History of Salvation in OT

History of Salvation in the Old Testament:
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HistoryofSalvationintheOldTestament:
PreparingtheWayforChrist
(SeeOverviewoftheBible,forafullerexplanationoftheHistoryofSalvation.Thenotesinthis
featureareidentifiedbysingleversesonly,foreasycrossreferencewiththemainstudynoteson
Bibletextpages.However,manyofthesenotesapplytomorethanjusttheoneversebywhich
theyareidentified.Directionsforthereadertoseenoteonanotherversereferonlytonotes
withinthisfeature,nottothemainstudynotesonBibletextpages.)
Genesis
AfterGodcreatesaworldoffruitfulnessandblessing,Adam'sfalldisruptstheharmony.God
purposestorenewfruitfulnessandblessingthroughtheoffspringofthewoman(3:15).Christis
theultimateoffspring(Gal.3:16)whobringsclimacticvictory(Heb.2:1415).Genesistracesthe
beginningofalineofgodlyoffspring,throughSeth,Enoch,Noah,andthenGod'schoiceof
Abrahamandhisoffspring(Gen.12:23,7;13:1417;15:45;17:114;18:18;22:1618;26:25;
28:1315).
1:1God'sactofcreationisthefoundationfortheentirebiblicalhistory.Aconsiderablenumberof
passagesreferbacktocreation(e.g.,Psalms8;104;148;John1:13;1Cor.8:6;Col.1:1517;
Heb.1:2;11:3;1John1:57).AlltherestoftheBibledependsindirectlyonit.
1:3Godspeaks,anditisdone.ThecentralityofthewordofGodintheactsofcreationanticipates
thedeepertruthgiveninJohn1:1,thatthesecondpersonoftheTrinityistheWord.
1:3Godcreatedphysicallight.TheBiblealsosaysthatGodislightinamoralandspiritualsense(1
John1:5).ByGod'sdesign,thephysicalaspectsofcreationcanserveasvehiclesfordeveloping
themesaboutGodandhissalvation.Jesusisthelightoftheworld(John8:12).
1:26ThedivineSonistheimageoftheinvisibleGod(Col.1:15).Manwascreatedinawaythat
reflectstheimagingrelationamongthepersonsoftheTrinity.Theredemptionofmanfromthe
fallandsinincludesrecreation(2Cor.5:17),hisbeingcreatedafterthelikenessofGodintrue
righteousnessandholiness,intheimageofChrist(Eph.4:24).
1:28Godcreatedapermanentorderofcreation.Buthealsointendedadevelopmentinwhich
manwouldplayacentralrole.BecauseAdamfailedandfellintosin,ChristcameasthelastAdam
toachievedominion(see1Cor.15:22,4549;Eph.1:2122).
1:31Sinisalaterintrusionintoanoriginallygoodcreation.Itisnotinherentintheworld,andsoit
canbecompletelyremovedwhenGodachieveshispurposesintheconsummation(Rev.22:35).
2:2Godrestedfromhisworksofcreation.Buthecontinuestoworkinprovidenceand(aftersin
enters)inredemption.SeeJohn5:17.AshumanbeingswelookforwardtoenteringintoGod's
consummationrest(Heb.4:4,911).
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2:3ManimitatesthepatternofGod'sworkandrestinthesabbathcycleofdays(Ex.20:811)and
years(Leviticus25).ThesabbathpointsforwardtotherestthatChristachievedwithhis
resurrectionandascension(Heb.10:1213),andwhichwillbefullymanifestedinthe
consummation(Rev.22:45).
2:7Godhaslifeinhimselfandimpartslifetohiscreatures.Theimpartationofphysicallife
anticipatestheimpartationofspirituallife(John1:4;see1Cor.15:45).LifeisintheSon(John
5:21,26;1John5:12)andcomestousthroughtheSpirit(John3:5).
2:8ThegardenofEdenandparadiseremindsusofwhatwehavelost(Joel2:3)butalsoofwhat
willyetberenewedintheworldtocome(Isa.51:3;Rev.22:13).
2:9Afterthefall,thetreeoflifewasbarredtoman(3:24).ButGodpromisesfruitfulnesstothose
whoknowhim(Ps.1:3)andtothosewhoobtainwisdom(Prov.3:18).Eternallifeisobtainedin
Christ(John5:24),andfreeaccesstothetreeoflifereappearsintheconsummation(Rev.22:2).
2:24DivorceisadeviationfromGod'sdesignincreation(Matt.19:4).Themarriagerelationship
anticipatestherelationofChristtothechurch(Eph.5:2233).SeeOverviewoftheBible,
concerningChristasthelastAdam.
3:1LaterScriptureindicatesthatSatanworkedthroughtheserpent(Isa.27:1;Rev.12:9).Hewas
defeatedbyChrist'sworkonthecross(Heb.2:1415),andwillbeutterlydestroyedintheevents
leadingtotheconsummation(Rev.20:710).
3:4ThroughouthistorySatanisengagedindeceiving(2Thess.2:912;Rev.12:9)andcasting
doubtonthewordofGod.WhentemptedbySatan,Christrejectedhislies(Matt.4:111).Inspite
ofSatan'sattacks,thewordofGodwillstandforever(Ps.119:89;Matt.24:35).
3:8GodappearsandjudgesAdamandEve,anticipatingthefinaldayofjudgmentinChrist(John
5:22).BecauseofthesacrificialworkofChrist,judgmentcanbetemperedwithmercyonthose
whobelongtoChrist.
3:15TheoffspringofthewomanwhoinflictsdecisivedefeatontheserpentisChrist(Heb.2:14).
Butearlierintime,withintheOT,therearepartialdefeatsthroughpeoplewhoprefigureChrist
andforeshadowthefinalconflict.(SeeOverviewoftheBible.)
3:24WhenChristopensthewaytoeternallife,thebarringofthewaytolifeisremoved(John
14:6;Heb.10:1922;Rev.22:2).
4:26ThelineofSethappearstobeamoregodlyline,correspondingtothepromiseofthe
offspringofthewoman(3:15),whileCainandhisdescendantscorrespondmoretotheoffspring
oftheserpent.ThelineofSethultimatelyleadstoChrist(Luke3:38).
5:5Deathisarepeated,grimoccurrence,remindingusoftherealityofthecurse(2:17;3:19)and
theneedforGodinmercytoprovideafinalremedyfordeaththroughChrist(John11:2526;
Rev.1:18;21:4).
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5:24Enoch'swalkwithGodmakeshimanearlyexampleoffaith(Heb.11:56),andhisbeing
takenbyGodwithoutdyinganticipatestheeternalresurrectionlifethatChristgives(Rom.8:11).
6:9ForNoah'sfaith,seeHeb.11:7.Noahbyhisrighteousnesssavednotonlyhimselfbuthis
family,prefiguringtherighteousnessofChristbywhichChristsavedhisspiritualfamily.
6:18Godpromisesinacovenant(seeOverviewoftheBible)tosaveNoah,prefiguringthenew
covenantinChristbywhichwereceiveeternalsalvation(1Cor.11:25;Heb.10:1518).
7:23Thefloodbroughtawholeworldtoanend(2Pet.2:5;3:6).Itprefiguresthefinaljudgment,
whichendsthepresentheavensandearthandbringsanewworld(Rev.21:1).Godpreserves
thosewhobelongtoChrist,thefinalNoah.
8:13Theemergingofanewworldprefiguresthecreationofthenewheavenandthenewearth
(Rev.21:14;see2Pet.3:57).
9:7Godrepeatsthecommandgiventomanin1:28.Noahisanewheadorrepresentativefor
humanity,prefiguringChrist,whowillbethefinalheadofthenewhumanity(1Cor.15:4548).All
thosedescendingfromNoahareprivilegedforhissake.
9:11InacovenantGodguaranteestoallmankindblessingsthatcomethroughNoah.Heshows
mercy,basedonsacrifice(8:21),pointingforwardultimatelytothemercythatcomesthroughthe
sacrificeofChrist(Heb.10:12).
10:32AllthenationsoftheworldareencompassedintheplanofGod.HechoosesAbramalone
(12:13),buteventuallyallthenationsoftheearthshallbeblessedinhim(18:18;see12:3;
Rev.5:9).
11:4Babel,andlaterBabylon(Revelation1718),isthequintessentialworldlycity,whereman
triestoexalthimselftothepositionofagod.ItcontrastswiththeholycityofGod'speople,
whosenameismadegreatnotthroughtheirpridefulselfexaltationbutbythepowerofGod
(Gen.12:2;Rev.21:2).
12:1GodwillgiveAbramagreatname,incontrasttotheselfexaltingdesireinBabel(11:4).The
choiceofAbramnarrowsdownthelineoftheoffspringofthewoman(3:15)toAbram'soffspring.
Ultimately,AbrahamisgreatasaprogenitorofChrist(Rom.9:5).
12:2God'spromiseisreiteratedandexpandedastimepasses(13:1417;15:45;17:114;18:18;
22:1618;26:25;28:1315;35:1012).
12:3Theinclusionofallthefamiliesoftheearthanticipatesthespreadofthegospelandsalvation
inChristtotheendsoftheearth(Matt.28:1820;Acts1:8;Gal.3:8).
12:7God'spromisehasashortrangefulfillmentwhenthenationofIsraelconquersCanaanunder
Joshua(Josh.21:43;see1Kings4:21).UltimatelytheoffspringnarrowsdowntoChrist(Gal.3:16),
whosedominionextendsnotonlyoverthelandofCanaanbutoveralltheworld(Matt.28:18).
ThelandofCanaanprefigurestheeternalinheritanceoftheworldinChrist(Heb.4:111;11:10,
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1316).InChristbelieversaretheoffspringofAbraham(Gal.3:7,29).
13:15GodconfirmsandexpandshispromisetoAbram(seenoteson12:1;12:2;and12:7).
14:18Melchizedek,apriestandking,prefiguresChrist'spriesthood(Heb.7:18:6).
15:6Abram'strustinGodisthemodelforChristians'trustinGod'spromisesinChrist(Gal.3:69).
Righteousnessiscountedorreckoned,notonthebasisofourachievement,butbecauseinfaith
welooktoGodwhosuppliesrighteousnessinChrist(Rom.4:59;2Cor.5:21;Gal.3:6).
15:17Theflame,symbolizingGod,passesbetweenthepieces,symbolizingthatGodhimselfwill
bearthepenaltyifthepromiseisbroken.Ultimately,Christbearsthepenaltyforour
disobedience.
16:10Becauseofthelineofchosenoffspring,leadingtoChrist(Gal.3:16),someblessings
overflowandextendeventocollateraldescendantslikeIshmael.
16:13HagarperceivesthattheLordhasspokentoher,whichimpliesthattheangeloftheLORD
isdivine.SomethinkthatthisisapreincarnateappearanceofChrist.Christisthefinal,divine
messengerofthecovenant(Mal.3:1)whoisanticipatedinthisscene.
17:4ThemultiplicationofthenationofIsraelrepresentstheproximatefulfillmentofGod's
promise(Ex.1:7).ThosewhoplacetheirtrustinChrist,theoffspringofAbraham(Gal.3:16),now
becomesonsofAbraham(Gal.3:69),sothatultimatelyallthemultitudeofthesaved(Rev.5:9)
haveAbrahamasfather(Rom.4:1718).
17:10CircumcisionsymbolizesthecovenantrelationtoGod,whichdemandsholiness.Itisfulfilled
inChrist'spurificationofbelievers(Col.2:11).
18:2Twoofthementurnouttobeangels(19:1),whilethethirdistheLord(18:22).The
appearanceofGodinhumanformanticipatestheincarnationoftheSon(John1:118).
