.

Assumptions
$1& 1n addition to the general assumptions of EN 199- the following assumptions apply# 0 any acti'e and passi'e fire protection systems taken into account in the design will "e ade%uately maintained8 0 the choice of the rele'ant design fire scenario is made "y appropriate %ualified and experienced personnel, or is gi'en "y the rele'ant national regulation.

SECTION 2
enera!
$1& A structural fire design analysis should take into account the following steps as rele'ant# 0 selection of the rele'ant design fire scenarios8 0 determination of the corresponding design fires8 0 calculation of temperature e'olution within the structural mem"ers8 0 calculation of the mechanical "eha'iour of the structure exposed to fire.
N<TE 6echanical "eha'iour of a structure is depending on thermal actions and their thermal effect on material properties and indirect mechanical actions, as well as on the direct effect of mechanical actions.

$!& 3tructural fire design in'ol'es applying actions for temperature analysis and actions for mechanical analysis according to this )art and other )arts of EN 1991. $:& Actions on structures from fire exposure are classified as accidental actions, see EN 199-#!--!, ..;.:.:$;&.

Design fire scenario

$1& To identify the accidental design situation, the rele'ant design fire scenarios and the associated design fires should "e determined on the "asis of a fire risk assessment. $!& 4or structures where particular risks of fire arise as a conse%uence of other accidental actions, this risk should "e considered when determining the o'erall safety concept. $:& Time and load dependent structural "eha'iour prior to the accidental situation needs not "e considered, unless $!& applies.

Design fire
$1& 4or each design fire scenario, a design fire, in a fire compartment, should "e estimated according to section : of this )art. $!& The design fire should "e applied only to one fire compartment of the "uilding at a time, unless otherwise specified in the design fire scenario.

$:& 4or structures, where the national authorities specify structural fire resistance re%uirements, it may "e assumed that the rele'ant design fire is gi'en "y the standard fire, unless specified otherwise.

Temperature Ana!ysis
$1& =hen performing temperature analysis of a mem"er, the position of the design fire in relation to the mem"er shall "e taken into account. $!& 4or external mem"ers, fire exposure through openings in facades and roofs should "e considered. $:& 4or separating external walls fire exposure from inside $from the respecti'e fire compartment& and alternati'ely from outside $from other fire compartments& should "e considered when re%uired. $;& *epending on the design fire chosen in section :, the following procedures should "e used# 0 with a nominal temperature time cur'e, the temperature analysis of the structural mem"ers is made for a specified period of time, without any cooling phase8
N<TE# The specified period of time may "e gi'en in the national regulations or o"tained from annex 4 following the specifications of the national annex.

0 with a fire model, the temperature analysis of the structural mem"ers is made for the full duration of the fire, including the cooling phase.
N<TE# >imited periods of fire resistance may "e set in the national annex.

"ec#anica! Ana!ysis
$1& The mechanical analysis shall "e performed for the same duration as used in the temperature analysis. $!& ?erification of fire resistance should "e in the time domain#
t fi , d t fi , requ

$!.1&

or in the strength domain#

R fi , d ,t E fi , d ,t

$!.!&

or in the temperature domain#

Qd Qcr ,d

$!.:&

where
t fi , d is the design 'alue of the fire resistance

t fi , requ is the re%uired fire resistance time

R fi , d ,t is the design 'alue of the resistance of the mem"er in the fire situation at time t

E fi , d ,t is the design 'alue of the rele'ant effects of actions in the fire situation at time t

Qd is the design 'alue of material temperature

Qcr , d is the design 'alue of the critical material temperature

SECTION $
Thermal actions for temperature analysis

enera! ru!es
$1& Thermal actions are gi'en "y the net heat flux h net A=,m!B to the surface of the

mem"er.
$!& <n the fire exposed surfaces the net heat flux h should "e determined "y net

considering heat transfer "y con'ection and radiation as

h net = hnet ,c + hnet , r

A=,m!B

$:.1&

where
h net , c is gi'en "y e.%. $:.!&
h net , r is gi'en "y e.%. $:.:&

$:& The net con'ecti'e heat flux component should "e determined "y#
h net , c = c (g m ) A=,m!B $:.!&

where

c is the coefficient of heat transfer "y con'ection A=,m!CB

g is the gas temperature in the 'icinity of the fire exposed mem"er A2CB

m is the surface temperature of the mem"er A2CB

$;& 4or the coefficient of heat transfer "y con'ection c temperature time cur'es, see :.!.

rele'ant for nominal

$5& <n the unexposed side of separating mem"ers, the net heat flux h net should "e

determined "y using e%uation $:.1&, with c D ; A=,m!CB. The coefficient of heat transfer "y con'ection should "e taken as c D 9 A=,m!CB, when assuming it contains the effects of heat transfer "y radiation. $.& The net radiati'e heat flux component per unit surface area is determined "y#
4 4 h net ,r = m f ( r + 273) ( m + 273)

A=,m!B $:.:&

where

is the configuration factor

m is the surface emissi'ity of the mem"er
f is the emissi'ity of the fire

is the 3tephan EoltFmann constant

$D 5..@ G 1- + =,m!C;&

r is the effecti'e radiation temperature of the fire en'ironment A2CB

m is the surface temperature of the mem"er A2CB

N<TE 1 Hnless gi'en in the material related fire design )arts of prEN 199! to prEN 199. and prEN 1999,

D -.+ may "e used.

