Jet grouting method has been widely used in Taipei MRT

construction projects.
Busy traffic above improvement zone Drainage culvert above improvement zone
Utility networks above improvement zone
limitation of construction space
complicated utilities layout at the shallow depth
close to the existing underground facilities
RJG named as Rapid Jet Gruting. Similar to the commonly used JSG method,
the RJG method uses a double-tube grouting system with two nozzles on the
opposite side of the monitor. The latter also uses air and jet stream to cut
and mix the in-situ soil with grout.
Step 1Locating of Boring machine
Grout Column
Two nozzles use
in RJG method
Step 2Boring Step 3lnjection Step 4Construction
Step 5Tube withdrawal
and cleaning
RJGGG dd RRR idd JJ tt GGG ti i il SSS t hh th l
Method
Item
Jet Special Grout
(JSG method)
Column Jet Grout
(CJG method)
Rodin Jet Pile
(RJP method)
Rapid Jet grout
(RJG method)
Effective diameter 1.0~2.0 m 1.2~2.0 m 2.0~3.0 m 2.5~4.5 m
Geological condition
Sand SPT-N 50 SPT-N 200 SPT-N 100 SPT-N 100
Clay SPT-N 4 SPT-N 9 SPT-N 5 SPT-N 5
Design strength
Sand 2~3 MPa 2~3 MPa 2~3 MPa 2~3 MPa
Clay 0.3~1 MPa 0.3~1 MPa 0.3~1 MPa 0.3~1 MPa
Drill hole diameter 0.12~0.15 m 0.14~0.25 m 0.14~0.25 m 0.14~0.25 m
Drill rod diameter
0.06 m
(double-tube)
0.06 m or 0.09 m
(triple-tube)
0.09 m
(triple-tube)
0.06 m or 0.09 m
(double-tube)
Number of nozzles use 1 2 2 2
J et grouting
material Binder Water Water Binder
total pressure 18~22 MPa 35~40 MPa 20 MPa 33~37 MPa
total flow rate 60 L/min 70 L/min 50 L/min 180 or 360 L/min
Total air pressure 0.6~0.7 MPa 0.6~0.7 MPa 0.76~1.05 MPa 0.7~1.05 MPa
Binder
total pressure 2~5 MPa 40 MPa
total flow rate 140~180 L/min 190 L/min
Rod rotation <10 rpm <6 rpm <6 rpm 2~5 rpm
Withdrawal rate 16~40 min/m 16~25 min/m 15~20 min/m 8~16 min/m
Grouting capacity 4.0 m
3
/hr 11.8 m
3
/hr 18.5 m
3
/hr 35.3 m
3
/hr
Binder consumption 0.9 m
3
/m
3
0.9 m
3
/m
3
0.6 m
3
/m
3
0.5 m
3
/m
3
Amount of sludge 1.3 m
3
/m
3
1.8 m
3
/m
3
1.0 m
3
/m
3
0.7 m
3
/m
3
0 8 16 24
SPT-N Value
0 25 50 75 100
Grain Size Distribution (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
D
e
p
t
h
(
m
)
< 0.075 mm < < 0.002 mm <
SM
CL
Soil Classification
1.2 m
ML
|
SM
Sand
Clay
Silty
The test site is in Beimen station of MRT Songshan Line near Taipei main
station. The silty sand within the upper 15 m is mostly non-plastic and with
about 48% fine content. Between 15 to 30 m, it is mostly low-plastic or non-
plastic silty clay layer with fine content up to 80%. The groundwater level at
the test site is 1.2 m below surface.
J30
J20
JJ0
J00
90
80
70
60
50
E
v
a

u
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
)
Evauation = sea eve + J00 m
J30
J20
JJ0
J00
90
80
70
60
50
8eimen Station
(b) N-S Section
Tuff
Shae
Sity cay
Sity sand
Grave
Sandstone
J20
JJ0
J00
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
J20
JJ0
J00
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
E
v
a

u
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
)
Evauation = sea eve + J00
m
8eimen Station
Tansui River
(a) E-W Section
Sity cay
Sity sand
Grave
Sandstone
Thee es e t stt it si s tee issss innn eime BB nn tatio st s nn oof off MR MMRTT ongsha So S nn in Li L ee ea ne n arr aipe Ta T ei m
EL J00.90
EL 97.90
EL 95.00
EL 9J.90
EL 89.40
EL 86.20
EL 83.J0
EL J03.93
4
.
2

m
2
.
5

m
2
.
0

m
2
.
0

m
2
.
0

m
J
4
.
0

m
2
0
.
0

m
EL J04.30
J
st
support
2
nd
support
3
rd
support
4
th
support
5
th
support
6
th
support
7
th
support
Cover Pate
T
Y
P
.

