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1 WHY HALCROW?
analysis and damage assessment, temporary works, ground treatment and most importantly tunnel construction methods. We consider that any successful practitioner of tunnel design has to posses a combination of these core engineering skills. Halcrow is represented on the committee of the British Tunnelling Society and supports the technical committees of the International Tunnelling Association. We have representation on the Road Tunnel Safety Committee of PIARC and have experts recognised by such bodies as the United Nations and the International Society for Rock Mechanics.
With nearly 110 years of tunnelling experience Halcrow has developed a level of expertise in underground works that is sought after by clients worldwide. With such a long track record our tunnel engineers are able to deliver the skills that have been developed by successive generations of the worlds leading tunnel designers. We provide state-of-the-art tunnel expertise delivered from within a tunnelling ethos that has been established through over a century of understanding and managing the risks associated with the development of underground infrastructure.
TIMELINE
STAFF
Our tunnelling pedigree is summarised below by listing some of the landmark projects undertaken during more than a century of tunnel engineering: 1890-1900 ~Tunnels on the Port Talbot Railway, United Kingdom 1900-1910 ~ Proposals for the Charing Cross to Hammersmith Underground Railway, United Kingdom (not built) 1910-1920 ~ Kinlochleven Extension, United Kingdom. 1920-1930 ~ Waterloo Station Escalators Tunnels, United Kingdom & Lochaber Hydro Power, Ben Nevis Tunnel, United Kingdom.
Halcrow offers the services of recognised experts in tunnel design and associated disciplines. Including: Segmental linings for tunnels and shafts. Sprayed concrete & cast in situ linings. Cut and cover retaining structures and underground stations. Pipe jacking, micro trenchless technology. tunnelling and
Rocks tunnels, shafts and caverns. Urban soft ground tunnelling. Tunnel ventilation, fire/life safety engineering and computational fluid dynamics. Project and delivery management & Procurement strategies. Tunnel inspection and assessment, instrumentation monitoring services. tunnel and
1930-1940 ~ Piccadilly Line, Southgate Extension, United Kingdom. 1940-1950 ~ Home Office Shelters, United Kingdom. 1950-1960 ~ Woodhead Tunnel, United Kingdom. 1960-1970 ~ Orange Fish Tunnel, South Africa & Victoria Line, United Kingdom.
Our tunnel engineers possess a broad range of knowledge including structural engineering, materials technology, geotechnical engineering, capability in ground movement, settlement
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1980-1990 ~ Channel Tunnel, United Kingdom/France 1990-2000 ~ Kuala Lumpur LRT II, Malaysia & Jubilee Line Extension, London, United Kingdom
Tunnel Boring Machines Experience with soft ground TBMs includes Earth Pressure Balance TBMs and Slurry TBMs as well as open face TBMs for use in more stable ground. Halcrows tunnel engineers appreciate that a full understanding of the operation of the TBM is one of the essential aspects of successful segmental lining design. Halcrows experience includes the EPBMs and slurry TBMs used for the Jubilee Line Extension, where Halcrows bolted precast concrete segmental lining was adopted for over 50% of the bored running tunnels. Other experience includes contributions to the specification for the TBMs for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, where TBM manufacturers were prequalified before tenders for construction were invited. Incremental Support Methods Sometimes referred to as the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM), this is a very flexible form of construction and ideally suited to the construction of complex tunnel arrangements such as metro stations. The use of incremental support methods is set to increase as demands are made to provide more complex arrangements of underground space in the most economical and efficient manner.
2000-Present ~ Channel Tunnel Rail Link, London, United Kingdom (commenced 1996) & DLR Woolwich Extension, United Kingdom
We offer our clients expertise in the design of segmentally lined tunnels and shafts, and cut and cover tunnels. Our extensive experience includes tunnels driven by TBM, pipe jacked tunnels, tunnels advanced by incremental support methods and tunnels driven by pre-vaulting. Our expertise includes the design and specification of segmental linings including segment casting advice, segment mould specification and advice on lining erection. Construction Methods Halcrow has experience in a wide range of soft ground tunnelling construction techniques.
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curved bolts, straight bolts or dowel connectors. unreinforced concrete linings. reinforced concrete linings with conventional bar reinforcement or steel fibres. compression gaskets or gaskets for waterproofing. hydrophilic
Particular design aspects of shafts include: Overall stability/flotation in the permanent condition and during construction. Base stability during excavation. Requirements for openings permanent shaft lining. through
We consider that casting tolerances and details like bolt pocket configurations, caulking and gasket grooves, and lifting pockets etc. are
Settlement Analysis and Building Damage Assessments Halcrows experience in predicting settlement induced by tunnelling ranges from preliminary
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A 0.6 mile long x 165ft wide x 70ft deep cut & cover station box at Stratford.