N<TE ! The emissi'ity of the fire is taken in general as

D 1.-.

$@& =here this )art or the fire design )arts of prEN 199! to prEN 199. and prEN 1999 gi'e no specific data, the configuration factor should "e taken as

D 1.-. A lower

'alue may "e chosen to take account of so called position and shadow effects.
N<TE 4or the calculation of the configuration factor

a method is gi'en in annex I.

$+& 1n case of fully fire engulfed mem"ers, the radiation temperature r may "e represented "y the gas temperature g around that mem"er. $9& The surface temperature m results from the temperature analysis of the mem"er according to the fire design )arts 1 ! of prEN 199! to prEN 199. and prEN 1999, as rele'ant. $1-& Ias temperatures may "e adopted as nominal temperature time cur'es g according to :.!, or adopted according to the fire models gi'en in :.:.
N<TE The use of the nominal temperature time cur'es according to :.! or, as an alternati'e, the use of the natural fire models according to :.: may "e specified in the national annex.

Nomina! temperature%time cur&es

3tandard temperature time cur'e $1& The standard temperature time cur'e is gi'en "y# 9

g = 20 + 345 ln(8t +1)

A2CB

$:.;&

where
g is the gas temperature in the fire compartment A2CB

t is the time AminB

$!& The coefficient of heat transfer "y con'ection is# c D !5 =,m!C External fire cur'e $1& The external fire cur'e is gi'en "y#
g = 660(1 0.687e 0.32t 0.313e 3.8t ) + 20

A2CB

$:.5&

where
g is the gas temperature near the mem"er A2CB

t is the time AminB

$!& The coefficient of heat transfer "y con'ection is# c D !5 =,m!C 9ydrocar"on cur'e $1& The hydrocar"on temperature time cur'e is gi'en "y#
g = 1080(1 0.325e 0.167 t 0.675e 2.5t ) + 20

A2CB

$:..&

where
g is the gas temperature in the fire compartment A2CB

t is the time AminB

$!& The coefficient of heat transfer "y con'ection is# $:.@& c D 5- =,m!C

Natura! fire mode!s

3implified fire models Ieneral $1& 3imple fire models are "ased on specific physical parameters with a limited field of application.
N<TE 4or the calculation of the design fire load density q f , d a method is gi'en in annex E.

$!& A uniform temperature distri"ution as a function of time is assumed for compartment fires. A non uniform temperature distri"ution as a function of time is assumed in case of localised fires.

1-

$:& =hen simple fire models are used, the coefficient of heat transfer "y con'ection should "e taken as c D :5 A=,m!CB. Compartment fires $1& Ias temperatures should "e determined on the "asis of physical parameters considering at least the fire load density and the 'entilation conditions.
N<TE 1 The national annex may specify the procedure for calculating the heating conditions. N<TE ! 4or internal mem"ers of fire compartments, a method for the calculation of the gas temperature in the compartment is gi'en in annex A.

$!& 4or external mem"ers, the radiati'e heat flux component should "e calculated as the sum of the contri"utions of the fire compartment and of the flames emerging from the openings.
N<TE 4or external mem"ers exposed to fire through openings in the facade, a method for the calculation of the heating conditions is gi'en in annex E.

>ocalised fires $1& =here flash o'er is unlikely to occur, thermal actions of a localised fire should "e taken into account.
N<TE The national annex may specify the procedure for calculating the heating conditions. A method for the calculation of thermal actions from localised fires is gi'en in annex C.

Ad'anced fire models $1& Ad'anced fire models should take into account the following# 0 gas properties8 0 mass exchange8 0 energy exchange.
N<TE 1 A'aila"le calculation methods normally include iterati'e procedures. N<TE ! 4or the calculation of the design fire load density q f , d a method is gi'en in annex E. N<TE : 4or the calculation of the rate of heat release J a method is gi'en in annex E.

$!& <ne of the following models should "e used# 0 one Fone models assuming a uniform, time dependent temperature distri"ution in the compartment8 0 two Fone models assuming an upper layer with time dependent thickness and with time dependent uniform temperature, as well as a lower layer with a time dependent uniform and lower temperature8

11

0 Computational 4luid *ynamic models gi'ing the temperature e'olution in the compartment in a completely time dependent and space dependent manner.
N<TE The national annex may specify the procedure for calculating the heating conditions. A method for the calculation of thermal actions in case of one Fone, two Fone or computational fluid dynamic models is gi'en in annex *.

