LASER INDUCED PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS

Prof. Dr. M. Khaleeq-ur-Rahman

Chairman Physics Department
University of Engineering and Technology , Lahore,
Pakistan
 RESEARCH GROUP
 Prof. Dr. M. Khaleeq-ur-Rahman
(Group Incharge /Director Advanced Physics
Lab/Chairman Physics Deptt.)
 Dr. M. Shahid Rafique
 Dr. Khurram Siraj
 Mr. Anwar Latif
 Mr. Khurshid Aslam Bhatti
 Ms. Safia Anjum
 Mr. Hamid Latif
 Mr. Arsalan Usman
 RESEARCH LABORATORIES

• Laser and Optronics Center

• Advanced Physics Labs, Research

Center
 RESEARCH FACILITIES
 Ti Sapphire Laser
 Nd-YAG Laser (First and second harmonics)
 Excimer Laser (KrF, XeCl)
 Diode Laser
 Nitrogen Laser (Indigenously Fabricated)
 Carbon dioxide Laser (Under Fabrication)
 Vacuum Systems Comprising Rotary,
Diffusion and Turbo- Molecular pumps
 Penning, Pirani and Ionization vacuum gauges
 CONT…..

 Plasma Plume IMAGING Systems

 Soft and Hard X-RAYS Detection Systems
 High Resolution Monochromator (UV-VIS)
 SEM (HITACHI 300 S)
 SPM/AFM
 XRD (Philips PAN Analytical),
 Raman Spectrometer
 Optical Microscope (MOTIC DB)
 High Resolution Reflecting CCD based Microscope (Olympus)
 Faraday Cups, SSNTD's,
 Langmuir Probes
EXPERIMENTATION FOR LASER MATTER INTERACTION
 Layout of the Talk

Plume Dynamics

Time Integrated, Space resolved Image Capturing using CCD

Time Resolved Image Capturing using ICCD

Radiation Emission

Ions, Electrons, X-Rays and EUV

Conclusions
Plume Dynamics
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP FOR TIME INTEGRATED SPACE
RESOLVED IMAGE CAPTURING USING CCD
Laser: Nd: YAG Laser
(1064 nm, 9-14 ns, 1.1
MW)

Targets: 4N, Annealed,

(1 x 1 x 0.1 ) cm3 Copper.

Monochrome CCD
camera (BOSCH LTC
0510)

Computer controlled
Image Grabbing
System
TIME INTEGRATED IMAGES OF CU AT 10-3 TORR

(a) Original Image (b) Pseudo Colored Image

180
Intensity, Density and temperature Cu

Intensity (A. U.)

160

is maximum at the central region 140

120
(core) Of LIP. It decreases as the 100
80
distance varies on the either 60

side of this region 40

20
0 50 100 150 200
Distance (Pixels)
(c) Intensity Profile
 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP FOR TIME RESOLVED IMAGE
CAPTURING USING ICCD CAMERA
Laser: Nd: YAG
(532 nm, 6-8 ns,
6.75 MW)

 Targets: 4N,
Annealed,
(1 x 1 x 0.1 ) cm3
Copper

 ICCD (ICCD-5760/
IR-UV M0595310)

Computer Controlled
Image Capturing
System
TIME RESOLVED ICCD IMAGES OF COPPER PLUME
UNDER VACUUM ~ 10-3 TORR
10 ns 20 ns

Expansion is faster in
the axial direction as
70 ns 470 ns
compared to the
radial direction and
plume seems to
vanish after 1970 ns
delay time 970 ns 1970ns
 Time Resolved ICCD Pseudcolored Images

Different pseudo 10 ns 20 ns
colors show the
intensity/density
variation within the
70 ns 470 ns
plume.
At 70 ns delay time
intensity at the
centre becomes 970ns 1970 ns
maximum as
compared to the
other time delayed
images which is Figure 8: Pseudo Colored ICCD images of Au target at
Operating Voltage 1.2 k V under Vacuum ~ 10-3 torr
indicative of hot and
dense plasma
Radiation Emission
 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR IONS INVESTIGATION
BY SSNTDS

Laser: Nd: YAG

(1064 nm, 9-14 ns,
1.1 MW)

Targets: 4N, Annealed,

(1 x 1 x 0.1 ) cm3 Copper.