Halcrow employees seconded to RLE were responsible for the design of all tunnels, including geotechnical input such as the planning of site investigation programs and interpretation of the resulting data. They have also been instrumental in the design of the Stratford box, as well as a large number of ventilation and escape shafts, and other ancillary structures. Our engineers performed ground movement prediction analyses and building damage assessments for hundreds of structures in Central London, including the assessment of the crossing of the existing Central and Victoria Line subway tunnels, and the impact of the CTRL tunnels on the brick lined Thameslink tunnels at Kings Cross Station. The work also included development of mitigation and building protection measures, and specification of instrumentation and monitoring requirements. Deep Tunnel Sewerage System Contract T04, Singapore Halcrow acted as design consultant to Samsung Corporation for both the tender and detailed design of Contract T-04 of the Deep Tunnel Sewer System Project in Singapore. The project involved the design of the following structures: 4.6 miles of 156 ID precast concrete segmental tunnel lining in soft ground, with dowelled circumferential joints, bolted radial joints and a double gasket waterproofing system. The tunnel was driven using an EPB TBM. 141 ID corrosion protection lining consisting of a mass concrete ring poured within the segmental lining, with a 0.1 thick HDPE liner cast into the internal surface of the concrete to resist attack resulting from the potential buildup of acidic gases within the tunnel. A 526 ID slurry walled working shaft. 5 No. permanent access shafts ranging in diameter from 6 to 10 ID.
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The twin running tunnels will be bored with an EPB TBM and pass under the River Thames. The tunnels will be lined with steel fibre reinforced segments and the tunnels will be excavated in chalk. Tottenham Court Road Station Upgrade, United Kingdom Halcrow led the Joint Venture awarded the upgrade of the existing Tottenham Court Road Station in London. The upgrade incorporated a new cut & cover ticket hall, elevators and escalators, and platform interchange passages. The JV consisted of architects, structural engineers and M&E engineers. Halcrow were responsible for coordinating all work undertaken by the JV, liaising with the Client and designing the tunnels and deep level concourses, shafts and interchange passages. Coordination of the design process was facilitated by the adoption of a single project model environment, which ensured that all JV members were using the same information. This was invaluable in managing the complex interfaces with the existing station structure (which was to remain operational throughout the upgrade works), and to achieve full coordination between each of the design disciplines.
In addition to the design work, Halcrow was also responsible for producing Construction Impact Reports, monitoring and instrumentation plans and a comprehensive Durability Report to demonstrate compliance with the required 100 year design life. We also provided construction support services during construction. Docklands Light Railway Extension to Woolwich, United Kingdom Halcrow are designer to the design and construct contractor for this 1.6 mile extension of the Docklands Light Railway in London. The project is currently under construction. Halcrow are responsible for the design of all the civil works including: diaphragm walled retained cut 800ft long and up to 40ft deep diaphragm walled cut and cover twin cell tunnel and launch chamber 672ft long and up to 60ft deep diaphragm walled station box 426ft long twin running tunnels 174I.D. and 5,900ft long intervention shaft 492I.D. and 130ft deep cross passages 112 I.D.
Halcrows design work included a new triple escalator tunnel, new connections between the Northern and Central Lines, subsurface lift shafts and emergency staircase shafts. The
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Our tunnel engineers are experienced in the practical and safety aspects of using explosives underground and have the appropriate technical capability in terms of blast design and techniques such as controlled perimeter blasting and vibration monitoring. Roadheaders In weaker rocks, the roadheader with a boom mounted cutter head can provide the advantage of flexibility of the cut profile whilst reducing rock disturbance and maintaining reasonable access to the face for installing rock support. In recent years, this type of machine has found particular application in conjunction with incremental support methods of tunnelling such as the New Austrian Tunnelling Method. Tunnel Boring Machines For over 30 years, Halcrow has been involved in the design development and use of a wide range of full-face tunnel boring machines (TBM) for soft ground and hard rock applications. Experience in weak rock includes the double-shielded TBMs on the Channel Tunnel and the earth pressure balance TBMs for Phase 2 of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link. In hard rock, full-face TBMs have been employed for the Rouna 4 Hydroelectric Project in Papua New Guinea and the Strategic Sewage Disposal Scheme in Hong Kong. Rock Support and Linings Typically, Halcrow will prepare rock support designs which are appropriate for the range of ground conditions expected along a tunnel
ROCK TUNNELS
Rock tunnels and caverns are often an integral part of a wide range of major infrastructure projects. Halcrow has engineered many large diameter tunnels and caverns in rock, from the first major hydroelectric developments in Scotland to the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, UK and Black Hill Tunnels, Hong Kong. Excavation Methods Halcrow's extensive rock tunnelling experience has created a valuable capability in the assessment of the most suitable and cost effective excavation methods for a particular project. Drill-and-Blast Techniques of drill-and-blast excavation in rock tunnels continue to develop and this method remains the most appropriate approach on many projects where, for example, variable rock conditions are anticipated, excavation layouts are complex or access for mechanised tunnelling plant is restricted.
