M2PM3 COMPLEX ANALYSIS 2013 LECTURE 8 & 9 CAUCHY-RIEMANN EQUATIONS IN POLAR COORDINATES, ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS.

Properties of real and imaginary parts of holomorphic functions. Theorem 1. Assume that f = u + iv be a holomorphic function dened on an open connected domain C. Consider two equations a) u(x, y ) = C and b) v (x, y ) = K, where C, K are two real constants. Assume that the equations a) and b) have the same solution (x0 , y0 ) and that f (z0 ) = 0 at z0 = x0 + iy0 . Then the curve dened by the equation a) is orthogonal to the curve dened by the equation b) at (x0 , y0 ). Proof. It is known that the gradients u(x0 , y0 ) = (ux (x0 , y0 ), uy (x0 , y0 )) and

v (x0 , y0 ) = (vx (x0 , y0 ), vy (x0 , y0 )) are orthogonal to the curves dened by the equations u(x, y ) = C and v (x, y ) = K respectively. Thus it is enough to prove that the vectors u and v are orthogonal at (x0 , y0 ). Indeed, using the Cauchy-Riemann equations we have u v = ux vx + uy vy = ux uy + uy ux = 0. The proof is complete. Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates. Usual Cauchy-Riemann equations for a holomorphic function f = u + iv as they were dened before are: ux = vy Introduce polar coordinate x = r cos , y = r sin , r=
1

uy = vx . x2 + y 2 = arctan y/x.

Then r = x x x2 + y 2 = cos , r = y y x2 + y 2 = sin ,

1 y sin = , (1) 2 = 2 x 1 + (y/x) x r Therefore ux = ur cos + u uy = ur sin + u uy = ur sin + u uy = ur sin + u sin , r cos , r cos , r cos , r

1 1 cos = = . 2 y 1 + (y/x) x r cos , r

vy = vr sin + v vx = vr cos + v vx = vr cos + v vx = vr cos + v

sin , r sin , r sin , r

Multiplying ux by cos and uy by sin and adding the results we nd ur = ur cos2 + ur sin2 = ux cos + uy sin . Using ux = vy and uy = vx we conclude ux cos + uy sin = vy cos vx sin cos sin = vr sin + v cos vr cos v r r

sin 1 = v . r

Then ur = Example 1. Let f (z ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) = ln(x2 + y 2 ) + 2i arctan y x 2 = ln |z | + 2iArg (z ) = 2(ln r + i). 1 v r and similarly 1 vr = u . r

where z = r(cos + i sin ). Then ur = 2 1 1 = 2 = v r r r and 1 0 = vr = u = 0. r

Elementary functions. 1. Exponential function. Denition. We dene exponential ez (z = x + iy C) as: ez = ex cos y + iex sin y. Properties: a) If y = 0 then ez = ex . b) ez is entire (holomorphic for any z C) Indeed, for that we check the C-R equations. Since u = Re f = ex cos y and v = Re f = ex sin y , we have ux = ex cos y = vy c) z x x e = e cos y + i e sin y = ez . z x x d) Let g (z ) be holomorphic. Then g(z) e = eg(z) g (z ). z e) Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 . ez1 +z2 = ex1 +x2 cos(y1 + y2 ) + i sin(y1 + y2 ) = ex1 +x2 cos y1 cos y2 sin y1 sin y2 + i(sin y1 cos y2 + cos y1 sin y2 ) = ex1 +x2 (cos y1 + i sin y1 )(cos y2 + i sin y2 ) = ez1 ez2 . f) |ez | = |ex | |eiy | = ex cos2 y + sin2 y = ex . and uy = ex ( sin y ) = vx .

The function ez is 2 -periodic with respect to y . g) Applying the De Moivres formula (cos y + i sin y )n = cos ny + i sin ny we obtain eiy
n

= einy .

h) Since arg z = arctan y/x arg ez = arctan ex sin y = arctan(tan y ) = y + 2k, ex cos y k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .

2. Trigonometric functions. e = cos + i sin ei = cos i sin

i

cos = sin =

1 2 1 2i

ei + ei ei ei

Denition. For any z C we dene 1 iz sin z = e eiz , 2i Properties: a) sin z and cos z are entire functions b)
z 2

cos z =

1 iz e + eiz . 2

sin z = cos z and

2

cos z = sin z .

c) sin z + cos z = 1. Indeed: 2 2 1 1 iz eiz eiz + e + eiz = = 1. 4 4 d) sin(z1 z2 ) = sin z1 cos z2 cos z1 sin z2 cos(z1 z2 ) = cos z1 cos z2 sin z1 sin z2 . 3. Logarithmic functions. Let z = r(cos + i sin ) = r ei . Denition. log z = ln |z | + arg z = log r + i( + 2k ), k = 0, 1, 2, . . . . z = 0, where