research methodology n thesis writing 12/11/13 research requires a particular orientation towards a battery of questions.

it endeavours to ans a set of ques. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESERCH N REVIEW annual review tell us the state of the year in diff years research is concerned wid answering certain questions located in the sub field of a discipline. locate a research in particular displine. THESIS N DESERTATION often used interchangebly phd- thesis - trying to make original wrk which may not b a case in mphil or sum odr wrk all odr research wrk - desertation THESIS- a piece of writing whch is yet not published although it z publicly accesable after it z published. libraries abstracts of thesis are often published submitted for d award for one or the odr degree outcome of ones concerted full or part time wrk on a particular topic engages u completely (undivided attention) coz for a certain no of yrs u wrk wrk on a particular topic. if a thesis deserves publication it must b published as a whole as a monograph can be sent back for revision (in du 10% of thesis are sent back for revision) rejection is quite low in india while in cambridge the rejection rate z high ( cant submit it again). mphil, mlet, blet or ba is awarded if the thesis z rejected. in india rejection are now becomig common because: plagerism n academic fraud difference between earlier thesis n today's wrk ethics of research - contemporary books have ds chapter rite in d front. many uni have ethical commetties where the ethic....... water. ethics begins with u , the investigator 1.sirelbuttt wrking on the cognitive of twins.......data was fabricated n core researchers were missing. 2. paul 4. charles dawn - skull evolves at differential rate cases of academic fraud. plagerism is not criminal but unethical. thus every researcher must confine to the academic ....... another chap is on writing skills whch maintains that one shd b able to write up persuavely. writing has to b developed n has to b taken up seriously. paper clinic- the ability to write n agrue persuavely. ideas must be commited to writing. (some of ds ideas may provide a breakthrough) writing is thinking components of a thesis has chapters in whch the information pertaining to the topic is spread out chapters are of equal length for a good thesis - must have oragnic cahracteristic abstract z written towards d end but read first. must have a preface, title bibliography ( list provided at the end of the thsis is references cited not biblioaphy)notated bibliography ( summary of all books) n reference citation

RESEARCH DESIGN N RESEARCH PROPOSAL cannot be used interchangebly RD- thumbnail sketch, blueprint or a layout of the steps whch are taken up in research. eg how l i proceed ( how wld stages of research wld lk), guideline for clarification. when it z submitted to a funding agency or a university it z called a RP research prop- rd + other aspects like time line, bibliography RD evolves over time . it z constantly being looked at every research has element of serendipity-chance finding or unanticipated finding research wrk must b focused. ECONOMY OF TIME mphil thesis shd not b more than 30000 to 40000 wrds phd thesis - 80000 to 90000 wrds ECONOMY OF REFERENCES taking up d most crucial references. STAGES OF A RESEARCH DESIGN research ques brain storming - emerging from an event ...... mantra of research- Researches begin with suspicion n scepticism tabularasa prespective (blank slate) - without any free conceptions Karl popper: science progresses by falsification OBSERVATION is concious viewing research makes ur observation intense stages 1. question 2. survey of literature 3. identifiaction of concepts or ideas. constant n variable - concepts. in come n temp are variable. algebra is constant. concepts must b operationalised. n conceptual calrity is imp. 4. building of the hypothesis: aim of the rsearch is to confirm or disform the hypotheis. essential in some researches like the experimental researches , researches whch are not descriptive hypothesis is not essential. hypothesis are propostions but not all propositions are hypothesis propositions: categorical n conditional hyposthesis is an eg of a conditional proposition. eg religion influences political participation. wn dr an element of doubt we test it emperically (we take the actual cases). research shld neither be a victim of tenacity nor authority authornescent n authorascent text- author is unimportant in authornascent. procrustean approah in research methodology. the word comes from a greek myth EXPLORATELY RESEARCH DESIGN GROUNDED THEORY APPROACH TO HYPOTHESIS 5. data collection 6. data analysis 7. data interpretation 8. conclusion n olso formulate a set of new ques research design is cyclical seesms to b a linear process but is not actually linear. it is aetirative 13/11/13 systemattically collecting n analysing data to the questions posited or to provide a solution to the

