Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
T. Dietl, H. Ohno, F. Matsukura, J. Cibert and D. Ferrand, Science, 287 1019 (2000)
Coey’s Model
Acoording to coey, donor defects which could arise from oxygen vacancies or zinc interstitials
in the case of ZnO, overlapped and form an impurity band. This impurity band can interact
with local magnetic moments through the formation of bound magnetic polarons (BMP).
Within each BMP, the bound carrier interacts with the magnetic dopants inside its radius and
can align the spins of the magnetic dopants parallel to one another. Ferromagnetism is
achieved when the BMPs start to overlap to form a continuous chain throughout the material,
thus percolating ferromagnetism in the DMS.
Kittilstved confirmation
Kittilstved spectroscopic experiment of cobalt-doped ZnO showed that the singly ionized
Co + state lies close to the conduction band having almost the same energy as in a shallow
donor state. It showed if the energies are similar, charge transfer can take place between the
cobalt atoms and the donor impurities which lead towards the hybridization necessary for
ferromagnetism. It showed an inherent polarity difference for ferromagnetism in cobalt doped
ZnO.
Ueda Experiments
Ueda showed promising results and it was found that the ZnCoO become FM above 280 K
with 5–25% Co doping.
Experimental Setup
Pulsed Laser
Deposition
System
Nd:YAG
Laser
Characterization Techniques
Rietveld Method
Material a c Volume
Å Å Å3
The Co 2p doublet, Co 2p3/2 and Co 2p1/2 is observed at 779.9 and 795.8 eV, respectively. The Co
2p core peaks showed only the presence of Co+2 valance ions with their shaking satellites. The
energy splitting between the doublets is almost around 15.9 eV which indicates that the Co2+ ion is
in high spin state. The information about spin state helps us to know the coordination of Co+2 ions
with other ions. High spin state of Co+2 ions has the probability to acquire tetrahedral coordination
as well as octahedral coordination.
Band gap measurements in bulk sample
1/ n =
( F ( R)) h
M-H curves for (ZnO)1-x(Co3O4)x≤0.05 bulk samples
The θ–2θ XRD patterns for a series of films grown at 350 °C in vacuum (base pressure
~ 7×10–5 mbar) using pellets with varying cobalt doping concentration. The peaks
correspond to the wurtzite ZnO (002) indicating good texture with the c-plane of the
sapphire substrate.
Particle Size in thin films
Scherer’s equation
t=0.9λ/β cos θ
Magnetization measurements display a distinct ferromagnetic behaviour. It is useful to mention here that the
magnetic background of the substrate has been subtracted from all of the magnetization data. All the loops show
the features of ferromagnetism at room temperature (∼300 K). The ferromagnetic ordering is indeed intrinsic to
Co:ZnO films based on the substitutional behaviour of Co in the wurtzite lattice of ZnO, and the donor defects as
well as the electrons are important to the enhancement of FM. Magnetization data taken at 300 K for a series of
films grown under vacuum with different amounts of cobalt show smaller magnetization due to very small doping
percentage.
Deposition of thin film on Si substrate
Reasons
PLD plasma consists of two fraction of species: high energetic
ions of up to several 100 eV energy and lower energetic atoms
and ions (10–50 eV).
penetration in the
(growing film)
surface
activation of
surface reactions High activation of
with e.g.
physiosorbed Energetic surface mobility
(reactive gas) Plasma (diffusion)
atoms or molecules
re-sputtering of
both impinging and
loosely bonded
species from the
surface.
The total energy in any film deposited on a substrate is the sum of
three components: surface energy of the film, the film–substrate
interface energy, and the strain energy in the film. Films grow in
such a way that the total energy is minimized.
Co doped ZnO films showed only the (002) peak in the XRD patterns,
indicating that all of them had preferential orientation along the (002)
reflection plane of ZnO.
The films grown in vacuum are highly crystalline as compare to films grown in
Ar-O2 environment.
The crystallite size of the films grown in vacuum showed a consistent
increase with the increase in doping % of cobalt while the particle size of films
grown in Ar-O2 showed inconsistency.
M-H curves showed the ferromagnetic behaviour for the films grown in
vacuum and for the films grown in Ar-O2, M-H curves are not very developed.
Compositional analysis of thin films done by XPS showed the presence of
Co+2 ions which is the source of ferromagnetism in our thin film samples.
Thank You