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simplified rock-support interaction analyses based on engineering assumptions for rock parameters if prepared in the absence of site specific data. application of empirical rules based on established rock mass classification systems to determine rock support.
With the advances in shotcrete technology and quality control it is now common practice to include a contribution from the primary shotcrete lining in the load carrying capacity of the secondary lining. In fact, shotcrete technology has developed to the stage that it is now feasible to use shotcrete to construct both primary and permanent tunnel linings, with the potential to realise cost and time savings. By using good quality control, equipment and operators, a strong, low permeability, durable concrete can be produced which can be applied by spraying. This has the potential for use as both primary support and permanent tunnel lining and was an integral part of Halcrows design philosophy for the Wadi Muddiq road tunnel in the United Arab Emirates.
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The Wadi Muddiq-Gillay Road was a design project undertaken by Halcrow in Dubai for the Sharjah Municipality, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Halcrow undertook the preparation of preliminary design and detailed design for this 3,940ft long, single carriageway, bi-directional road tunnel. The Wadi Muddiq - Gillay Road Tunnel is located on the eastern side of the UAE in the Emirate of Sharjah. The single bore tunnel had an excavated face area of 1,012 ft2 and accommodates a single carriageway, two-lane road that has been constructed through the Hajar Mountains. This tunnel was completed in 2003 and is the first mined tunnel in the UAE. The tunnel was excavated in hard rock by drill and blast through gabbro; a coarse grained basic igneous rock. To provide an economical solution it was proposed that the permanent support to the tunnel was to be provided by sprayed concrete, grouted steel dowels and lattice girders. The tunnel was designed to have no secondary structural lining. Halcrow also prepared the performance specifications for the
The lining design consisted of steel arches at 6 centres supported off piled capping beams. The capping beam was supported by raked piles that were bored into the sidewalls of the old canal thereby avoiding the reliance on the unknown properties of the canal backfill material. The steel arches (with pattern rock bolts in the tunnel roof) provided immediate support to the unstable chalk. The permanent lining was provided by a cast in-situ plastic fibre reinforced concrete lining.
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The concept for the design of the tunnels in rock was as follows: tunnel excavations supported with rock bolts and/or shotcrete and/or steel ribs, using support elements and materials considered unsuitable for incorporation in the permanent support design of the tunnel (i.e. "temporary" supports) permanent support of the tunnels provided by a concrete arch designed to support rock wedge and other ground and/or nominal hydrostatic loads permanent drainage of groundwater and waterproofing of the tunnels provided by a waterproofing membrane between the temporary support and permanent lining, in conjunction with a protective/drainage geotextile layer ground water pressure relief below the invert slab with a permanent drainage system.
The overall concept was to provide a physical waterproofing barrier which also relieved the ground water pressure on the cast in-situ tunnel arch. In addition to the use of rock mass classification systems finite and discrete element analyses were made using PHASES and UDEC software. FLAC was used for groundwater inflow
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DESIGN CAPABILITY
At Halcrow we recognise the value of many of the currently available numerical design tools. The following section presents the comprehensive array of state-of-the-art design software currently used by our engineers. Software for Ground/Structure Interaction With the development of powerful ground/structure interaction design software it is becoming apparent that more and more designers are relying solely on the results of complex numerical analysis. In essence they consider it to be, in the absence credible tunnel design expertise, the panacea to all the challenges that tunnel design and construction presents. At Halcrow we consider our use of complex design software as a valuable design tool which allows our tunnel engineers to efficiently develop design options, run parametric studies and model complex forms of ground/structure interaction. However such forms of analysis are only employed by Halcrow to support and not to replace the decisions made by our tunnel designers. FLAC FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) is a powerful two-dimensional continuum code for modelling soil, rock and structural behaviour. Halcrow have wide experience of using FLAC to model soil structure interaction problems in two dimensions. Such problems often involve complex stratigraphy, complex construction sequences, groundwater modelling, and plastic behaviour of both ground and structures. Typical applications include: determining the development of loads in underground structures, including tunnel primary support systems and secondary linings for NATM type tunnel construction in both rock and clay; modelling settlement arising tunnels and deep excavations; from
analysing the effects of tunnel construction on adjacent underground structures; analysing changes in stress resulting form partial demolition of existing tunnel linings.