problems. the term research is used for many kind of activities: a set if interconnected activities. theview dat is obtained by .......itic n emic- the actor's point of view DATA COLLECTION data are in two forms - numbers - quantitative data data in the form of words - qualitative data which are in d form of narration may olos b categorised into primary n secondary data...... information dat z retrieved for analysis is called data primary data are collected by individuals secondary data are in the form of documents, articles, journals etc historians make a distinction between primary n secondary sources of data within the secondary data some disciplines principally rely on seconfdary data, combination of both or nly on primary data. difference between d foll terms z necessary: techniqes methods tools methodology techniques n methods r often usd interchangebly technique refers to d procedure of collectinf information. observation z a technique, interview . when two or more tech are combined for collection of data it z called methods eg case study, pedigree n geneology methods. method z understood as a theoritical approach - eg diffusion , functional n evolutionary approach. tool refers toa finished product whch z used for data collection. questionnares, internet z olso a tool, library methodolgy refers to d philosophical ques dat r taken up in research. relationship btw observer n observed paradigm- mental window......neither wrng nor rite dealing wid d foundational beliefs.methodology deals wid 5 issues 1.wat z d nature of reality ( can d reality b observed or is it constructed by us)- ontological questions deals wid nature of reality. 2. relationship btw observer n observed - epistemological 3. values - universal n values- axiology 4. language ( patois- academic terms)- retoric 5. ways of collecting inf- mrthods, ways, techniques TYPES OF RESEARCH pure- methodology-to provide an understanding - systematic applied- understanding this knowledge to use ( eg d study of post traumatic stress syndrome) policy reserch is concerned with the study of the existing policies n their effectiveness. it z a direct relationship wid d state n state n state machineries action research is one whr d researcher takes up a prob wid an aim to implement d change swhere the person who studied is olso the one who z a part of the implementing team n d researcher z olso the implementer. APPLIED N ACTION are often used interchangebly but applied z one whr the researchers findings have implications for prac actions but these researches r not done wid an explicit aim of bringing abt a change. the researcher z not the implementer. in action research the researcher carries out the

research to carry out a change .....it z oriented towards a change.....researcher z the implemnter. focus of each research is different four methods of data collection which are used across disciplines method 1 : survey , used in disciplines- socio, eco, demography, pol science method 2: fieldwrk...... when study z carried out in natural habitat it z calld fieldwrk ( rounds of field wrk) - sociology, social antropology method 3: documentary study- history, literature, pol science method 4: experimentation or the faculty of experimentation - psychology, sociology, sum bit in eco, natural n biological sciences each of these methods are imp in d career of different discilplines each method has its merits n demerits these methos can be combined within the frame of the same study. wn diif methods r combined the technical term used is triangulation eg triangulation of investigation , however the researcher has to point out y ds methods were combined, which advantahes came up wid ds n d disadvanteges that were transcended. hypothesis is deemend in a htpothesis dat one variable l cause d other variable. variable that comes between dependant n independant variable are calld intervening variable. hypothesis testing follows d principle of falsification & wn v are unable to falsify it dr seems to b a relationship btw d variable at d backdrop of d data available. research z an itirative process...... tyler n bogde - gatekeeper - ppl who exercise survelliance on information ( whch inf z to b gvn n whch imp must b gvn out)..... propositions : whister blower research covert research (covert- hidden) 14/11 QUASI EXPERIMENT- experiments conducted by economists . some of the exemplray wrk of the economists are on kautaliya etc. historians in the last 50 yrs so have started to carry out field studies..... similarly economists have wrked on barter system & they are making use of field wrks for ds...... this is resulting methodological monism - one method used in all disciplines . methodological integration positivism was the wrd used for natural n biological sciences .....the term was proposed by a french scholar AUGUSTE COMTE.... positive philosophy- all sciences can use the same method ....sciences are all those enquiries whch are systematic, independant verofication of phenomenon exists n the attempt to arrive at laws ( nomothetic- we arrive at the general propositions n laws). the term used for social sciences was moral sciences ......M CONDORCET first used the term social science scientific methods comprises of acc to ds authors: observation experimentatio comparision arriving at inferences but all disciplines donot confine to these components today therefore methodological monism exists. methodological plurarism is more dominant CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FOUR METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