18:10ThemiraculousbirthofasonaccordingtothepowerofGod'swordanticipateslater
instanceswhereGod'swordovercomesadeadwombandbringsnewlife:25:21;30:22;1Sam.
1:20;Isa.54:1.ThepatternculminatesinthevirginbirthofChrist(Luke1:35),andhasrelevance
forunderstandingGod'ssovereigntyinelection(Rom.9:89).
18:24Abraham'slimitedintercessionfailstospareSodom.Christ'sperfectintercessionalways
succeeds(Heb.7:2325).
19:16ThoughLotisamixedcharacterwhomakescompromises,Godsaveshimandhisfamily,
prefiguringhismercyineternalsalvation(2Pet.2:79).
19:24ThedestructionofSodomandGomorrahprefigureseternaljudgment(2Pet.2:6,910;
Rev.14:1011).
20:6EventhoughAbrahammisusesher,Godinmercypreserves Sarah,whoembodiesthelineof
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holyoffspringleadingtoChrist.
21:2ThemiraculousbirthofIsaac,thespecialoffspringofpromise,prefiguresthecomingbirthof
Christ,inaccordancewithallthepromisesofGod.
21:4Circumcisionrepresentspurificationandholiness,anticipatingthepurityofChrist(Luke2:21;
3:22;Col.2:11;seeGen.17:10).
21:10Thedistinctionbetweenthemiraculoussonofpromiseandthesonfromhumanplanning
prefiguresthedistinctionbetweenthechurchandnaturaldescendantsofAbraham(Gal.4:30).
22:3Abrahamdemonstratestherealityofhisfaithinaction,servingasamodelforhowourgood
worksdemonstrateourfaith(James2:1824).
22:8Isaaccomesneartobeingsacrificed,butGodprovidesasubstitute.UltimatelyGodwill
sacrificehisonlySon,whodiesinourplace(Gal.3:13,16).Theramprefiguresthesacrificeof
Christ.
22:16Abraham'swillingnesstosacrificehissonleadstogreatblessingtohisoffspring.God's
sacrificeofhisonlySonleadstoevengreaterblessingstoChrist'sspiritualoffspring(Rom.5:811;
Heb.6:1314).
23:19AbrahamtakescareaboutSarah'sburial,expressingtherebyhisfaithinGod'spromisethat
hewillpossesstheland.ThefactthatthelandisnottheirsduringSarah'sorAbraham'searthly
lifepointsforwardtotheresurrectionofthedead(Heb.11:1316).
24:4ThemarriageofIsaacisimportant,becauseheistheoffspringofpromisethroughwhose
offspringtheworldwillbeblessed.ThespecialprovisionofawifeforIsaacprefiguresGod's
offspringofpromise,Christ,receivingabride,thechurch(Rev.19:7).
25:23JacobthechosenoneandEsautheonenotchosenprefiguretheagelongstrugglebetween
thechosenpeopleandtheiradversaries(Mal.1:23;Rom.9:1013).Theprincipleappliesinthe
OTtoIsraelandintheNTtothechurch.
26:28Abimelech'srespectforIsaacprefiguresthesalvationofthenationsthroughAbraham's
offspringinChrist(18:18).
27:35GodcarriesouthissovereignpurposeofconfirmingJacobasthechosenlineofthe
offspringofAbraham(12:7;25:23),inspiteofIsaac'sintenttoblessEsauandinspiteofthe
sinfulnessinJacob'sdeceit.
28:12TheopeningofaccesstoheavenanticipatesChrist,whoopensaccesspermanently(John
1:51;Heb.10:1920).
29:25EveninthemidstoftrickeryGodsovereignlyworkstogiveJacobwives,throughwhomhe
willfulfillthepromisetomultiplyAbraham'soffspring(15:5).
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30:1InthemidstofsordidcompetitionbetweenLeahandRachel,Godsovereignlyfulfillsthefirst
stageofhispromisetomultiplyAbraham'soffspring(12:2;15:5;17:5;26:4;28:14).
31:24GodprotectsJacob,fulfillinghisearlierpromise(28:1315)andprotectingthelineof
chosenoffspringleadingtoChrist(Gal.3:16).
32:24Godappearsinhumanform,anticipatingtheincarnationofChrist.
33:4GoddeliversJacobandhisfamilyfromafearedattackbyEsau,fulfillinghispromisetoJacob
andhisoffspring(28:1415)andprotectingtheoffspringleadingtoChrist.
34:9ThoughSimeonandLeviarelatercriticizedfortheirdeceitandviolence(49:57),Goduses
theminpreservingthelineofholyoffspringfromintermarriage(seeDeut.7:3),thusprotecting
thelineuntilthecomingofChristthefinaloffspring(Gal.3:16).
35:10GodconfirmsearlierpromisestoAbrahamandhisoffspring(seenoteon12:2).
36:1Therecordofcollateral,rejectedoffspring(25:23)isgivenbeforecontinuingwiththerecord
ofthelineleadingtoChrist(Gal.3:16).
37:7PropheticdreamsconcerningGod'splanfortheoffspringofpromiseforeshadowthefinal
propheticunveilingofGod'spurposesthroughChrist.
37:20Joseph,whoistobethekeydelivererofGod'speople,hasascrapewithdeath,andis
finallyglorified(41:41),foreshadowingthesufferingandglorificationofChristthefinaldeliverer.
38:29Inspiteofunrighteoussexualbehaviorbyseveralmales,Godbringsabouthisownpurpose
ofcontinuingtheoffspringleadingtoChrist(Matt.1:3).
39:9Joseph,incontrasttoAdamandEve,firmlyrejectedtemptation,anticipatingChrist's
rejectionoftemptation(Matt.4:111;16:23).
40:23ThetrialsofJoseph,testinghisfaith,anticipatethetrialsthatcometoChristasman(Matt.
4:111),andthatcometodisciplesofChrist(Acts14:22;1Thess.3:4).
41:36ThroughpropheticgiftsgivenbyGod,JosephisabletosavefromfaminenotonlyJacoband
hisfamily,butEgypt.HeforeshadowsChrist,whosepropheticteachingandsufferingbringeternal
salvationbothtoJewsandtoGentiles.(See18:18.)
42:9Godworksaccordingtohisplan,whichwasalreadyrevealedinJoseph'sdreams(37:59).
GodcaresforthelineofoffspringleadingtoChrist(3:15;Gal.3:16).
43:9Judahoffershimselfasasubstitute,prefiguringthesubstitutionofChristtheoffspringof
Judah.
44:33Seenoteon43:9.
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44:29SalvationthroughJosephincludesnotonlyrescuefromfamine,butachangeofheartinthe
brothers,comparedtotheirearlierenvyandviolencetowardJoseph.Thechangeprefiguresthe
changeofheartthatChristworksthroughtheSpirit(John3:38).
45:15Reconciliationspringsfromforgiveness,prefiguringGod'sreconciliationandforgivenessin
Christ.
46:4Goddeliverstheentirefamilyfromfamineandpromisespermanentcare,anticipatingboth
theexodusfromEgypt(Exodus114)andthesubsequentgenerationsleadingtoChrist.
47:6ThroughJoseph'sdeliveranceabundantblessingscometohisfamily,prefiguringthe
blessingsofdeliveranceinChrist.
48:5Thetransformationofonetribe(Joseph)intotwofurtherillustratesthefruitfulnessof
blessingtothelineofoffspringthatGodhaschosenandblessed.
49:10AtthisearlypointGodalreadyrevealsthatthroughJudahwillcomealineofkings,leading
finallytoChristthegreat,eternalking(Matt.1:116).
50:20Goduseseveneviltoworkouthisgoodpurposes,foreshadowingthetimewhenhewill
bringthesupremegood,namely,eternalsalvation,outofthewickedactionsofthemenwho
condemnedandcrucifiedJesus(Acts2:23;4:2528).
50:24God'spromisesstandfirmthroughgenerations(12:7;15:1314).Hisfaithfulnessis
expressedclimacticallyinChrist(2Cor.1:20).
Exodus
ThroughMosesGodredeemshispeoplefromslaveryinEgypt,prefiguringChrist'seternal
redemptionofhispeoplefromslaverytosin.
1:7ThemultiplicationofthepeoplefulfillsGod'spromisetomultiplyAbraham'sdescendants
(Gen.15:5)andtoblesstheworldthroughthem(Gen.18:18),specificallythroughChrist(Gal.
3:8).
1:13Bittersufferingprecedesrelease,symbolizingthatsufferingundersinprecedesthe
deliverancefromsininChrist.
2:10Moses,thespecialagentforGod'sdeliverance,hashislifepreserved,anticipatingtherescue
ofbabyJesusfromHerod'smurders(Matt.2:13).
2:15Godbringsdeliverancethroughhispowerandinhisway,throughtheweaknessofthecross,
notthroughmerelyhumanimpulsesforjustice(1Cor.1:25).
3:5TheoverwhelmingholinessofthepresenceofGodanticipatesthepresenceofGodinChrist's
incarnation.
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3:12ThecommissioningofMosesbyGod'swordandGod'spowerprefiguresthecommissioning
ofChristforhiswork(Matt.3:17).
3:14ThenameIAManticipatestheIamsayingsofJesus(seeJohn8:58),whichshowhis
deity.
4:13Moses'reluctancepointsforwardultimatelytotheneedforadivinedeliverer,JesusChrist.
5:2Pharaoh'srefusaltorecognizethetrueGodprefigurestheresistanceofpeopletoChrist's
claims,eventhoughmiraclessupportedhisclaims.
6:8Thementionofthepatriarchs(seeGen.12:7)showsthefaithfulnessofGodandthe
continuityofhispurposesovertime.Thisfaithfulnesscomestoultimatefruitionwiththesending
oftheSon.
7:17TheplaguesonEgyptforeshadowtheplaguesprecedingthesecondcoming(Rev.11:6).
9:16Goduseseventhosewhoresisthiswill,prefiguringhisuseofHerodandPilate(Acts2:23).
10:4ThelocustsprefigurethejudgmentsassociatedwiththedayoftheLord(Joel12;Rev.9:1
11).
11:5Theplagueofdeathremindsusthatthewagesofsinisdeath(Rom.6:23).Onlythroughthe
deathofGod'sSonarewedelivered.
12:6DeliverancethroughthebloodofalambprefiguresthecomingoftheLambofGodtoobtain
finalsalvationthroughhisdeath(John1:29).
12:46BecauseJesusisthefulfillmentofthePassoverlamb(1Cor.5:7),itisfittingthatnoneof
Jesus'boneswerebroken(John19:36).
13:3WenowlookbacktothefinalPassoverinwhichChristbroughteternalsalvationfromsin(1
Cor.5:7),andwerememberitintheLord'sSupper(1Cor.11:2326).
14:19God'sspecialpresenceinthecloudprefigureshispresenceinChrist,whoisourprotection
andrefugeagainstalltheattacksofSatan.
14:22Thepeoplegodownsymbolicallyintodeathandcomeupalive,prefiguringthereceptionof
resurrectionlifethroughChrist(seeRom.6:4;1Cor.10:2).
14:30ThedeathofEgyptiansprefiguresthatfinaldestructionofallGod'senemies(Rev.20:15;
21:8).
15:2PraiseforGod'ssalvationanticipatesthesongsofpraiseforChrist'sfinalworkofsalvation
(Rev.5:914;15:3).
15:17TheconquestofCanaanprefigurestheentranceintothefinalsanctuaryofGod'spresence,
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mediatedbyChrist(Heb.10:1920;Rev.21:22).