Detectors: SSNTD’s
 Results obtained from SSNTDs (Cu Target)

Ion Energies Vs Track radii Ion Flux Vs Angles Ion Energy Vs Ion Flux

Flux of ions depends on the Ion flux decreases linearly The ions flux for energy is
track diameter and is maximum with the increase in the angle 100 keV is maximum and is
for the larger track radius with the normal to the target minimum for 750 keV.
surface
 A SCHEMATIC OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR ION
EMISSION USING FARADAY CUPS

Laser: Nd: YAG (1064

nm, 9-14 ns, 1.1
MW)

Targets: 4N, Annealed,

(1 x 1 x 0.1 ) cm3
Copper, Zinc, Silver,
Cadmium, Platinum and
Gold

Detectors: Faraday
Cups’
 FARADAY CUP SIGNALS, TARGET: CU

Angles: 00 (50 mV), 300 (30 mV) Angles: 600 (50 mV),,900 (30 mV)
Ion flux decreases with the increase in the angle along the normal to target
surface which exhibits anisotropy and forward peaking of ions.

Signal Profile for Time of Flight

Measurements for energy of
Emitted Ions
Calculated energy of Cu ions is 35
keV
ANGLE (DEGREE) VS IONS FLUX (S-1)
 Atomic Number Vs Ions Flux
Ion Energy (keV)

Energy of emitted ions (for 160

Pt

transient metals) is higher for 140

the metals with higher atomic

Ion Energy (keV)

120
number.
100

80
Ag Cd

60
CuZn

40

30 40 50 60 70 80

Atomic Number
 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR ELECTRON
EMISSION USING LANGMUIR PROBE
Laser: Nd: YAG
(1064 nm, 9-14
ns, 1.1 MW)
Oscilloscope
Target
Targets: 4N,
Langmuir Probe
Annealed, (1 x 1 x
0.1 ) cm3 Platinum
Detector:
Langmuir Probe
V

Probe Circuit Laser

 PARAMETERS FOR ELECTRON EMISSION (PLATINUM)
(I–V Characteristics Curve)

Child’s Langmuir law can be applied

to calculate probe current.
The probe potential decreases with
the decrease in biasing potential as
positive sheath of ions is reduced as
more electrons reach the probe tip
that neutralizes the ions.
Peak for electrons increases
because new primary electrons are
further producing electrons. Thus
multiplication of electrons occurs.
Increase in the biasing potential
causes an increase in the number of
electrons collected by the probe tip.
In air, the secondary electrons are
produced by the interaction of
primary electrons with plasma.

Child Langmuir Law

Ip = Ioe-eV/ kT
 BIASING POTENTIAL VS ELECTRON TEMPERATURE
(PLATINUM)

Electron temperature decreases

with the increase in the biasing
potential of the probe under
vacuum whereas it follows
opposite trend in air.
For higher potential (> 10V) the
trend is overlapping
Electron Temperature of plasma
in vacuum is less than that in air.
The higher temperature of
plasma in air is attributed by the
collisions of secondary charged
Te = [eVa/ kT] / ln(Ip/Io)
particles with air species.
BIASING POTENTIAL VS NUMBER OF PARTICLES IN DEBYE’S LENGTH

As Debye’s length in vacuum is

smaller that that of in air so are
Number of electron in the
Debye's sphere.
From +5 V onwards the number
of particles in Debye’s sphere in
vacuum and air become equal.

