Name: Muhammad Akbar Walenna Student ID/Program: 1380752/MSc Geotechnical Engineering Title of Presentation: Theres more to ground engineering

than meets the eye Name of Presenter: Mr. Jim De Waele Location: Room G36, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham Date: November 12th 2013 Word Count: 498

The main key issue presented by the speaker was Compensation Grouting. The issue was described by introducing tunneling project for Crossrail in London. Each constructed tunnel (full train size) is 6.2 meters in diameter and it definitely required large excavation to build it. As tunnel was constructed and considering the diameter of it, it is unavoidable that it caused considerable amount of settlement in surface. It was assessed that it generated 0.5-1 % face loss during the boring of tunnels. There was also further tunneling called Sprayed Concrete Lining (SCL) Tunneling which is located in the area of station. As Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) came through, SCL was used to enlarge the tunnel and it opened the diameter up to 10 meters. The problem was it generated higher face loss up to 2-3 %. In order to cope with that condition, sleeved grouting pipe or tube a manchette was installed to the ground. The grouting caused the ground to heave and the heave is controlled to replace the face loss.

Tube a manchette was installed by creating several numbers of shafts. It was followed by drilling using small drilling rigs until the fine arrangement of tube a manchette into the ground was created. In two years the speaker mentioned that 55 kilometers of tube a manchette were drilled and 11000 tons of cement had been injected to the ground by the end of project. The monitoring instrumentation was also installed in the sleeve of tube a manchette.

The grouting process was mainly controlled by computer. It controlled the grouting pressure, grouting volume and the location of grouting. This computer based control was deemed necessary to be done to ensure the volume of grouting matches the grouting pressure and to evaluate the response of grouting towards ground and building in real time.

Monitoring activity was executed in variety of ways. Google Earth was used to locate discrete monitoring point. The other instrumentations installed were Automatic Total Station both in surface and underneath the surface (e.g. ceiling of tunnel) to pick up the prisms wherever they were located, Hydraulic Liquid Cells, etc. Within two years, 10000 separated data points in 500 buildings were obtained. The progress of TBM was also recorded. It employed computer technology to process all data which were gained from the site and Heat Map was produced to visualize the influence of tunneling construction and grouting towards settlement.

Another case presented by the speaker was Victoria Station Upgrade which employed Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the process to determine plan and record of the works (in this case jet grouting).

In inquiry session, the speaker suggested that the London clay soil has good response towards the grout in terms of filling the soils void. Negative environmental consequence was also discussed as neither cement nor chemical substance which is used as grouting material is environmentally friendly. Nevertheless, there has been positive trend in finding alternative cementatious material which are environmentally constructive and can be used as grouting material.