$:& The coefficient of heat transfer "y con'ection should "e taken as c D :5 A=,m!CB, unless more detailed information is a'aila"le. $;& 1n order to calculate more accurately the temperature distri"ution along a mem"er, in case of a localised fire, a com"ination of results o"tained with a two Fone model and a localised fire approach may "e considered.
N<TE The temperature field in the mem"er may "e o"tained "y considering the maximum effect at each location gi'en "y the two fire models.

1!

SECTION '
6echanical actions for structural analysis

enera!
$1& 1mposed and constrained expansions and deformations caused "y temperature changes due to fire exposure result in effects of actions, e.g. forces and moments, which shall "e considered with the exception of those cases where they# 0 may "e recogniFed a priori to "e either negligi"le or fa'oura"le8 0 are accounted for "y conser'ati'ely chosen support models and "oundary conditions, and,or implicitly considered "y conser'ati'ely specified fire safety re%uirements. $!& 4or an assessment of indirect actions the following should "e considered# 0 constrained thermal expansion of the mem"ers themsel'es, e.g. columns in multi storey frame structures with stiff walls8 0 differing thermal expansion within statically indeterminate mem"ers, e.g. continuous floor sla"s8 0 thermal gradients within cross sections gi'ing internal stresses8 0 thermal expansion of ad(acent mem"ers, e.g. displacement of a column head due to the expanding floor sla", or expansion of suspended ca"les8 0 thermal expansion of mem"ers affecting other mem"ers outside the fire compartment. $:& *esign 'alues of indirect actions due to fire Aind,d should "e determined on the "asis of the design 'alues of the thermal and mechanical material properties gi'en in the fire design )arts of prEN 199! to prEN 199. and prEN 1999 and the rele'ant fire exposure. $;& 1ndirect actions from ad(acent mem"ers need not "e considered when fire safety re%uirements refer to mem"ers under standard fire conditions.

Simu!taneity of actions
Actions from normal temperature design $1& Actions shall "e considered as for normal temperature design, if they are likely to act in the fire situation.

1:

$!& 7epresentati'e 'alues of 'aria"le actions, accounting for the accidental design situation of fire exposure, should "e introduced in accordance with EN 199-. $:& *ecrease of imposed loads due to com"ustion should not "e taken into account. $;& Cases where snow loads need not "e considered, due to the melting of snow, should "e assessed indi'idually. $5& Actions resulting from industrial operations need not "e taken into account. Additional actions $1& 3imultaneous occurrence with other independent accidental actions needs not "e considered. $!& *epending on the accidental design situations to "e considered, additional actions induced "y the fire may need to "e applied during fire exposure, e.g. impact due to collapse of a structural mem"er or hea'y machinery.
N<TE The choice of additional actions may "e specified in the national annex.

$:& 4ire walls may "e re%uired to resist a horiFontal impact load according to EN 1:.: !.

Com(ination ru!es for actions

Ieneral rule $1& 4or o"taining the rele'ant effects of actions E fi , d ,t during fire exposure, the mechanical actions shall "e com"ined in accordance with EN 199- KEasis of structural designL for accidental design situations. $!& The representati'e 'alue of the 'aria"le action Q1 may "e considered as the %uasi permanent 'alue 2,1Q1 , or as an alternati'e the fre%uent 'alue 1,1Q1 .
N<TE The use of the %uasi permanent 'alue 2 ,1Q1 or the fre%uent 'alue 1,1Q1 may "e specified in the national annex. The use of 2 ,1Q1 is recommended.

3implified rules $1& =here indirect fire actions need not "e explicitly considered, effects of actions may "e determined "y analysing the structure for com"ined actions according to ;.:.1 for

t = 0 only. These effects of actions E fi , d may "e applied as constant throughout fire
exposure.

1;

N<TE This clause applies, for example, to effects of actions at "oundaries and supports, where an analysis of parts of the structure is performed in accordance with the fire design )arts of prEN 199! to prEN 199. and prEN 1999.

$!& As a further simplification to $1&, effects of actions may "e deduced from those determined in normal temperature design#
E fi , d ,t = E fi ,d = fi E d

$;.1&

=here
E d is the design 'alue of the rele'ant effects of actions from the fundamental

com"ination according to EN 199-8

E fi , d is the corresponding constant design 'alue in the fire situation8

fi is a reduction factor defined in the fire design )arts of prEN 199! to prEN 199. and
prEN 1999. >oad le'el $1& =here ta"ulated data are specified for a reference load le'el, this load le'el corresponds to#
E fi ,d ,t =fi ,t Rd

$;.!&

where
Rd is the design 'alue of the resistance of the mem"er at normal temperature,

determined according to prEN 199! to prEN 199. and prEN 19998

fi ,t is the load le'el for fire design.

15