ND = ne 4 /3. πλD3
 SCHEMATIC OF EXPERIMENTAL SET UP FOR SOFT
AND HARD X-RAYS EMISSION
Laser: Nd: YAG
(1064 nm, 9-14 ns,
1.1 MW)

Targets: 4N, Annealed,

(1 x 1 x 0.1 ) cm3 Copper,
Zinc, Silver, Cadmium,
Platinum and Gold

Soft X-Rays Detector:

BPX 65 PIN Photodiode
with 2 mironmicron thick
Ag filter

Soft X-Rays Detector:

Photomultier Tube with
Scintillator
 SIGNAL PROFILE OF SOFT X-RAYS FROM LIP

The soft x rays signals show

Zinc
discontinuities at the start, due the
radiative recombination mechanism
occur in optically thick region of the
plasma and is formed at the second
stage of the plasma expansion.
Sharp peaks appear in signals due to
continuum radiation emission in the
region near the critical surface.

Cadmium
 SIGNAL PROFILE OF HARD X RAYS EMISSION
The signals have edges or discontinuities at
the start. Due to radiative recombination
mechanism that takes place in denser region
of the plasma near the target a very sharp peak
appears.
Another peaks appear in signals due to Zinc
continuum radiation emission in the region
near the critical surface.
.

Cadmium
 CONCLUSIONS
 Plume Dynamics:
o Initially, the plume is spherical, but, later, it is
sharpened for transient metallic Plasmas.
o Intensity of silver plume is maximum where as
that for zinc is minimum.

 Ion Emission
o Maximum flux of ions is along the normal to the target
surface obeying forward peaking.
o The ions of maximum energy from all the targets also
follow forward Peaking.
 CONCLUSIONS (CONT…..)
 Electron Emission
 The values of floating potential, electron temperature and
Debye’s length are greater in air than those of under vacuum.
 Electron density and plasma frequency are reverse in trend.
 The value of floating potential is positive in both cases.
 Electron temperature against biasing potential decreases
monotically under vacuum while it follows opposite trend in air.
 In the negative potential region electron density vs biasing
potential, has a valley in air, which is absent under vacuum.
 Debye’s length follows monotonic increase initially then
decreases steeply in air.
 Number of electrons in Debye’s sphere in air and under vacuum
becomes equal after a certain value of biasing potential.
 CONT………

 Soft and Hard X-RAYS

 Soft and hard x-ray have different time durations
for both zinc and cadmium.
 X rays from Cd has larger FWHM than that for x
rays from Zn.
 Zn is better emitter of soft x rays than Cd

 Cd is better emitter of Hard x rays than Zn

 GROUP PUBLICATIONS
1. “Irradiation Effects on Copper” M.Khaleeq-ur-Rahman, A.Latif,
M.S.Rafique, K.A.Bhatti, M.Imran, Radiation Effects & Defects in
Solids, 164, 68, (2009).

2. “Magnetic Field Effect on Electron Emission from Plasma” M.

Khaleeq-ur- Rahman, K. A. Bhatti, M. S. Rafique, A. Latif, K. T.
Chaudhary, Vacuum, 83, 936 (2009)
3. “A study of IR radiation from Laser Induced Silver Plasma”, Anwar
Latif, M.S. Rafique, M. Khaleeq ur Rahman, Khurshid Aslam and
Fayyaz Hussain, Pak. J of Engg. Sciences, 2, 38 (2008)

4. “Effect of External Magnetic Field on the Deposition of Ba Fe12 O19”

M. S. Rafique, M. Khaleeq-ur-Rahman, Saif ur Rahman, S. Anjum,
M. S. Anwar, K. A. Bhatti, S. Saeed, S. Awan, Vacuum. 82,
1157(2008).
 REFERENCES
[1] Cremers D A and L J Radziemski.. Laser-Induced Plasma
Application. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, (1989)
[2] Jorgen Schou, Salvatore Amoruso and J. G. Lunney,
Applied Physics A, 92, 907-911 (2008)
[3] Claude Phipps (Editor), “Laser Ablation and its
Applications”, Springer (2006)
[4] Ready J F. “Effects of high-power laser radiation”.
Academic press, New York, (1971).
[5]http://www.photonics.cusat.edu/Research_Laser%20Ind
uced%20Plasma.html.