16:4MannaprefiguresChristthebreadofheaven,whogiveseternallife(John6:3135).
16:18ThesufficiencyofthemannaprefiguresthesufficiencyofChristtomeeteveryneedofhis
people(Phil.4:19).
17:6GodprovidingwaterafterstrikingtherockprefiguresChrist,whoisstrickentoprovidethe
waterofeternallife(John4:14;19:34).
18:18ThelimitationsofMosesprefiguretheneedforChrist,thedivinejudge,andChrist's
appointmentofshepherdsunderhim(elders)tocarryouthiswill(1Pet.5:14).
19:6TheprivilegesofIsraelprefigurethehigherprivilegesoftheNTchurch(1Pet.2:910),won
throughChrist'sredemption(Heb.10:10).
19:12ThethreatofdeathillustratestheimpossibilityofsinfulpeopleapproachingaholyGod.The
impossibilityisovercomeonlythroughthesacrificeandmediationofChrist(Heb.10:1920).
20:2ChristiansnowobeyGod'scommandmentsbecausehehasbroughtusoutofsinanddeath
(Rom.13:9;Col.1:13;Rev.1:56).
20:11ThecelebrationoftheSabbathlooksbacktocreation(seenotesonGen.2:2and2:3),back
toredemptionfromEgyptianslavery(Deut.5:15),andforwardtofinalrestthroughfaithinChrist
(Heb.4:111).
20:13TheTenCommandmentsaredeepenedthroughJesus'teaching(Matt.5:1748)and
fulfilledinJesus'perfectrighteousness(Heb.4:15;5:9).
21:2Theordinancesconcerningslaveryanticipateourbeingfreedfromslaverytosinand
becomingslavestoChrist(Rom.6:2022;1Cor.7:22).
21:12Theprinciplesofretributionandrestitution,thoughtheyhedgeinsinandgivepartial
remedies,donotbringaperfectkingdom,butlookforwardtotheperfectionofthekingdomof
Christ(Isa.9:67;Matt.5:3848).
23:1ThetruthfulnessofGod,comingtoitsclimaxinChrist,istobereflectedintruthfulness
displayedtofellowhumanbeings,andthecompassionandjusticeofGodistobereflectedin
treatmentoffellowhumans.
24:8ConsecrationthroughbloodprefiguresconsecrationthroughthebloodofChrist(Heb.9:18
26).
24:11FellowshipwithGodprefiguresourseeingGodinthefaceofJesusChrist(John14:9).
ChristiansenjoyfellowshipwithGodinChrist,whoisthefoodofeternallife(John6:5358),
symbolizedintheLord'sSupperandconsummatedinthe finalfeast(Rev.19:9;22:4).
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25:8ThemakingofadwellingplaceanticipatesSolomon'stemple(1Kings6)andprefiguresGod's
dwellingwithhumanityinChrist(Matt.1:23;John2:1921;Rev.21:22),inthechurch(1Cor.
3:16;Eph.2:1922),intheindividualChristian(1Cor.6:19),andintheconsummation(Rev.21:3,
2227).TheactualconstructionofthetabernacleisdescribedinExodus3639.
25:22God'smeetingwithandspeakingtohispeopleprefigureshisintimacyandcommunionwith
believersinChrist(John15:4).
25:30BreadexpressingfellowshipwithGodprefiguresJesusfeedingusasthebreadoflife(John
6:35,5258).
25:37TheprovisionoflightinthepresenceofGodprefiguresJesusasthelightoftheworld(John
1:49;3:1921;8:12;9:5).
25:40Thetabernacleisashadoworcopyoftheheavenly,finaldwellingofGod,asindicatedin
Heb.8:5.ThesymbolisminthetabernaclethereforeconsistentlyprefiguresChristandthechurch
(seenoteonEx.25:8).
26:33Thecurtainbarsaccesstoallexceptthespeciallyqualifiedhighpriest(Leviticus16),
prefiguringthatonlyChristcanopenthewaytoGod(Heb.9:714;10:20).
27:1AccesstoGodisonlythroughsacrificeonthealtar(Lev.4:10),prefiguringthenecessityof
thesacrificeofChrist(Heb.9:1214).
27:9ThehangingsofthecourterectonemorebarriertoapproachingGod,therebyemphasizing
hisholiness.Seenoteon26:33.
28:2TheexternalholinessandbeautyofthepriestprefigurestheperfectholinessofChrist(Heb.
7:238:6).
29:1Thepriests,beingsinful,needatoningsacrificeforthemselves,contrastingwiththe
perfectionofChrist'spriesthood(Heb.7:2628).
30:1Burningincenserepresentsintercessoryprayer(Rev.5:8),prefiguringChrist'sintercession
(Heb.7:25).
30:16AtonementmoneyprefiguresChrist'sbuyingusatthepriceofhisownblood(1Pet.1:18
19).
30:20WashingprefigurescleansingfromsininChrist(Zech.13:1;1Cor.6:11).
31:3ThegivingoftheSpiritprefiguresChrist'sbuildingthechurchthroughtheSpirit(Matt.16:18;
1Cor.14:12;Eph.2:2022).ThebuildingofthechurchisbasedonChrist'sresurrectionthrough
theSpirit(John2:1921;Rom.8:11).Seenoteon1Kings7:14.
32:12Moses'intercessionprefigurestheintercessoryprayers ofChrist(Heb.7:25).
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32:32Mosesoffershimselfasasubstitute,prefiguringChrist'ssubstitutionarydeath(Heb.10:10).
33:19Godassovereignworkshiswillinelection(Rom.9:15).
33:22MosesassinfulmustbeshieldedfromthefullweightofGod'sholiness,prefiguringChrist's
shieldingusfromthewrathofGod(Rom.5:911).
34:9God'smercyprefiguresthemercygiveninChrist(Rom.4:8).
35:21ThewillingnessofthepeopleprefiguresthewillingnessofChrist'sselfgivingsacrifice(John
10:18),andthenthewillingnessthatheworksinustobeusedbyGod(Rom.12:1;2Cor.8:915;
9:7,1315).
36:10TheconstructionexactlyaccordingtoGod'sdesign(26:16;see39:42)prefiguresthe
constructionofthechurchaccordingtoGod'sdesign(Eph.4:1116)andtheconstructionofthe
newworld(Rev.21:2).
37:1Theconstructionmatches25:1022.Seenoteon25:22.
39:1Thegarmentsmatch28:143.Seenoteon28:2.
40:34Seetheparallelin1Kings8:1011.ThefillingofthetentwithGod'sgloryprefiguresthe
fullnessoftheSpiritinChrist(Matt.3:1617;John1:14;3:3435)andinthechurch(Acts2:34;1
Cor.3:16).
Leviticus
TherequirementofholinesspointstotheholinessofChrist(Heb.7:2628).Thesacrifices
prefigurethesacrificeofChrist(Heb.10:110).
1:9TheofferingofthewholesacrificetoGodprefiguresChrist'sgivingofhiswholeself(Heb.
10:510).Thewholesacrificeascendsinsmoke,prefiguringtheascensionofChrist(Heb.9:24).
2:1TheofferingofthefruitfulnessofthelandprefiguresthehonorgiventoGodthroughthe
fruitfulnessofChrist(John13:3132;1Cor.15:23).
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3:1Mostofthepeaceofferingiseatenbytheworshiper(7:1516),signifyingfellowshipwithand
blessingfromGod.ItisfulfilledinChrist'sreconciliationandgivinghimselfasfood(John6:5257;
Rom.5:911).
4:2ThepromiseofforgivenessisfulfilledinChrist'sgivinghimselfasasacrificeforsin(Rom.8:3;
Heb.10:110).
4:12ThepositionoutsidethecampprefiguresChrist'scrucifixionoutsideJerusalem(Heb.13:11
14).
5:1SinsoffalsehoodandsinsagainstholinessareforgiveninanticipationofChrist'sworkin
holiness(Heb.9:2326;10:1120).
6:13Thecontinuationofthealtarfireindicatestheinsufficiencyofrepeatedsacrifices(Heb.10:1
4),incontrasttothesufficiencyofChrist'ssacrifice(Heb.10:10)andintercession(Heb.7:25).
7:20FellowshipwithGodandwiththethingsofGodrequiresholiness,prefiguringtheholinessof
Christpurifyingus(Heb.10:10;12:14).
8:1Fortheinstructionsforconsecration,seeExodus29.
8:30ConsecrationthroughoilandbloodprefigurespurificationfromsinthroughtheSpiritandthe
bloodofChrist(Heb.9:1926;1Pet.1:2).
9:24God'sacceptanceoftheofferingprefigureshisacceptanceofthesacrificeofChrist(Heb.
9:1314).
10:2TherejectionofhumaninventionsprefiguresthefactthatChrististheonlywaytoGod(John
14:6;Acts4:12).
11:45Separationfromuncleannesssymbolizesseparationfromsininordertobeintimatewith
God.ItprefiguresChrist'sworkbringingholiness(Heb.7:26;10:10).
12:7HumanbirthiscontaminatedwithsineversinceAdam.Theremedyisinnewbirth(John
3:38)throughChrist(Rom.5:1521).
13:46Skindiseasesymbolizesthecontagionofsin,whichalienatesusfromGodandman.Only
Christcanrestorethefellowshipbrokenbysin(1John1:3).
14:2CleansingprefiguresChrist'sworkofcleansingfromsin(Luke5:1214;Heb.9:914).
15:1Disordersofthebodysymbolizethedisorderofsin,tobecleansedbyChrist(Heb.9:914).
16:16SymbolicalatonementprefiguresChrist'sfinalatonement(Heb.9:714).
17:11ThebloodsymbolizinglifeprefiguresthebloodofChrist,whosepouredoutlifebrings
atonementforsin(Rom.3:25;Heb.9:1214,1826).
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17:14InthesuperiorblessingofthenewcovenantwepartakeofthebloodofChristasthesource
ofspirituallife(John6:5356).
18:3SeparationfrompaganpracticesispartofholinesswithGod,prefiguringtheholinessof
Christ(Heb.7:26)andhispeople(2Cor.6:1418).
18:5Ultimately,theholinessofGodrequiresperfectobedience,whichisfoundinChrist(2Cor.
5:21).Sinfulmancannotkeepthelaw(Rom.10:5;Gal.3:1214).
19:2LoyaltytoGodrequiresalifeofholiness(1Pet.1:1522).
19:18ThelovecommandmentfindsfulfillmentinChristandinthosewhoarehis(Matt.22:39;
Rom.13:9;Gal.5:14;James2:8;1John3:1118;4:721).
20:2Sinhasconsequencesincurseanddeath,prefiguringboththedeathofChristassinbearer(1
Pet.2:24)andeternaldeathinhell(Rev.20:1415).
21:1Holinessrequiresseparationfromdeath,whichsymbolizessin.Thepriestsprefigurethe
priesthoodofChrist(Heb.7:2628)andofhisredeemedpeople(1Pet.2:5,9;Rev.1:6;5:10).
22:3Sin,symbolizedbyuncleanness,disqualifiesusfromheavenlythingsandmustbecleansedby
Christ(Heb.9:813).
23:5SeeDeut.16:18.ThePassoverprefigurestheLastSupperandChrist'sdeath(Matt.26:19,
2628;1Cor.5:7).
23:16SeeDeut.16:912.ThisisthefeastofPentecost,fulfilledinActswhenthefirstfruitsfrom
thenationsaregatheredintothechurch(Acts2:111).
23:28Thedayofatonement,anannualdaydescribedinchapter16,prefigurestheonceforall
atonementofChrist(Heb.9:714;10:35).