1. survey- what z a survey, hw are ds conducted n d merits n demerits surveys are invariably team researches although thr can be surveys carried out by individual researches which wld b small coz all the jobs done by diff ppl in team researches will hv to b done by an individual. investigators ( collect d data), index data , analysis n interpret aims of survey is to generalise abt the whole population, to understand d whole universe rather than undestanding only one of its parts ( surveyors draw the sample of the whole whch is rep of the whole) the main technique of survey is askng questions survey is thus defined as the method of askng questions dat wld generate verbal at a particular point of time or over time three types of surveys- the best type is census ( every unit is covered, tries to genralise the universe by studyng the entire population, conducted by gvtsn are statistically analysed, instruments are prepared in such a way dat answers are coded that can be quantitatively treated, presumed to b valid n reliable n can b used officially). 2) cross sectional surveys - particular section is studied at diff points of time , differed from the census in terms of the size of population. 3) longitudinal survey is one whch incorporates the elemnts of change..... diff samples are drawn from diff times to study d change...... different wrds are used for longitudinal survey trend study cohort study panel study field wrk is an insitu study ......... survey can olso include interviewing ppl or a combination of questionnare n intensive interviewing structure of a questionnare- comprises of 3 parts - the bulk z the set of ques ( closed ended n open ended) takes abt 6-7 months for framing a questionnare; (2)covering letter ( generally not more than a page) includes: the bonafides of the researchers aim of research the addresses n emails the results will b shared promise that no inf wld b leaked out; (3)note of gratitude - thank you note mainly for mailed questionnares mojor probs wid mailed questionnares - low response rate- it z rarely more than 25%, questionnares are filled incompletely ( often d open ended questions - difficulty in writing n composing ), no control over the external env of the components . due to ds predicaments involved in mailed questionnares one administers other methods: interviewing schedule , group administration , phone interview or telephonic questionnare demerits of survey yields normative replies says wat ppl actually donot do 2. field work - study of phenomenon in natural habitat ( carrying out insitu study) henry - two ways gng arnd it n gng inside it.......foe eg to know abt the preliterate societies stayng in dose socities was essential. characteristics- way of living was qualitatively diff from western societies, no travelouge n diff language. all these accounts were etnocentic think/ do / say/ ought to have done long period ( one cycle) vernacular - must know d lang coz the translator may conceal concepts n thus there l b several forms of interpretation. requirements of a field wrk scratch notes - these scratch notes need to b expanded ( needs 3-4 hrs for expanding n writing ) these are then called processed notes. these includes aspects of ones understanding ..... sorting out

the information . these processed notes are to be read ...... log book ......ques emerge that are etirative. glosarry......diary ( personal account of the field wrk). in field wrk the process of evaluation is etirative, data collection n analysis go hand in hand n entire field wrk generates head notes ( given by simon ottenberg who olso gave the term scratch notes). field wrk data collected by one person cannot be analysed n understood by other ppl. field wrk texts are authorascent. it z a solo activity . the basic tech in field wrk is observation which is not just d use of visual faculty seen ..... involves the use of the 5 senses...... altough it z largely viewed as concious viewing but it shd not b interpreted miopically as some ppl point out that dr z no tool kit simplicity in objectives wld come by writing n rewriting the objectives types of reseach designs exploratory descriptive- earlier called diagnostic experimental 9-12 partcipants who do not know each other ( bias factor) note taker taking note of the facial expression