l

tj
i'
[I]
Theory
0
Problems
0
Solutions
0
Notes
What is a number?
A number is an item that describes a
mag,nitude or a position.

tvlon
0
Tue
0
Wed
0
Thu
0
Fri
0
Sat
What are the types of numbers?
Numbers are classified into two types,
namely cardinal numbers and ordinal
numbers.
Cardinal numbers are numbers which
allow us to count the objects or ideas in a
given collection. Example, 1,2,3 .. . ,1 000,
100000 while ordinal numbers state the
position of the individual objects in a
sequence. Example, First, second, third ...
What are numerais?
Numerals are symbols, or combination of
symbols which describe a number.
Topics
Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
Numerals and Digits
System of Numbers
- Natural numbers, Integers,
Rational numbers, Irrational
numbers & imaginary numbers
Complex numbers
Types of Fractions
Composite Numbers
Prime Numbers
Defective and Abundant Numbers
Amicable Numbers
Significant Figures and Digits
Forms of Approximation
Conversion
The most widely used numerals are the
Arabic numerals and the Roman
numerals.
Arabic numerals were simply the
modification of the Hindu-Arabic number
signs and are written in Arabic digits.
Taken singly, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 7 8 9 and
in combination 20, 21, 22, ... 1S9S, : ..
The Roman numerals are numbers which
are written in Latin alphabet. Example
MCMXCIV.
The following are Roma; numerals and
their equivalent Arabic numbers:
I = 1 C = 100
v = 5 0 = 500
X = 10 M = 1000

L = 50
The Romans used the follo.,;..ing to indicate
large numbers:
z 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics
1. Bracket - to multiply it by 100
times.
lVI = 500
2. Vinculum (bar above the
'number) - to multiply the number
1000 times.
v = 5,000
3. Doorframe - to multiply the
number by 1000000 times
fVl = 5, 000,000
What is a digit?
A digit is a specific symbol or symbols
used alone or in combination to denote a
number.
For example, the number 21 has two
digits, namely 2 and 1. In Roman
numerals, the number 9 is denoted as IX.
So the digits I and X were used together to
denote one number and that is the number
9.
lnmathematical computations or in some
engineering applications, a system of
numbers using cardinal numbers was
established and widely used.
What are real numbers?
The number system is divided into two
categories namely, real numbers and
imaginary .number.
Real numbers are classified as follows:
1. Natural numbers - numbers which
are considered as the
"counting numbers".
Examples: 1 ,2, 3 ...