24:2ContinuallightprefiguresJesusasthelightoftheworld(John1:49;3:1921;8:12;9:5).
24:8ContinualbreadprefiguresJesusasthebreadoflife(John6:35,4851).
25:4Therestgiventothelandprefiguresthefinalrestgivenintheconsummation(Heb.4:911;
Rev.21:122:5).SeenotesonGen.2:2and2:3.
25:10TheyearoflibertyprefiguresthelibertygivenbyChrist(Isa.61:12;Luke4:1821).
26:14Sinleadstoacurse,anticipatingChrist'ssinbearing(Gal.3:1314),andsinultimatelyleads
tohell(Rev.20:1415).
27:10Thepermanenceofholinessprefiguresthepermanenceofredemption(John10:2829)and
ofthenewworld(Rev.22:5).
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Numbers
ThejourneythroughthewildernessprefigurestheChristianjourneythroughthisworldtothenew
world(1Cor.10:111;Heb.4:310).
1:3Readinessforwarprefiguresspiritualwar(Eph.6:13).
2:17ThepeopleofGodaretobeorganizedwithGodatthecenter(Eph.4:46).
3:12TheLevitesasaholysubstituteprefigureChristaspriest,representative,andsubstitute
(Heb.7:2328).
4:15ThepenaltyofdeathforapproachingGod'sholinessindicatestheneedforperfectmediation
throughChrist(Heb.9:2326).
5:20TheneedforfaithfulnessinmarriageprefiguresthefaithfulnessofthechurchtoChrist(2
Cor.11:24;Eph.5:2527).
6:5ThespecialholinessoftheNaziriteprefigurestheholinessofChrist(Heb.7:26).
7:5HolyserviceprefigurestheserviceofChrist(Heb.7:238:2)andhispeople(Rom.12:12).
8:16ChristsubstitutesforusandrepresentsusbeforeGod(Heb.7:2328).
9:10BeingcleanforthePassoverprefiguresmoralpurityinthechurch(1Cor.5:78).
10:2SummoningprefiguresGod'sinstructiontothechurch(Eph.4:1;1Thess.4:13).
11:17ThedistributionoftheSpiritforeshadowsthewiderdistributionatPentecost(11:29;Joel
2:28;Acts2:4,1618).
12:8RejectionofMosesprefigurestheseriousnessofrejectingChrist'suniquepropheticministry
(John3:3236;5:23).
13:31TheunbeliefofIsraelcontrastsbothwiththefaithfulnessofChrist(Matt.4:110)andthe
faithofChristians(Heb.3:74:3).
14:35Deathindicatesjudgmentonunbelief(Heb.3:1619).
15:30CuttingoffprefiguresapostasyfromChrist(Heb.10:2631).
16:2Rebellionprefiguresfalseteachinginthechurch(Jude1013).
17:5ThechoiceofAaronaloneprefiguresChristastheoneway(John14:6).
18:5Theprieststurnawaywrath,prefiguringChrist'spropitiation(Rom.3:2325).
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19:9PurificationprefiguresthepurificationofChrist'swork(Heb.9:1314).
20:24ThefailuresinthepriestspointtotheneedforthegreaterpriesthoodofChrist(Heb.7:23
25).
21:9LookingattheserpentprefiguresfaithinChristwhoisliftedup(John3:1416).
22:12Godoverrulesallplotsagainsthispurposes(Acts2:23;Eph.1:1112).
24:17PartialfulfillmentsinDavid'sandSolomon'sruleanticipateChrist'sruleoverhisenemies(1
Cor.15:2427;Eph.1:2022).
25:3Idolatryleadstochastisementanddeath(1Cor.10:20;Rev.14:911).
27:4Inheritanceofthelandanticipateseternalinheritanceofthenewworld(Heb.11:1316).
28:3Repeated,scheduledofferingsanticipateonefinalofferingbyChrist(Heb.10:110).
30:3TheauthorityofamananticipatestheauthorityofChristoverthechurch(Eph.5:2124).
31:16Thewarprefiguresholywaragainstsin(Eph.6:11;1Pet.2:11).
32:17The21/2tribesreceivetheirinheritanceinJosh.13:833.Thetribes'commitmenttothe
wholenationprefigurescooperativeworkinthechurch(1Corinthians12).
33:2ThenamesofthelocationsrecordGod'sfaithfulnesstohispromisetobringhispeopletothe
land(Gen.12:7;Ex.6:4),prefiguringhisfaithfulnesstobelieversinChrist(2Cor.1:20).
34:13TheinheritanceisdistributedinJoshua1419.Theallotmentofthislandprefigures
allotmenttoeachofChrist'speopleofaneternalinheritance(Eph.1:11;Col.1:12).
35:11SeeJoshua20.DeliverancefromdeathprefiguresChristbecomingarefugefromdeathfor
hispeople(John8:51;Heb.2:14;6:18).
36:2Seenoteon27:4.
Deuteronomy
TherighteousnessandwisdomofthelawofGodprefiguretherighteousnessofChrist,whichis
giventohispeople.TheanticipationofenteringthePromisedLandprefiguresChristians'hopefor
thenewheavenandthenewearth(Rev.21:122:5).
1:32Thepeople'sunbelief(seeNumbers14)contrastswithfaithforenteringGod'srest(Heb.
3:74:11).
2:24God,nothumanstrength,givesvictory(3:22),prefiguringvictoryinChrist(Heb.2:1415).
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3:12MosesrecallsNumbers32;seenoteonNum.32:17.
3:26TheinsufficiencyofMosescontrastswiththesufficiencyofChrist,whohasenteredthe
eternalinheritanceonourbehalf(Heb.9:2326;10:1922).
4:6Israelbyobeyingwouldhavebeenalighttothenations.Christinhisobedienceisthelight
thatIsraelfailedtobe(Isa.42:6;John1:49).
5:2ThecovenantatHoreb(Sinai)anticipatesthenewcovenant,whereobediencewillspringfrom
theheart(Heb.8:813),becauseofChrist'spurification(Heb.10:14).
6:5LoveforGodisthegreatestcommandment(Matt.22:3738).One'srelationtoGodhimselfis
centraltolife,andtrueloveforGodandreconciliationtoGodarepossibleonlyinChrist(John
14:6;Rom.5:110).
6:14HolinessbeforeGodavoidscompromisewithevil,prefiguringtheholinessofChrist(Heb.
7:26)andhispeople(1Pet.1:1516;2:11).
8:18GratituderatherthanpridecharacterizesthepeopleofGod(1Cor.1:2831;2Cor.9:15).
9:19Moses'intercessionprefiguresChrist'sintercession(Heb.7:2325).
10:16CircumcisionoftheheartcomesfromrenewalthroughtheSpiritofChrist(Rom.8:913;
Col.2:11;Heb.8:813).
11:9Obedienceisthebasisforlife,prefiguringChrist'sresurrectionlifeastherewardforhis
obedience(Phil.2:811).
12:5AccesstoGodatasinglelocation(Jerusalem,1Kings8:16;Ps.122:4)prefiguresaccess
throughChristalone(John14:6).
13:2Falseprophetsprefigurethedangeroffalseteachingsdrawingpeopleawayfromserving
GodthroughChrist(2Pet.2:1).
14:2Refrainingfromuncleanfoodssymbolizesseparationfromsin(2Cor.6:17).
15:2ReleaseofdebtorsanticipatesthegreatreleasefromsinthroughChrist(Luke4:1819).
16:1Thegreatfeasts(seeLeviticus23)prefigurethecelebrationofChrist'sdeliverance(1Cor.
5:7).
17:7Thepurgingofevilprefiguresthepurgingofevilfromthechurch(1Cor.5:13)andfromthe
17:15KingsprefiguretherighteousnessofChristtheperfectking(Isa.9:67;Matt.27:37;Rev.
19:16).
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18:18ProphetsanticipateChrist,thefinalprophet(Acts3:2226).
19:4TheprovisionforjusticeprefiguresthejusticeofChrist'srule(Isa.9:67).
20:4GodfightsinanticipationofChrist'sfightagainstevilduringhisearthlylife(Matt.12:2829),
inhisdeath(Heb.2:1415),andinhissecondcoming(Rev.19:1521).
21:9ProvisionsforpurityandjusticeanticipatefinalpurificationandjusticeinChrist(Heb.9:23
28).
21:23ThecurseanticipatesChristbearingthecurseofGodonourbehalfwhenheiscrucified
(hangedonatree)(Gal.3:13).
22:22ProvisionsforsexualpurityanticipatethepurityofthechurchasChrist'sbride(Eph.5:25
27;Rev.19:78).
23:9God'spresenceinthecampforwar(20:4)requiresholiness,prefiguringholywarinChrist
(Rev.19:1416).
24:1ProvisionsfordivorceareduetohardnessofheartandareinferiortoGod'sdesign(Matt.
19:39),whichistobefulfilledinChrist(Eph.5:2233).
25:4Provisionfortheoxisanillustrationofalargerprincipleofprovisionforlaborinthechurch
(1Cor.9:911;1Tim.5:18).
25:5ProvisionforacontinuingnameandinheritanceprefiguresGod'spromiseandprovisionfor
ourname(Rev.2:17)andourinheritance(Eph.1:1314;1Pet.1:45).ItalsoprefiguresChrist,
whoasyoungerbrothertoAdamraisesupspirituallyalivechildren(Heb.2:13).
26:8ThanksgivingforredemptionprefiguresChristianthanksgivingforredemptioninChrist(Heb.
13:1516).
27:26Allaresubjecttothecurse,andcanescapeonlythroughChrist'stakingthecurseonhimself
(Gal.3:1014).
28:1EternalblessingsofsalvationcomeinChrist(Gal.3:14),whoremovedthecursewedeserved
(Gal.3:13).
29:4RenewaloftheheartistocomeinChrist(Rom.11:8;Heb.8:813).
30:12ChristbringspowertoobeyGodfromtheheart(Rom.10:68).
31:26Godmakesprovisionforthepreservationofthelawforfuturegenerations,includingus
(Rom.15:4;1Cor.10:11).
32:5Israel'srebellioncontrastswiththefaithfulnessthatistocharacterizeGod'schildren(Phil.
2:15).
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32:6God'scareforIsraelprefigureshiscareforChrist'speople(Rom.8:1517).
32:21TheapostasyofIsraelanticipatestherejectionofthegospel(Rom.10:19).
34:10TheuniquenessofMosesanticipatestheuniquenessofChrist(Acts3:2226).
Joshua
TheconquestthroughJoshuaprefiguresChristconqueringhisenemies,bothSatan(Heb.2:1415)
andrebellioushumanbeings.Theconquesttakesplaceboththroughthegospel(Matt.28:1820)
andinthedestructionatthesecondcoming(Rev.19:1121).
1:6Joshua'sroleprefiguresJesusempoweringhisdisciples(Matt.28:1820;Acts1:8).
2:9RahabinherfaithanticipatesthesalvationofGentilesthroughfaith(Gal.3:69;Heb.11:31;
James2:25).
3:11God'spresencebringsthepeoplethroughthewatersofdeathintotheland,prefiguring
Christleadingustoeternallife(John11:2526).
4:6MemorialsofGod'sfaithfulnesslookforwardtothemessageofChrist'ssalvation.
5:14ThedivinecommanderanticipatesChrist,whoisthecommanderinclimacticspiritualwar
(Matt.28:18;Heb.2:1415;Rev.17:14;19:1121).
6:2ThefallofJerichoprefiguresthefallofBabylonandtheendoftheworld(Rev.18:2).