W
o
r
k

W
e

Diaphragm wa
8ored pie
Nidde pie
Cross beam
Support beam
Diaphragm wa
Sewer
Rainwater pipe
A
8
C
D
4
.
5
4

m
3
4
.
7
4

m
3
9
.
7
4

m
6
.
0
0

m
2
.
7
5

m
3
.
2
5

m
Grout coumn
Grouting works were carried out at two depths: one was between 14~16m in
silty sand layer; the other was between 18~20 m in silty clay layer.
Profile section
Plan section
Grout Column A B C D
Design column diameter, m 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
SM
layer
depth, m -14 ~-16 -14 ~-16 -14 ~-16 -14 ~-16
Design strength, MPa 2 2 2 2
CL
layer
depth, m -18 ~-20 -18 ~-20 -18 ~-20 -18 ~-20
Design strength, MPa 1 1 1 1
Total grouting pressure, MPa 352 352 352 352
Total grouting rate, L/min 200 200 300 300
Nozzle size, mm
Total air pressure, MPa 0.7 ~1.05
Total air flow rate, L/min 6 ~10
Rod rotation, rpm 2 ~5
Rod withdraw rate, min/m 10 ~18
2'
4.6 m
0.5 J.5 2.0 J.0 2.0 J.0 0.5 J.5
0.5
J.0
2.0
2.0
J.0
0.5
J J'
2
4.7 m
J.5
J.5
DJ
D2
D3
0.5 J.5 2.0 J.0 2.0 J.0 0.5 J.5
0.5
J.0
J.5
2.0
2.0
J.5
J.0
0.5
J J'
2
2'
4.J m
4.J m
DJ
D3
D2
The photo of grout column D excavated
Measured diameter in silty sand layer
Measured diameter in silty clay layer
Measured dimension
Grout column
1-1' section 2-2' section Design diameter
A
Silty sand layer 3.7 m 3.1 m
2.0 m
Silty clay layer 3.1 m 2.6 m
B
Silty sand layer 3.4 m 3.6 m
2.5 m
Silty clay layer 3.2 m 2.7 m
C
Silty sand layer 3.6 m 3.8 m
3.0 m
Silty clay layer 3.6 m 3.8 m
D
Silty sand layer 4.6 m 4.7 m
3.5 m
Silty clay layer 4.1 m 4.1 m
Silty sand layer
Silty clay layer
J-J' Section
2-2' Section
GL=J3.0 m
GL=J3.5 m
GL=J4.0 m
GL=J4.5 m
GL=J5.0 m
GL=J5.5 m
GL=J6.0 m
0.5 J.5 2.0 J.0 0.0 2.0 J.0 0.5 J.5 0.5 J.5 2.0 J.0 0.0 2.0 J.0 0.5 J.5
D3
D2
DJ D3
DJ DJ
J-J' Section
2-2' Section
GL=J8.0 m
GL=J8.5 m
GL=J9.0 m
GL=J9.5 m
GL=20.0 m
GL=20.5 m
GL=2J.0 m
0.5 J.5 2.0 J.0 0.0 2.0 J.0 0.5 J.5 0.5 J.5 2.0 J.0 0.0 2.0 J.0 0.5 J.5
D2 D3 DJ D3 D2 DJ
Grade
Acceptable Grouting Poor Grouting

Core Models


Core
Status
---
lnspection
remarks
Perfect-shaped
and solid core.
Perfect-shaped
core mixed with
clay.
Core containing
coarse gravel.
Core containing
fine gravel.
lncomplete
sampling, only
few broken
gravel.
Failed
sampling.
The evaluation grade of core sampling (from Takashi, 2003)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
(
M
P
a
)
Grout Column A Grout Column B Grout Column C Grout Column D
S 1
S 1
S 1
S 2
S 2
S 2
S 2
avg.
avg.
avg. avg.
S 3
(a) Silty Sand Layer
S 3
S 3
S 3
Design strength
S 1
S 1 : Sample 1
S 2 : Sample 2
S 3 : Sample 3
avg. : Average
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
(
M
P
a
)
Grout Column A Grout Column B Grout Column C Grout Column D
S 1
S 1
S 3
S 1
S 3
S 1
S 3
S 2
S 2
avg.
avg.
avg.
avg.
S 3
(b) Silty Clay Layer
Design strength
S 2
S 2
S 1 : Sample 1
S 2 : Sample 2
S 3 : Sample 3
avg. : Average
There is no clear difference between the strengths of grout columns in silty
sand and in silty clay layers. It is mainly resulted by the not significant
different in fine content between silty sand and silty clay. The fine content
for silty sand is about 50% while the fine content of silty clay is about 80%.
To increase the strength of grout column in the silty sand layer, it needs to
reduce the water/cement ratio in grout.
1. RJG method can install grout columns with the diameter ranging from
3.1 to 4.6 m at the depth from 14 to 20 m in silty sand layer and silty
clay layer. The former has fine content of 48%; the latter has the SPT-N
value ranging from 5 to 10.
2. The fine content of the in-situ soil has a significant influence on the
unconfined compressive strength of RJG grout column. For example,
when the fine content of the grout column located in the silty sand
layer is as high as 48%, the unconfined compressive strength is almost
different from the grout column located in silty clay layer (fine content
= 80%). To increase the strength of grout columns in silty sand layers,
the water-cement ratio of grout needs to be reduced.
3. Due to the large diameter of RJG grout column, the number of inclined
jet grouting piles can be minimized and the quality of overlapping grout
columns can be improved when grouting is carried out in complicated
subsoil condition or limited space.