2. Integers -are all the natural number,
the negative of the natural
numbers and the number
zero.
Examples:- 4, -1, 0, 3, 8
3. Rational numbers -are numbers
which can be expressed as
a quotient (ratio) of two
integers. The term "rational"
comes from the word
"ratio".
2
0.5,
3
, -3, 0.333 ...
In the above example, 0.5 can be
. 1
expressed as - and -3 can be
2
-6 .
expressed as - , hence the two
2
examples are rational numbers.
The number 0.333 ... can also be
1
expressed as - and therefore a
3
rational number.
The number 0.333 ... is a repeating and
non-termi nating decimal. As a rule, a
non-terminating but repeating (or
periodic) decimal is always a rational
number. Also, all integers are rational
numbers.
4. Irrational numbers - are numbers
which cannot be expressed
as a quoti ent of two
integers.
Examples: J2. n, e, .. .
The numbers in the examples above
can never be expressed exactly as a
quotient of two integers. They are in
fact, a non-terminating number with
non-terminating decimal.
What is an imaginary number?
An imaginary number is denoted as "i"
which is equal to the square root of
negative one. In some other areas in
mathematical computation, especially in
electronics and electrical engineering it is
denoted as "j".
' I
. . . ir..
Day 1 - Systex;ns of Numbers and ConveFsion 3
Imaginary number and its equivalent:
i = r-1
i
2
= -1
i
3
= -i =- r-1
i
4
= 1
What is a complex number?
A complex number is an expression of
both real and imaginary number combined.
It takes the form of a + bi, where "a" and
"b" are real numbers.
If a = 0, then pure imaginary number is
produced while real number is obtained
when b = 0.
What is a system of numbers?
A system of numbers is a diagram or chart
which shows tbe two sub-classifications of
the two basic classifications of numbers,
namely real numbers and imaginary
numbers.
System of
Numbers
I
I
I I
Real Imaginary
Numbers Number
I
I
Irrational Rational
. numbers numbers
Integers
I I
Natural
Zero
Negative
numbers numbers
showing the system
What is an absolute value?
The absolute value of a real number is
the numerical value of the number
neglecting the sign.
For example, the absolute value of- 5 is 5
while of -x is x. The absolute value I a I is
either positive or zero but can never be
negative.
What are fractions?
Fractions are numbers which are in the
form of alb, where a is called the
b
numerator which maybe any integer while
b is called the denominator which may be
any integer greater than zero. Fraction is
also defined as a part of a whole.
What are the types of fractions?
1. Simple fraction - a fraction in which
the numerator and .
denominator are both
integers. This is also known
as a common fraction.
Examples: 3.,
6
. 3 7 -
2. Proper fraction - is one where the
numerator is smaller than
the denominator.
5 2
Examples: -, -
7 3
3. Improper fraction- is one where ,the
numerator is greater than
the denominator.
5 12
Examples:-,-
2 7
4. Unit fraction - is a fraction with unity
for its numerator and
positive integer for its
denominator.
4 100 1 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics
1
Examples:-,-
4 25
5. Simplified fraction - a fraction whose
numerator and denominator
are integers and their
greatest common factor is 1.
1 8
Examples: - --
2' 11
6. An Integer Represented as fraction
- a fraction in which the
denominator is 1.
2 3
Examples: - --
1 ' 1
7. Reciprocal -a fraction that. results
from interchanging the
numerator and denominator.
Examples: 4 is the
. f 1
rec1procal o -
4
8. Complex fraction - a fraction in which
the numerator or
denominator, or bqth are
fractions.
3 5
Examples: i ,
8
j]_
-T
2
-
8 4
9. Similar fractions- two or more simple
fraction that have the same
denominator.
1 4 7
Examples: g' g'
9
10. Zero fraction- a fraction in which the
numerator is zero. A zero
fraction is equal to zero.
E I
. 0 0
xampes: - --
. 2' 11
11. Undefined fraction ..:.. a fraction with a
denominator of zero. The
example below means that .
8 is divided by 0, which is an
impossibility because
nothing can be divided. by
zero.
'Examples:
8
0
12. Indetermi nate fraction -a fraCtion
which has no quantitative
meaning.
Examples: Q
0
13. Mixed number- a number that is a
combination of an integer
and a proper fracti on.
1 8
Examples: 5-. 9-
2 11
What is a composite number?
Composite numbers are positive integers
that have more than two positive whole
number factors. It can be written as
product of two or more integers, each
greater than 1. It is observed that most
integers are composite numbers. The
number 6 is a composite number because
its factors are 1, 2, 3 and 6. The number 1
is the only natural number that is neither
composite nor prime.
What is a prime number?
A prime number is an integer greater than
1 that is divisible only by 1 and itself.
According to the fundamental theorem of
arithmetic, " Every positive integer greater
than 1 is a prime or can be expressed as a
unique product of primes and powers of
primes" .
The following is a list of the prime numbers
less than 1 ,000.
Day 1 - Systems of Numbers and Conversi(l)h ~ 5
2, 3,5, -7, 11, 1J, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31 , 37,
41,43,47, 53, 59,61,67, 71 . 73, 79, 83,
89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131,
137. 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173,
179, 181, 191, 193, .197, 199,211,223,
227,229,233,239,241,251,257,263,
269,271,277,281,283,293,307,311,
313,317,331,337,347,349,353,359,
. / 367, 373, 379, 383, 389, 397, 401' 409,
419,421,431,433,439,443,449,457,
461,463,467,479,487,491,499,503,
509,521,523,541,547,557,563,569,
57( 577,587,593,599,601,607,613,
617,619,631,641,643,647,653,659,
661,673,677,683,691,701,709,719,
727,733, 739, 743, 751, 757, 761, 769,
773,-787,797,809,811 , 821,823,827,
829,839,853,857, 859,863,877,881,
883,887,907,911,919,929,937,941,
947,953, 967, 971, 9"17, 983,991, 997
The number 2 is the only prime number
which is an even number.
What are the types of prime numbers?
Natural prime numbers are those that have
only two factors; 1 and the number. Twin
primes are a set of two consecutive odd
primes, which differ by two. The following
are twin primes less than 100 . .
3, 5
5, 7
11' 13
17, 19
29, 31
41,43
59,61
71 , 73
Symmetric primes are a pair of prime
numbers that are the same distance"irom
a given number in a number line.
Symmetric primes are also called Euler
primes. The following are symmetric
primes for the number 1 through 25.
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