7:11Israel'ssufferingbecauseofunholinessprefigurestheneedforholinessinthechurch(1Cor.
5:113).
8:32ApermanentrecordandarecitalofthecovenantfulfilltheinstructionsgivenunderMoses
(Deut.27:28).IntimacywithGodthroughthecovenantlooksforwardtothenewcovenantin
Christ(Heb.8:813).
9:3ThoughIsraelfailsinnotconsultingtheLord(9:14),theresultprefiguresthetimewhen
throughthegospelpeoplefrommanynationswillcometorecognizetheGodofIsrael(Luke
24:47;Acts1:8;Rev.5:910).
10:14ThegreatdisplayofGod'spoweronbehalfofhispeopleprefiguresthepowerofChrist's
resurrectionandGod'scommitmenttosavethosewhobelongtoChrist(Eph.1:1923).
11:23ThewholeconquesttakesplaceaccordingtotheplanandpromiseofGod(Deuteronomy7,
etc.),illustratingGod'scommitmenttoIsraelinloveandanticipatinghiscommitmenttobelievers
inChrist(Eph.1:314).
12:1ThelistofdefeatedkingsprefiguresthetriumphofChristoverallnations(Eph.1:22;Rev.
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5:910;19:1121;20:89).
13:8Inheritancetakesplaceaccordingtoplan(Numbers32),prefiguringGod'sfaithfulnesswith
respecttotheeternalinheritanceinthenewheavenandthenewearth(Eph.1:11,14;2:18;1
Pet.1:4;2Pet.3:13).
14:2SeeNumbers3235,especially32:33;33:54;34:17;35:2.Inheritancetakesplaceaccording
totheplanofGod,anticipatingeternalinheritance.
14:6SeeNum.14:68.Calebisaspecialexampleshowingthatinheritancecomestothosewho
havefaithinGodandhispromises.Heprefigureseternalinheritancebyfaith(Rom.4:1316;Gal.
3:7,18).
15:1Detailedspecificationofboundariesunderlinesforfuturegenerationstheirparticipationin
thepromise.ItprefiguresthedetailedcareandprovisionthatGodmakesforeachofus,
anticipatingthefullinheritanceinthenewheavenandthenewearth(1Pet.1:4;2Pet.3:13;Rev.
21:1).
16:1Eachofthetribesisprovidedfor(Num.33:54),andwithiteachofthemembersofthe
tribes,prefiguringGod'sprovisionforeachfollowerofChrist(John10:3,14;seealsoJohn6:35).
18:4ThesituationisreminiscentofthespyingofthelandinNumbers13.Butthistimetheresult
ismorefavorable,prefiguringtheevengreaterblessingsthatGodhasinstorethroughthenew
covenant(Heb.8:813).
19:1Seenoteon15:1.
20:1TheselectionofcitiesofrefugefulfillstheinstructionsthroughMoses(Num.35:929;Deut.
19:113).Itmakesprovisionforrefugefromdeath,prefiguringthecomingofChristasfinalrefuge
andsolutiontodeath(Heb.2:1415;Rev.1:18).
21:2ThedistributionoftheLevitesamongthetribesfulfillsGen.49:7andNum.35:18,and
providesallthetribeswithpeopletoteachthelaw(Lev.10:11;Mal.2:49).Theirteaching
prefigurestheknowledgeofGodfromtheheartinthenewcovenant(Heb.8:813).
22:26ThealtarconfirmingparticipationinGod'spromisesprefigurestheHolySpiritsealing
participationinChrist(2Cor.1:22;Eph.1:13).
23:6ThecalltoloyaltytotheMosaiccovenantprefiguresthecalltofaithinChrist(Matt.28:18
20;Heb.3:1214).
24:15Godmustbeservedwithexclusiveloyalty(Deut.5:7),prefiguringtheexclusivityof
commitmenttoChristastheonewayofsalvation(Matt.6:24;10:3439;John14:6;Acts4:12;1
Cor.10:2122).
Judges
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ThejudgessaveIsrael,thusprefiguringChrist.Butthejudgeshaveflawsandfailures,andIsrael
repeatedlyslipsbackintoidolatry(2:19),spiralingdownwardtochaos.Theyneedaking(21:25),
andnotonlyakingbutaperfectking,theMessiah(Isa.9:67).
1:2TheleadingroleofJudahanticipatestheriseofkingsfromthelineofJudah(Gen.49:10),
beginningwithKingDavidandculminatinginJesusChrist(Matt.1:116).
2:18Godraisesjudgestosavethepeople,prefiguringthesendingofChrist(Matt.1:21).Butthe
judges'helpisonlytemporary(Judg.2:19).
3:20ThesurpriseprefiguresthesurprisingcharacterofsalvationinChrist,whichseemstothe
worldtobeweakness(1Cor.1:25).
4:9TheglorygoesultimatelytoGod,nottohumanstrengthorcourage,prefiguringthedivine
glorythroughhumanweaknessinthecrossofChrist(1Cor.1:25).
5:4God'spowerandgloryatSeir(Deut.33:2)prefigurehispresentandfuturetriumphs(Rev.
19:6).
6:15GodagainchoosestosaveIsraelthroughaweakandtimidperson(cf.4:9),prefiguringthe
triumphofdivineglorythroughhumanweaknessinChrist(1Cor.1:25;2Cor.13:4).
7:3Godreducesthenumberoftroops,prefiguringhisworkofeternalsalvationthroughasingle
person,JesusChrist.
8:16ThosewhodespisetheworkofGodthroughasmallnumberprefigurethosewhodespisethe
workofGodinChrist(1Cor.1:1831).
9:56ThehorrorsduetoAbimelechgiveevidencefortheneedforaking,thuslookingforwardto
thecomingofDavidandhisdescendants,aboveallJesusChrist,thesonofDavidandfinalking.
10:6Disobedienceandidolatryfurthermultiply(see2:19),givingfurtherevidencefortheneedof
permanentsalvationthroughthecominglineofKingDavid.
11:2Jephthahisaflawedjudgebecauseofhisancestry,becauseofhisappointmentbytheelders
ratherthanadirectcallfromGod,andbecauseofhisfoolishvow.Hemakesevidenttheneedfor
permanentsalvationthroughthecominglineofKingDavid.
12:4ThefightingamongtheIsraelitesshowstheneedforakinginthecominglineofDavidwho
willbringunitytothepeople.
13:5SamsonistobeaNazirite(seeNumbers6)andespeciallyholy.Heshowsgreatpromiseasa
saviorofIsrael,prefiguringChrist.
13:8ThemanofGod,theangeloftheLord(v.15)isGodhimself(v.22),anticipatingthe
incarnationofChrist.
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14:3IsraelistoldnottointermarrywiththeCanaanites(Deut.7:3).InSamson'scasetheLord
usesitforgood(Judg.14:4),butitultimatelybecomesSamson'sdownfall(ch.16),indicatingthe
needforaperfectsaviortodeliverpeoplefromtheirspiritualmarriagetoidolatry.
15:14Samsontriumphsafterbeingdeliveredasacaptiveovertotheenemies,prefiguringChrist's
victoryafterbeingdeliveredtohisenemies.
16:30Samson,thoughsinful,deliversIsraelthroughhisdeath,prefiguringChristthesinlessone
deliveringhispeople.
17:2Siniscompounded,instealing,makinganidol,partlybackingdownfromavow(v.4),and
makingafalsepriesthood(v.5).Thisshowsfurtherdescentintosinfulnessandtheneedforthe
comingkinginthelineofDavid.
18:19Themultiplicationofsinshowstheneedforsalvationthroughthecomingkinginthelineof
David.
19:30GibeahhasbecomelikeSodom(Genesis19),showingthedepthsofsinandtheneedfor
salvation.
20:14Divisionandwar,ratherthanunityinrighteousness,showtheneedforsalvationthrough
thecomingkinginthelineofDavid.
21:10ThetribeofBenjaminissavedfromutterannihilation,butonlythroughfurtherdisunity,
slaughter,anddisorder.Thedisastershowstheneedforpermanentsalvationthroughtheking.
Ruth
ThelineofoffspringleadingtoChristgoesthroughJudahtoBoaztoDavid(4:1822;Matt.1:56).
Boaztheredeemer(Ruth2:20),prefiguringChrist,enablesNaomi'sdisgracetoberemovedand
Ruth,aforeigner,tobeincludedinGod'speople(prefiguringtheinclusionoftheGentiles,Gal.
3:79,1418,29).
1:16RuthexpressesfaithintheGodofIsrael,aswellasloveforNaomi,anticipatingtheroleof
faithwhenChristcomestobringsalvation.
1:20Naomi'stransitionfrombitternesstoblessednessprefigurestheparticipationofGod's
peopleinChrist'sdeathandresurrection(Phil.3:10).
2:20ThekindnessandprotectionofBoaz,thekinsmanredeemer,prefiguretheworkofChristthe
redeemer.
3:9Christspreadshisprotectionoverthechurch,hisbride(2Cor.11:2;Eph.5:2527).
4:11TheblessingoffruitfulnesshasanearfulfillmentinthebirthofObed(v.13),butpoints
ultimatelytoChristandhisfruitfulness(Heb.2:10).
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1Samuel
David,thekingafterGod'sheart(16:7;Acts13:22),prefiguresChrist,incontrasttoSaul,whois
thekindofkingthatthepeoplewant(1Sam.8:5,1920).Saul'spersecutionofDavidprefigures
worldlypeople'spersecutionofChristandofChrist'speople.
1:11ByhispowertobringlifeoutofbarrennessGodraisesupSamuelashisrepresentative,
prefiguringthevirginbirthofChrist(Matt.1:25).
2:7TheraisingofthedowntroddenthatHannahexperiencesprefiguresthereversalofpositions
withChrist'scoming(Luke1:4853).
3:19Samuel'scallingatanearlyageprefigurestheintimacywithGodthatChristastheSonenjoys
withtheFatherfromalleternity.
4:11Thecaptureoftheark,whichsymbolizesGodhimself,andthedeathofthepriestsisakind
ofhumiliationofGod'sname,prefiguringthehumiliationofChristinhiscrucifixion.Butitall
takesplaceinaccordancewithGod'ssovereignpurpose(2:3435;Acts2:23;4:2528).
5:4GodexecutesjudgmentonDagon,prefiguringthejudgmentinChristagainstallidolsandidol
worship(Rev.2:20).
6:12BymiraculouspowerGoddeliverstheark,thesymbolofhisname,prefiguringthe
miraculousdeliveranceofChristfromdeath.
7:8Samuelactsasafaithfuljudge(v.15;cf.Judg.13:5),prophet(1Sam.3:1920),andpriest
(7:89),prefiguringtheworkofChristasking,prophet,andpriest(Heb.1:13).
8:5AkinglikethenationscontrastswithGod'skingship(v.7).GodintendsIsraeltohaveaking
(Deut.17:1420),butthepeople'sdesiresandthekingsthemselvesfallshort.Saul'sfailure
contrastswithDavid'ssuccess.ButeventuallyDavidtoofails(2Samuel11).Thefailureofmerely
humankingspointstotheneedfortheperfectking,Christ,whowillbedivineandhuman(Isa.
9:67).
8:7Thepeople'srejectionofGod'swaysprefigurestherejectionofChrist(Acts3:1315;7:5153).
9:16Godindicateshissovereigntyovertheappointmentofkings,prefiguringtheappointmentof
Christaskingoverall(Ps.2:6;Eph.1:2022;Phil.2:911).