FLAC3D Halcrows capability in soil-structure interaction problems extends to 3 dimensional problems, for which FLAC3D is used. As well as the problem types described for FLAC above, the 3D capacity allows Halcrow engineers to determine the following: the effects of the construction sequence and long term behaviour of cross passage junctions, chambers or other changes in geometry; the effect of the separation and construction methods of headings in NATM type construction sequences; the build up of stresses in structural elements of complex 3D geometry, such as SGI hybrid opening sets for segmentally lined tunnels; the 3D effects of breaking out parts of existing structures.
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FREW FREW (Flexible Retaining Walls) is part of the Oasys suite of software. Based on a 2D slice through an excavation, it allows the modelling of each stage of the installation of a retaining wall, including excavation, propping and changes in groundwater profile. Halcrow have wide experience in using FREW for the design of different types of retained excavation, including: retained cut structures, ventilation shafts, and cut and cover tunnels, including station boxes; propped and unpropped excavations; diaphragm wall, sheet piled and contiguous/secant piled constructions.
Software for Aerodynamics & Fire Safety Rail Tunnels Ensuring the safety of passengers in long rail tunnels is a key design element that must be considered from the concept stage right through to operation. Through careful consideration of the qualitative and quantitative risks, Halcrow can advise its clients on whether or not any emergency ventilation is required in case of fire or hazardous spillage. The safe design of rail tunnels requires an interdisciplinary approach between tunnel designers, rail engineers and ventilation experts to identify dangerous scenarios and to set in place appropriate operational, emergency and ventilation procedures.
SuperSTRESS Complex underground structures are often modelled in SuperSTRESS where there is no requirement for soil-structure interaction modelling. SuperSTRESS is a structural analysis package, and as such allows a number of
If emergency ventilation is required in a rail tunnel, we can advise on the most appropriate type e.g. longitudinal with jet-fans or Saccardo nozzles, single point supply and extract or distributed overhead extract within underground stations. Beyond concept design, we have a proven M&E detailed design capability to proceed to layout drawings, performance
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In addition to safety considerations, we can advise on the means of achieving satisfactory comfort conditions for passengers and staff in railway tunnels, by ensuring appropriate air temperatures and air quality. All relevant parameters including initial ground temperature, tunnel lining characteristics, rail traffic schedules, traction supply arrangements and rolling stock thermal mass are taken into consideration in our tunnel climate simulations. Excessive train-induced draughts can compromise the comfort of passengers awaiting trains on underground platforms. Halcrow designs cost-effective draught relief systems through a combination of designing required civil works (cross-passages and draught relief shafts) and advising on appropriate train scheduling. Halcrow engineers have experience in designing high-speed railway systems while ensuring the comfort and safety of the passengers. Through aerodynamic simulations, we can advise on the effects of high-speed train movements within train cabins and on the tunnel structure. We can also recommend structural measures (e.g. pressure relief shafts) and improvements in rail operation to ameliorate any negative aerodynamic effects. Road Tunnels Halcrow provide expert advice on the most appropriate type of ventilation system for road tunnels under design, including natural, transverse, semi-transverse and longitudinal ventilation systems. This advice is based upon an intimate knowledge of the relevant international standards relating to road tunnel ventilation (e.g. NFPA, RABT and PIARC), in addition to being cognisant of local features that may have an
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SES SES (Subway Environmental Simulation) is a programme provided by the US Department of Transportation for the simulation of the environmental conditions within underground mass transit systems. In particular, heat sources due to power dissipated by rolling stock and station electrical loads, as well as heat sinks to the tunnel lining and surrounding ground, and convective heat flows, are considered in the calculation of air temperature and humidity. Typical applications for this program are: THERMOTUN ThermoTun is an aerodynamics solver for rail tunnel networks, developed by the University of Dundee for the prediction of the aerodynamic effects of high-speed rail operation in tunnels. The program solves the hyperbolic wave equations to accurately resolve the pressure waves within a tunnel system. The program also solves for air velocities and movement of scalars such as smoke within the tunnel. Typical the assessment of comfort conditions in underground subway systems the design of appropriate ventilation and cooling systems for stations and tunnels estimation of smoke spread in underground subway systems in case of fire.
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PAXPORT Halcrow has considerable and long standing experience of escape and egress modelling. Since 1993, in the aftermath of the Kings Cross fire, Halcrow has developed PEDROUTE on behalf of London Underground Limited for the modelling of passenger movements and the prediction of escape times. These computer simulation techniques have been further developed into the PAXPORT code, to allow sophisticated modelling of passenger and occupant egress. Halcrow's evacuation and CFD modelling engineers are able to work collaboratively in order to provide a holistic and powerful modelling approach.