. 1
Symmetric prime
None
. None
None
3, 5
3, 7
5, 7
3, 11
5, 11; 3, 13
9 . 7' 11; 5, 13
10 7, 13, 3, 17
11 .5, 17; 3, 19
12 11, 13; 7, 15; 5, 19
13 7, ~ ; 3, 23
14 . 11,17;5,23
15 13, 17; 11, 19; 7, 23
16 15, 17; 13, 19; 3, 29
17 11, 23; 5,29; 3, 31
18 17, 19; 13, 23; 7, 29; 5, 31
19 9, 29; 7, 31
20 17' 23; 11' 29; 3, 37
"21 19, 23; 13, 29; 11,31; 5, 37
. 22 "13,31;7,37;3,41
23 17, 29; 13, 33; 5, 41; 3, 43
24 19,29;17,31;11,37;
7,41 ; 5,43
25 19, 31; 13, 37, 7, 43; 3, 47
Emirp (prime spelled backwards) is a
prime number that remains a prime when
its digits are reversed.
The following are emirps less than 500:
11, 13, 17, 31, 71, 73, 79, 97, 101, 107,
113, 131, 149, 151, 1,57, 167, 1(9, 181,
191, 199,311,313,337,347,353,359,
373, 383, 389 .
Relatively prime numbers are numbers
whose greatest common factor is 1.
Unique product of power of primes is a
number whose factors are prime numbers
raised to a certain power.
Example of unique product of pow.er of
primes:
360 = 2
3
. 3
2
. 5
1
What is a perfect number?
A perfect number is an integer that is
equal to the sum otall its possible divisors,
except the number itself.
Example: 6, 28, 496 ...
In the case of 6, the factors-or divisors are
1, 2 and 3. When the factors are added the
sum is equal to the number itself and
shown in the following equation.
1+2+3=6
6 roo 1 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics
What are an abundant numbers and
deficient numbers?
If the sum of the possible divisors is
greater than the nul\)ber, it is referred to as
abundant number.
A defective number is an integer with the
sum of all its possible divisor is less than
the number itself. It is also called deficient
number.
The following is a list of the first 25
numbers with its corresponding type, 0 for
deficient and A for abundant.
Factors Excluding
Number Itself Sum Type
1 0 D
2 1 1 D
3 1 1 D
4 1, 2 3 D
5 1 1 D
6 1, 2, 3 6 Perfect
7 1 1 D
8 1, 2, 4 7 D
9 1, 3 4 D
10 1, 2, 5 8 D
11 1 1 D
12 1,2,3,4,6 16 A
13 1 1 D
'14 . 1, 2, 7
10 0
15 1, 3, 5 9 0
16 1, 2, 4, 8 15 0
17 1 1 D
18 1,2,3,6,9 21 A
19 1 1 D
20 1,2,4,5, 10 22 A
21 1,3, 7 11 D
22 1, 2,' 11 14 D
23 1 1 D
24 1,2,3,4,6,8, 12 36 A
25 1, 5 6 D
What is a perfect number?
Perfect number is a number that is equal
to the sum of its factors excluding itself.
They are mathematical rarities that have
no practical use. The formula to find a
perfect number is a follows:
-
where:
p and ( 2P -1) are prime numbers
Formula - Perfect number
i ( 2
2
-1) 6
2
2
( 2
3
-1) 28
2
4
(2
5
-1) ' 496
2
6
(2
7
-1) 8128
What are amicable numbers?
Amicable numbers or friendly numbers
refer to tWo integers where each is the
sum of all the possible divisors of the
other.
The smallest knownamicable numbers are
220 and 284.
The number 220 has the following
factors/divisors: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22,
44, 55, & 110 which when added sums up
to 284, while the number 284 has the
following divisors 1, 2, 4, 71 , anq 142
which adds up to 220.
There are more than 1000 pairs of -
amica,ble numbers have been found. The
following are the ten smallest pairs of
amicable number;;.
220 and 284
1184and1210
2620 and 2924
5020 and 5564
6232 and 6368
10744 and 10856
12285 and 14595
17296 and 18416
63020 and 76084
66928 and 66992
What is a factorial?
A factorial denoted as n!, represents the
product of all positive integers from 1 to n,
inclusive.
Day 1 - Systems of Numbers and Conversion 7
Example: n! = n(n- 1 ) ... 3, 2, 1
If n = 0, by definition:
(n!)(n+1) = (n +1)!_ --
(0 !)(0 +'1) = (0 + 1)!
0!(1)=1!
0! = 1
The factorial symbol ( ! ) was introduced
by Christian Kramp in 1808.
What are significant figures or digits?
Significant figures or digits are digits
that define the numerical value of a
number.
A digit is considered significant unless it is
used to place a decimal p o i ~ t
The significant digit of a number begins
with the first non-zero digit and ends with
the final digit, whether zero or non-zero.
Examples:
' 16.72
1.672x10
3
0.0016
4 significant figures
4 significant figures
2 significant figures
Example 2 is expressed in scientifi.c
notation and figures considered significant
are 1, 6, 7 and 2 excluding 10
3
. Example 3
has 2 significant figures only because the
3 zeros are used only to place a decimal.
The number of significant digit is
considered the place of accuragy. Hence,
a number with 3 significant digits is said to
have a three place accuracy and a
number with 4 significant figures is said to
have a four place accuracy.
What are the forms of approximations? .
There are two forms of approximations,
namely rounding and truncation.
Rounding of a number means replacing
the number with another number having
fewer significant decimal digits, or for
integer number, fewer value-carrying (non-
zero) digits.
Examples:
3.14159 shall be rounded up to 3.1416
3.12354 shall be rounded down to 3.1235
Truncation refers to the dropping of the
next digits in order to obtain the degree of
accuracy beyond the need of practical
calculations. This is just the same as
rounding down and truncated values will
always have values lower than the exact
values.
Example:
3.1415 is truncated to 3 decimal as 3.141
What is a conversion?
Conversion is the process of getting the
equivalent value in another unit of
measure of a certain value with a different
given unit of measure.
Most conversions can be done
conveniently by using a prepar!'d
conversion table while other conversions
cari be done through mathematical
cor:nputations using formulas.
The authors suggest to the user of this .
book to familiarize the values in the
conversion table which is found at the last
part of this book labeled as "Appendix A" ..
How to convert a temperature in degree
Celsius to degree Fahrenheit and vice
versa?
The unit "Celsius" was named after the
Swedish astronomer, Anders Celsius
(1701-1744). In this unit of temperature,
the boiling point and freezing point are 100
degrees and 0 degree, respectively.
The unit "Fahrenheit" was 'named after the
German physicist, Gabriel Daniel .
Fahrenheit (1686- 1736). In this unit of
temperature, the boiling point and freezing
point are 212 degrees and 32 degrees,
respectively.
8 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics
oc
110
1QQO
.100. iling point
:
90
so
70
60
100-0
so
212-32
oc-
40
30
r-'
oc -0
20
10
" of - 32
-10
Centigrade Fahrenheit
Scale Scale
By ratio ar1d proportion:
C-0 F-32
100-0
c
or
Problema
212-32
f-32
Convert 45C to F.
Solution:

5
F
5
F =113F
Problelll:
At what temperature will the Centigrade
scale and the Fahrenheit scale will have
the same readir1g?
Solution:
For same readiflg, F = C

5

5
0.8F =-32
F = -40
How to convert temperature in degree
Celsius or degree Fahrenheit to
absolute temperature?
Absolute temperature may be expressed
in Kelvin or in Rankine.
Kelvin was named after British physicist,
William Thompson (1824-1902) the First
Baron, Kelvin. -
Rankine was named after Scottish
engineer and physicist, William John
Macquom Rankine (1820-1872).
The formulas for conversion to absolute
temperature are as follows:
Problem:
Express the temperature of 60C to
absolute temperature.
Solution:
K = C+273
K =60+.273
K = 333
Problem:
Express the temperature of 150F to
absolute temperature.
Solution:
0
R=F+490
0
R = 150+490
0
R = 640
Day 1 - Systems of Numbers and Conversi .. 9
How to convert one unit of an angle to
another unit?
There are four units commonly used to
measure an angle. They are degrees,
radians, grads and mils.
The degree is the most commonly used
measure of an angle. The radian is an
angle by an"arc equal to the
length of the radius of the circle.
The following is a tabulation of the unit of
angle measurement and the
corresponding value in one revolution:
Unit 1 Revolution
Degree 360
Radian 21t
Grad 400
Mil 6400
Problem1
How many mils are there in 90 degrees?
Solution:
x 90
=--
6400 mils 360
x = 1600 mils
Problem:
How many radians is equivalent to 320
grads?
Solution:
x 320 grads
27t radians 400 grads
x = 5.03 radians
Problem1
145 degrees is equivalent to how many
grads?
Solution:
X 145
400 grads = 360
x=161.11 grads
Problem!
There are how many grads in 1200 mils? '
Solution:
x 1200 mils
400 grads 6400 mils
x = 75 grads
Study Appendix B- Prefixes which is
found in the last part of this book.
Proceed to the next page for your first test
Detach and use the answer sheet provided
at the last part of this book. Use pencil
number 2 in shading your answer.
GOOD LUCK!

Did you know that. .. the symbol 1t (pi),
which is the ratio of the circumference of a
circle to its diameter was introduqed by
William Jones in 1706 after the initial
letter of the Greek word meaning
"p?riphery".

"I could hardly ever known a
mathematician who was capable of
reasoning."
-Plato
,, .'