10:1TheoilprefiguresthecomingoftheHolySpirittoempower.Saul'slaterfailuresshowthathe
isonlyashadowofthegreateranointingthatcomestoDavid(16:13)andclimacticallytoChrist
(Luke4:18;John3:34),andthentothosewhobelongtoChrist(2Cor.1:2122).
11:15Saulisinitiallysuccessful,receivingthebenefitsofGod'sfavor.Thistemporaryfavor
contrastswiththelastingfavoronDavidandhisoffspring,supremelyonChrist(Matt.3:17).
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12:14Asthekinggoes,sogothepeople.TheirfailuresshowtheneedforthecomingofChristthe
perfectking,whoisabletochangetheheartsofhispeople.
13:12Saulknewthatsacrificewassupposedtobeofferedonlybythepriests(Num.18:7).Saul's
sinsleadtohisreplacementbyDavid(1Sam.13:14;16:7),prefiguringtheneedforChristthe
perfectking.
14:6TheLordsavedIsraelthroughJonathanthatday(v.23).Ultimatesalvationcomesthrough
oneman,ChristJesus(1Tim.2:5).
15:22Sinnersreplacerealobediencewithoutwardtokens(seeMic.6:68).Fullobediencefrom
theheartisfoundinChrist(Heb.10:510).
16:7ThechoiceofDavidcontrastswithpeople'slookingonoutwardappearance(10:2324).The
contrastprefigurespeople'srejectionofChrist'shumiliationandsuffering(Isa.53:3;1Cor.1:18
31).
17:47God'sworkingnationaldeliverancethroughDavidprefiguresinternationalsalvation
throughChrist,whodefeatsSatan(Heb.2:1415).
18:3DespiteSaul'santagonism,Saul'ssonJonathananddaughterMichalgoovertoDavid'sside.
DavidprefiguresthespiritualattractionofJesusChrist,whoisthefinalDavid(Matt.4:1822;8:9
13).
19:10Saul'srepeatedpersecutionofDavidinhisinnocenceprefigurestherepeatedpersecution
ofChrist(John8:4447).
20:33TheconflictwithJonathanprefigurestheconflictwithinhouseholdsoverloyaltytoChrist
(Matt.10:3439).
21:5TheexceptionmadeforDavidasGod'sanointedprefigurestheroleofChrist,God's
anointed,inrelationtothelaw(Matt.12:34,8).
22:16AsSaulcontinuestopursueDavid,Saul'ssinsmultiply,prefiguringtheprogressive
enslavementtosinonthepartofthosewhorefusetocometoChrist.
23:2DirectionsfromGodrepeatedlyhelpDavidtochooseapathforward,prefiguringthe
directionfromGodthroughChristtotheroadtoeternallife(Matt.7:2427;John5:24).
24:6DavidrespectsSaul'spositionasGod'sanointedking,unlikePilate,whofailedtorecognize
Jesus'positionasGod'sanointedKing(John19:10).
24:17DavidshowsmercytoSaul,prefiguringthemercyofChristeventowardthosewhohave
opposedhim(1Tim.1:1316).
25:24Abigailoffersherselfasaguiltbearerforherworthlesshusband,prefiguringthegracious
guiltbearingofChrist(1Pet.2:2325).
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25:29VengeancebelongstotheLord(Rom.12:19).Inrecallingthis,DavidprefiguresChrist's
willingnesstoleavevengeanceinGod'shands(1Pet.2:23).
26:9Seethenoteon24:6.
27:1ThoughDavidlosesheart,GodcontinuestoprotectDavidinfulfillmentofhispurposeto
makeDavidking(16:1).God'sfaithfulnesseventoanimperfectmanmagnifieshisfaithfulnessin
thecaseofChrist,theperfectking.
28:7Byconsultingamedium,Saulmakesafurtherstepintowickedness,furthercontrastinghis
lifewiththerighteousnessofDavid,andtheclimacticrighteousnessoftheMessiah.
29:11GodcontinuesfaithfulnesstoDavidbyremovinghimfrominvolvementinthedeathofSaul
andJonathan(31:2)andenablinghimtoreturntoZiklagintimetorescuethewivesandchildren
(30:131).Seenoteon27:1.
30:6DavidthroughthestrengthofGodactsasdeliverer,prefiguringChristthedelivererof
captives(Luke4:1819).
31:6GodfulfillshiswordagainstSaul(28:19),showingthatsininarulerbringssufferingand
deathnotonlyonhimselfbutonothersunderhiscare.ThefailureofSaulshowstheneedfora
perfectrulerinthelineofDavid(Isa.9:67).
2Samuel
DavidasamodelkingbringsblessingtothenationuntilhefallsintosinwithBathsheba(ch.11).
Thoughherepents,theremainderofhisreignisflawed,pointingtotheneedforthecomingof
Christtheperfectmessianicking.
1:23DavidmentionsnothingofSaul'sfailuresandsins,prefiguringthegraceandforgivenessof
Christ.
2:10JudahandIsraelareeventuallyunitedunderDavidandSolomon(5:15;1Kings4:20),but
divisionreappearsunderRehoboamandhissuccessors(1Kings11:1113;12:1624).Thestrife
pointstotheneedforpermanentunion,whichwillbeachievedonlythroughChristtheking.
3:37David'sgraciousnessandrespectforAbner,incontrasttoJoab'svengeance,displaythe
qualitiesofagodlyking,prefiguringthegraciousnessofChrist.
4:11David'srespectforIshbosheth,likehisrespectforAbner,showsthedesireforreconciliation
andforgiveness,prefiguringChrist'sreconciliation.
5:2DavidunitesIsraelandJudahunderonehead,fulfillingGod'spropheticpurpose(1Sam.16:1)
andprefiguringthegreaterunityofGod'speopletobeaccomplishedinChrist(1Corinthians12;
Eph.4:116).
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6:7OnlytheLevitesweretocarrytheark,touchingonlyitspoles(Ex.25:14;Num.4:15).Godin
hisholinessdestroyssinnerswhoapproachhimunauthorized,buthispresencecanalsobring
blessing(2Sam.6:12).ThetensionisresolvedonlywhenthewaytoapproachGodisopened
throughChrist'sworkofpurification(Heb.10:1922).
7:12God'scovenantwithDavidhasaproximatefulfillmentwithSolomon(1Kings1:46;8:1521).
ButSolomonfails(1Kings11:110).Godpreservesthelineofoffspring(1Kings11:12,36;15:4;2
Kings8:19)untilChristtheeverlastingkingcomes(Matt.1:116).
7:14GodpromisesDavidthathewillbeafathertoSolomon.AsGod'sson,Solomonprefigures
ChristtheeternalSon(Heb.1:5).
8:15Davidasmodelkingsubduesenemiesandbringsjustice,prefiguringtheworkofChristthe
king(Isa.9:67).
9:1David'sgraciousnesstowardthehouseofSaulfulfillshisearlierpromisetoSaul(1Sam.
24:2122)andJonathan(1Sam.20:1517),anditprefiguresthegraciousnessofChristtheking.
10:2WillinglyorunwillinglyAmmoncomestoacknowledgeDavid'srule,prefiguringthewillingor
unwillingsubmissionofallnationstoChrist'srule(Psalm2).
11:4Davidlaterrepents(12:13).ButDavidandhishouseandhisruleoverthewholenationsuffer
variousconsequencesfortherestofhislife.Thedevastationfromonesinpointstotheneedfor
Christtheperfect,sinlessking(Isa.42:14).
12:13Godisgracioustoforgive,ultimatelyforthesakeofChrist(1John1:9).Butsinstillbrings
consequences(2Sam.12:1012,14).Seenoteon11:4.
13:22ThesinofAmnon,initssimilaritytoDavid'ssin(11:4),beginsaseriesofdevastating
consequencesforDavid'shouse(12:1012),includingnotonlyAbsalom'sactionsbutDavid's
neglectofdisciplineandjusticetowardAmnonandAbsalom.Seenoteon11:4.
14:1David'sloveforAbsalomprefiguresChrist'sloveforsinners.ButDavidfallsshortofChristby
neglectingjustice:murderdeservesdeath(Num.35:3134).
15:1Absalom'sbetrayalofhisfatherprefiguresJudas'sbetrayalofJesus(John13:18),andmore
broadlythetreacheryofallwhorebelagainstGodtheFatherandChrist.
15:30David'ssorrowprefiguresthesorrowofChristasheleavesJerusalemandpraysin
Gethsemane(Matt.26:30,3646).
16:12DavidleavesvengeancetoGod,prefiguringthepatienceofChristbeforehisenemies(1Pet.
2:23).
16:22Absalom'ssordidbehaviorfulfillsGod'sprophecyin12:1112,furtherillustratingthe
devastationofsinandtheneedforaperfectredeemerking.
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17:5ThroughHushaiandothercircumstances,GodshowsmercytoDavidandanswersDavid's
needexpressedin15:3137.Theturningbackoftheeffectsofsin,andDavid'srescuefromdeath,
lookforwardtofinalredemptioninChrist.
18:33David'sgrief,thoughflawed(19:2,57),prefiguresthewillingnessoftheSonofGodtodie
inplaceofsinners(Rom.5:8).
19:22Forgivenessunderthereestablishedkingshipprefiguresforgivenessforformerrebelsunder
Christ'skingship(1Tim.1:1216).
20:1DivisivenesscontinuestorearitsheadafterAbsalom'sdeath,partlybecauseofDavid's
preferenceforJudahin19:1115,leadingtotheangerin19:43.Thekingdomcontinuestosuffer
indirectconsequencesfromDavid'ssinwithBathsheba,underliningtheneedforChristthe
perfectking.Seenoteon11:4.
20:10ThoughDavidisreconciledtoAmasa(v.4),Joabkillshim,probablybecauseofhisrolein
Absalom'srebellion(17:25).Seenoteon20:1.
21:3Atonementandblessingareneeded,butDavid'ssolution(v.6)doesnotgiveultimate
satisfaction(Deut.24:16).FullresolutionofjusticerequiresChristthedivinekingwithinfinite
wisdom,andthecomingofresurrectionfromthedead(Rev.20:1115).
22:1ThissongisincludedinthePsalterinPsalm18,indicatingthatitistobesungbythepeople
ofGodaswellasDavid.Seenoteon1Chron.15:16.
22:50Thespreadofpraiseamongthenationsanticipatesthespreadofthegospel(Acts1:8;Rom.
15:9).
22:51God'ssalvationforDavidprefigureshissalvationthroughChristtheking.
23:8ThelistofmightymenprefiguresthemightinthearmyofGodunderChristtheking(Rev.
19:1114).
24:1OutoftheneedforatonementcomesthedesignationofthesiteforthetempleofSolomon
(1Chron.21:2822:1),whichprefiguresChristasthefinaltemplewhereatonementis
accomplished(John2:1921).Seenoteon1Chron.22:1.
24:17ThesufferingofthesheepforthesinoftheirkingisreversedwhenChristsuffersforthe
sinsofthesheep(John10:15).Christ'ssufferinganswersDavid'srequestthatGod'shandwould
beagainstmyfather'shouse,thelineleadingtoChrist.
1Kings
ThereignofSolomonfulfillsthefirststageofGod'spromisetoDavidtoestablishthekingdomof
hisoffspring(2Sam.7:12).Solomoninsomewaysisamodelking,prefiguringChrist.Buthis
declineintosin(1Kings11),thesinsofhisoffspring,thedivisionandstrifebetweenIsraeland
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Judah,andthecontinualproblemswithfalseworshipindicatetheneedforaperfectkingandan
everlastingkingdom(Isa.9:67)surpassingtheentireperiodofthemonarchy.Manypassagesin1
Kingshaveparallelsin2Chronicles.
1:13David'spurposeprefiguresthepurposeofGodtoestablishChristasking,whenmanyprefer
alternatives(Psalm2;Acts13:33).
2:6Solomon'swisdomistestedindealingwithunfinishedbusinessfromthereignofDavid.
Solomon'swisdomprefiguresthewisdomofChrist(Matt.12:42;Col.2:3).Thecombinationof
mercyandjusticecharacterizesDavidandSolomoninanticipationofChrist.
3:9Seenoteon2:6.Godpromiseswisdomin3:12,andfulfillmentisseenin3:28and4:2934.
4:1Theblessingsoforder,peace,justice,andprosperityinSolomon'sreignprefiguretheblessings
ofChrist'sreign.
4:34TheattractionofSolomon'swisdomprefiguresallnationshearingthewisdomofChrist(Acts
1:8).
5:5Solomon'sbuildingofthetemplefulfillsGod'spromisein2Sam.7:13(cf.1Chron.17:12)and
prefiguresthebuildingofaneverlastingtemple.Christ'sresurrectionbodyisaneverlasting
temple(John2:1922),andthenChristbuildsthechurchasatemple(Matt.16:18;1Cor.3:16).
5:8TheaidinbuildingfromHiram,aGentile,prefigurestheinclusionoftheGentilesinthe
buildingofthechurchasatemple(Eph.2:1922).
6:2ThetempleislikethetabernacleofMoses(Exodus2527;seenoteonEx.25:8),butitis
largerandmoremagnificent,symbolizinganexpansionandafurtherstageinGod'spurposeto
dwellwithhispeople.StillfurtherdevelopmenttakesplacewithEzekiel'svisionofanewtemple
(Ezekiel4043),withthechurch(Eph.2:1922),andwiththenewJerusaleminthe
consummation(Rev.21:3,1022:5).
7:14Seenoteon5:8.Hiram'sGodgivenwisdomislikethatofBezalelandOholiab,who
supervisedtheconstructionofthetabernacle(Ex.31:16).ItprefiguresthewisdomofChristand
ofhisservantsinthebuildingofthechurch(Eph.2:1922).
7:23Theseagreatlyenlargesthebasinforwashingthatwasinthetabernacle(Ex.30:1721).See
noteonEx.30:20.
7:27Thestandswiththeirbasins(v.38)representsmall,mobileversionsofthesea(vv.2326),
furtherunderliningtheabundanceofwater(seenoteonv.23).Themultiplicationofwater,
comparedwiththesinglebasinforwashinginEx.30:1721,anticipatestheevengreater
abundancewhenthewaterprovidedbyGodbecomesariveroflife(Ezek.47:112;John4:1014;
19:34;Rev.22:12).
8:11SeeEx.40:3435.ThegloryoftheLordlaterdeparts,becauseoftheapostasyofthepeople
(Ezekiel10).ThecomingofGod'spresenceprefiguresthefullnessoftheSpiritinChrist(Matt.
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3:1617;John3:3435;1:14)andwithinthechurch(Acts2:34;1Cor.3:16).
8:24ThepromisetoDavidisin2Sam.7:13.Thetempleanticipatesthegreaterfulfillmentinthe
dwellingofGodwithmanthroughChrist.Seenoteson1Kings5:5and6:2.
8:30ThekeyroleofthetempleinprayerprefigurestheroleofChrist,throughwhosenamewe
haveaccesstoGod(John14:1314;Heb.10:1922).
9:8Thedesolationcomestopassin2Kings25:911,indicatingtheneedfortrueobedienceanda
greatertemplethatistocomeinChrist(John2:1921).
10:1ThequeenofSheba'scomingtohearwisdom,mentionedalsoinMatt.12:42,prefiguresthe
comingofthenationstoChrist(Acts1:8;Col.2:3).
11:2Solomon'sdisobedienceleadstodisastrousjudgment(vv.911),anticipatingthejudgments
onlateridolatriesamongGod'speople.Solomon'sfailureindicatestheneedforChristtheperfect
kinginthelineofDavid(Matt.1:116).
12:15God'sprophecyin11:2939beginstobefulfilled,andGod'speoplesplitintotwokingdoms.
BothRehoboam'sfailureandtheresultingdisunityandstrifeamongGod'speopleshowtheneed
forChristtheperfectkingastheunifierofhispeople(1Corinthians12;Eph.4:16).
13:2Astrikingprophecy,fulfilledin2Kings23:1517,showsthepowerofGod'swordeveninthe
midstofsin,corruptionofworship,andchaos.Thepowerofthepropheticwordprefiguresthe
powerofChrist,thefinalprophet(Acts3:2226;Heb.1:12).
13:34SeethedescriptionofJeroboam'ssinin12:2633.Judgmentforsinisprophesiedin14:9
12,andfallsin14:1718,15:2930.Jeroboam'ssincontinueswithhissuccessors(15:34;16:2,7,
19,26;22:53;2Kings3:3;10:29,31;13:2,11;14:24;15:9,18,24,28),ultimatelyleadingtothe
exileofthenorthernkingdom(2Kings17:2123).Thejudgmentsonfalseworshipshowtheneed
fortrueworship,prefiguringChristastheonewaytoGod(John14:6).
14:10Seenoteon13:34.ThepowerofGod'swordisseenwhenthejudgmentfallsin14:1718
and15:2930.
14:22Justasinthenorthernkingdom(v.9),falseworshipinthesouthernkingdomeventually
leadstoexile(2Kings23:2627;25:121;seenoteon1Kings13:34).
15:4InspiteofsinGodisfaithfultothepromisetoDavid(2Sam.7:517),andmaintainstheline
ofDavid(1Kings11:12,32,34,36;2Kings8:19;19:34)downthroughalistofkingsofJudah
leadingtoChrist(Matt.1:116).
15:18IncontrasttothekingsofIsrael(vv.26,34),Asaisagoodking(v.11),prefiguringthe
righteousnessofChristhisdescendant.YetinthiscasehefailstorelyonGod(see2Chron.16:7
12),underliningtheneedforperfectrighteousnessintheking.
15:2930Thekillingfulfillstheprophecyin14:911(seenoteon13:34).Thewipingoutofthe
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king'slineofdescentcontrastswithGod'sfaithfulnessinmaintainingthelineofDavidleadingto
Christ(seenoteon15:4).
16:3See15:2930.JudgmentsonthenorthernkingdomshowtheconsistencyofGod'swordand
hisholiness(seenoteon13:34).
17:1ThepowerofthepropheticwordprefiguresthepowerofChrist'sword(Heb.1:13).
17:14ThemiraculoussupplyoffoodthroughthepowerofGod'swordprefiguresthepowerof
Christtomultiplybread(Matt.14:1321;Mark8:19)andtohimselfbethebreadofheaven
(John6:2651).
17:21ImpartationoflifeprefiguresChrist'sresurrectionofJairus'sdaughter(Matt.9:1825),his
resurrectionofLazarus(John11:3844),hisownresurrection(John10:18),andhisroleasthe
resurrectionandthelife(John11:2526)whogivesspirituallifetousinanticipationofthe
resurrectionofthebody(John5:2829).
18:39MiraculouspoweranticipatestheresurrectionofChrist,whichdisplaysthepowerofGod
anddrawsthenationstoacknowledgehim(John12:32).
19:2Jezebel'soppositionunderminesElijah'spreviouswork,seemingtoleadtofailure(v.4).But
God'spurposethroughhispropheticwordstands(vv.12,1518),prefiguringthevictorywhen
Christfulfillsprophecy.
19:16Seev.19.Elijahisnottheend,butoneofasuccessionofprophetsleadingtoChrist,the
finalprophet(Heb.1:12).
19:18The7,000illustratetheconceptofaremnant,tobefulfilledbytheJewswhobelievein
Christ(Rom.11:310;seenoteonIsa.6:13).
20:28God'sdesiretomagnifyhisgloryenablesAhabtodefeatBenhadadtwice(seevv.1921).
ThevictoryinbattleprefiguresthefinalvictoryofChristandhisarmy(Rev.19:1121).
20:42Ahab'sfailurecontrastswiththecompleteeliminationofenemiesinthefinalbattleledby
Christ(Rev.19:1121).
21:19Theprophecyisfulfilledin2Kings9:2526,3637;10:1011,17,showingthepowerof
God'swordinjudgment.ThispowerprefiguresthepowerofChrist'sword(Heb.1:12;4:1213;
Rev.19:15,21).
22:19ThesuperiorityofGodtoallearthlythronesisshownwhenMicaiah'sprophecy(vv.23,28)
isfulfilled(vv.3436).ThepowerofGodandofhiswordanticipatesthepowershowninthe
resurrectionofChrist(Eph.1:2022)andinthespreadofthegospel,whichconfoundsworldly
authorities(1Cor.2:69).
2Kings
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Followingthehistoryin1Kings,IsraelandJudahcontinuetodeclinethroughtheirfalseworship
anddisobedience,leadingtoexile(2Kings17;25).Somegoodkings(notablyHezekiahandJosiah,
chs.1820;22:123:30)prefiguretheneedforChristtheperfectking,whileElishaprefiguresthe
needforChristthefinalprophet(Heb.1:13).Manypassagesin2Kingshaveparallelsin2
Chronicles.
1:4Theprophecyisfulfilledinv.17.ThetriumphofGod'swordoveralloppositionprefiguresthe
triumphofChristandofthegospel.
2:11Elijah'sascentprefiguresthetriumphofChristoverdeathandhisascension(Luke24:51;
Acts1:9).
2:14Thedividingofthewaters,reminiscentofMosesattheRedSea(Ex.14:2122),Joshuaatthe
Jordan(Josh.3:717),andElijahattheJordan(2Kings2:8),confirmsthatElishahasreceivedthe
propheticsuccessionfromElijah(v.9).Thepoweroverthewaters(whichareasymbolofdeath
andchaos)prefigurestheresurrectionofChrist.
3:17Theprovisionofwater,liketheprovisionunderMoses(Ex.17:6;20:811),prefiguresChrist
asthegiverofthewaterofeternallife(John4:10,1314;Rev.22:1).
4:34Thegivingoflife,liketheinstancewithElijah(1Kings17:1724),prefigurestheresurrection
ofChristandthelifehegivestousthroughunionwithhim(Rom.6:4,811;8:1011;Col.3:14).
5:14Cleansingfromleprosy(Leviticus14)prefigurescleansingfromsinthroughthepowerof
Christ(Luke5:1214).TheinclusionofNaaman,aSyrian,prefigurestheinclusionoftheGentiles
inGod'ssalvation(Luke24:47).
6:17ThevisionofGod'sangelicarmyindicatesdimensionsofspiritualwarfare.Itanticipatesthe
spiritualwarwiththecomingofChrist(Matt.12:2829;Luke10:1819;John12:31;Rev.19:11
21).
7:1Theprovisionoffoodinspiteofunbelief(seeEx.16:121)prefiguresChristgivinghimselfas
thebreadofheaven(John6:35,4751).
8:15Hazael'sfulfillmentofearlierpropheticwords(1Kings19:15;2Kings8:10)showsthepower
ofGod'swordinjudgment.(See10:32.)ThispoweranticipatesthepowerofChrist'swords(John
12:48;Heb.1:12;4:1213;Rev.1:16).
9:25Thisfulfillmentofearlierprophecy(1Kings19:1617;21:1924)emphasizesthepowerof
God'swordinbringingjudgment.Seenoteson1Kings21:19and2Kings8:15.
10:10JehufulfillsGod'spropheticwordsofjudgmentagainstAhab'shouseandwipesoutthe
worshipofBaalintroducedbyJezebel(1Kings16:3133),showingGod'spowerinjudgmentand
anticipatingthedayofjudgment(Rev.20:1115).Seenoteon1Kings21:19.
11:2TherescueofJoashprefigurestherescueofJesusfromHerod(Matt.2:1315).God
preservesthelineofDavidforthesakeofhispromise(2Sam.7:16)andtocarryouthispurpose
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ofsalvationthroughtheworkofChrist(Rev.12:45).
12:9Theattentiontothetempleprefigurestheimportanceofbuildingthechurch(Matt.16:18;1
Cor.14:12;Eph.2:2022).
13:23God'scompassioneventowardasinfulpeopleprefigureshiscompassioninChristtoward
sinners(Matt.9:13;Luke5:32).
14:10AsingleactofpridefromAmaziahbringsdisasteronthepeople,indicatingtheneedfor
Christastheperfect,humbleking(Zech.9:9).
15:9Seenoteon1Kings13:34.Thenorthernkingdomgoesdownhilltowardeventualexilein2
Kings17:623.Thedegenerationpointstotheneedforperfectkingshipandredemptionfromthe
heart,bothofwhichawaitthecomingofChrist.
16:3UnderAhazthesouthernkingdomalsosuffersseriousspiritualdegeneration,pointingtothe
needforperfectkingshipinChrist.
17:7TheexileisGod'sjudgmentonsin(seenoteon1Kings13:34),prefiguringthejudgmenton
sinthatChristboreasasubstitute(1Pet.2:2124)andthefinaljudgmentattheconsummation
(Rev.20:1115).
18:5HezekiahasafaithfulkingprefiguresthefaithfulnessandrighteousnessofChrist(Isa.9:67;
42:14)anditsfruitsinthelivesofChrist'speople.Seetheparallelpassagesin2Chronicles32
andIsaiah3638.
18:30RabshakehsymbolizesthevoiceofSatan,whodeceivesandattacksthefaithofGod's
people(Gen.3:45;Matt.4:110;Eph.6:16;Rev.12:9).
19:22Godvindicateshisnameagainstallslanders,prefiguringthevindicationofhisnameinthe
resurrectionofChrist(John12:28).
20:5Godmercifullyhearsprayer,anticipatinghismercyinChrist,throughwhomhehearsour
prayers(John14:1314;15:16;16:2627).
21:8ManassehdirectlyaffrontsGod'scommandandhisholiness,whichleadstoaprophecyof
judgment(vv.1215)andillustratesthepatternofrebellionleadingtoexile(24:24).Bycontrast,
Manasseh'sevilpointstotheneedforChristastheperfectking.
22:2JosiahasarighteouskingprefiguresChrist.
22:13Wordsofprophecy,notonlyfromElijahandElishabutfromMoses(Deut.11:2628),show
thatGodjudgesinaccordancewithhispurposeandhisrighteousness.Thisrighteousnessis
supremelymanifestedinChrist,bothwheninhisinnocencehebearssin(2Cor.5:21)andwhen
hecomestojudgetheworld(Acts17:31).
22:20See23:30.Becauseofhisrighteousnessandhumility,Josiahreceivesablessing.Butunlike
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Christ(Gal.3:1314),heisunabletoreversetheimpendingcurseandpunishmentthatwillcome
tohispeople(see2Kings23:2627).
24:2Seenoteson21:8and22:13.
25:9God'srighteousjudgmentfallsbecauseofaccumulatedsins(23:2627;24:24).The
judgmentalsodestroysGod'sownhouse,prefiguringthejudgmentthatwillfallonChrist,whose
bodyisthetemple(John2:1921;Gal.3:1314).
25:27TheprovisionforthekingofJudah,inthelineofDavid,indicatesthatGodstillremembers
hispromisetoDavid(2Sam.7:16)andanticipatestheeventualcomingofJesustheMessiah
throughthelineofJehoiachin(alsocalledJeconiah,1Chron.3:16;Matt.1:1112).
1Chronicles
DavidastherighteousleaderandkingprefiguresChristtheking,notonlyinhisruleoverthe
peopleofGodbutinhisroleinpreparingtobuildthetemple.FirstChronicleslooksbackonthe
faithfulnessofGodtohispeopleintheentireperiodfromAdam(1:1)toDavid(3:1)andeven
beyond(3:1024;9:134),indicatingthesteadfastnessofGod'spurposeinpreparingforthe
comingoftheMessiahastheoffspringofAdam(1:1;Gen.3:15;Luke3:38),offspringofAbraham
(1Chron.1:28;Gal.3:16),andoffspringofDavid(1Chron.3:1;17:11,14;Luke3:2338;Acts
13:23).
1:1GodpromisesvictoryoverSatanbytheoffspringofthewoman(Gen.3:15)andofAbraham
(Gen.17:7;seenotesonGen.3:15and12:1).ThelineofchosenoffspringgoesfromAdam
throughSethandNoah(1Chron.1:4)toAbraham(vv.2728),Isaac(v.34),andIsrael(v.34;2:1),
earliercalledJacob(Gen.32:2728).ItwillculminateinChrist(Matt.1:116;Gal.3:16).
2:1ThelineofchosenoffspringgoesfromIsraeltoDavidandincludestheblessingof
multiplicationofoffspringintheformofthe12tribes(seeGen.13:16;15:5).Seenoteon1Chron.
1:1.
3:1ThelineoftheMessiahcomesthroughKingDavid(2Sam.7:16;Matt.1:1,6;seenoteon1
Chron.1:1).
3:10SolomonandhisoffspringareastageinthefulfillmentofthepromisetoDavidforhis
offspring(2Sam.7:16).TheoffspringultimatelyleadtoChrist(Matt.1:116;seenoteon1Chron.
1:1).
4:1AfterrecordingtheMessianiclineofDavid,whichwillleadtoChrist(seenoteon3:10),
ChroniclesgivestherecordforJudah,thetribeofDavid.Therecordingofindividualnamesand
familiesunderlinestheirinclusioninthepromisetoAbrahamconcerningblessing,land,and
fellowshipwithGod(Gen.17:48).Itprefigurestheblessing(Gal.3:14),land(Rom.4:13;Heb.
11:16;12:22;Rev.21:1),andfellowshipwithGod(Rom.5:1;Gal.3:2629)thatcomefromunion
withChristthegreaterDavid.Godhasenrolledournamesinhisbookoflife(Rev.13:8;17:8;
20:15;seeJohn10:3,14;Eph.1:4).
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5:1TherecordofReuben,Gad(v.11),andManasseh(v.23)indicatestheircontinuedinclusion
amongGod'speopleasoffspringofAbrahamandIsrael(2:12).Itanswersdoubtsthatmightarise
becauseofthelocationoftheirlandeastoftheJordan(Numbers32;Josh.13:832;22:2429).
ThereassuranceprefigurestheguaranteegiventoChristians(2Cor.1:22;Eph.1:1314).Seenote
on1Chron.4:1.
6:49ThespeciallistforAaronthepriestandforthetribeofLevi,whichindicatessomeoftheir
priestlyprivilegesbeforeGod,prefiguresthepriestlyprivilegesgiventoChristiansthroughChrist
thefinalhighpriest(Heb.7:238:2;10:1922).
7:1OthertribesdescendingfromIsrael(2:12)arebrieflylisted.Seenoteon4:1.
8:33SpecialfocusisgiventoSaul,becausehewaskingofIsrael(10:14;1Sam.10:1).Buthewas
supersededbyDavid(1Sam.16:1,12;2Sam.7:15;1Chron.10:1314;17:13),whoselineofkings
leadsforwardtoChristtheking(Matt.1:616).
9:2TheenrollmentofnamesofreturnedexilesindicatesGod'scontinuedfaithfulnesstothe
offspringofIsrael.ItprefiguresGod'senrollmentandfaithfulnesstothosewhobelongtoChrist
theIsraelite(Gal.3:14,16,2829;seenoteon1Chron.4:1).
10:14ThemovementofkingshiptoDavidisthebeginningofthelineofkinglyoffspringleadingto
Christ(17:11,14;Matt.1:616).
11:3DavidisestablishedaskinginfulfillmentofGod'spurpose(v.2),prefiguringthe
establishmentofChristthesonofDavidasthefinalking(Ps.2:612;Acts13:33;Eph.1:2022).
12:23TheunificationofGod'speopleunderDavid,andtheirstrengthforwar,prefiguresthe
unificationandspiritualstrengthunderChristtheking(Eph.4:116;6:1020).
13:10Seenoteon2Sam.6:7.WhentheLevitestaketheappropriaterole(Ex.25:14;Num.4:15;1
Chron.15:2,1315),thearkisbroughtupsafely(1Chron.15:26).
13:12ThesupremeholinessofGod,andhisreactiontotheapproachofsinners,producesfear.
TheresolutioncomesthroughChrist'spropitiation,whichpermanentlyanswersGod'swrath
(Rom.3:2026;5:1).
14:15GodfightswithDavidagainstIsrael'senemies,prefiguringChristdefeatingSatanandhis
hosts(Matt.12:2829;Luke10:1819;John12:31;Rev.19:1121;20:710).
15:2UnlikeUzzah(13:10),theLevitesbringupthearksafely,becausetheyarefollowingGod's
instructions(Ex.25:14;Num.4:15).TheimportanceoffollowingGod'swayprefigurestheone
waytoGodopenedthroughChrist(John14:6;Heb.10:1922).
15:16DavidandthesingersareinvolvedinwritingandsingingmanyofthePsalms(see1Chron.
16:836andparallelsinthePsalms:Ps.96:113;105:115;106:4748).Theyprefiguretheroleof
ChristinleadinghispeopleinsingingpraisetoGodforclimacticsalvation(Heb.2:12;13:15;Rev.
19:68).
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16:4Seenoteon15:16.
16:8SeePs.105:115.Songsofpraisearetobesungrepeatedly,notonlytogivepraisetoGod,
buttoremindpeopleofhisexcellenceandtoanticipatethesurpassingdisplayofhisexcellence
whenChristcomes.Seenoteon1Chron.15:16.
16:23SeePs.96:113andnoteon1Chron.16:8.
16:35SeePs.106:4748andnoteon1Chron.16:8.
17:4TounderlinetheimportanceofDavidickingshipasleadingtoChrist,Chroniclesrecordsthe
allimportantcovenantwithDavidgivenin2Sam.7:516.Seenoteon2Sam.7:12.
17:16David'smarvelingoverGod'sgraceprefiguresthemarvelingoverthegracethathascomein
Christ(John1:16;Eph.2:79).
18:6ThesubduingofIsrael'senemiesprefiguresChristwinningvictoryoverSatanandhishosts
(seenoteon14:15).
18:14ThecomingofjusticeprefiguresthejusticeoftheMessiah(Isa.9:67;42:14;2Cor.5:10;
Rev.20:1115).
19:2Seenoteon2Sam.10:2.
20:1Chronicles,unliketheparallelin2Samuel11,omitsmentionofDavid'ssinwithBathsheba,
highlightingmoreeffectivelywaysinwhichDavid'skingshippointspositivelyforwardtothe
triumphsofChristasfinalking.
20:8David'svictoryoverGoliathin1Samuel17isoneofaseriesofvictoriesthatdestroy
terrifyingenemiesofGod'speople.ThevictoriesprefigurethevictoryofChristandhispeople
(Matt.12:2829;Luke10:1819;John12:31;Rev.2:7,11,17,26;12:11;19:1121;20:710).
22:1TheselectionofthesiteforSolomon'stempletakesplaceaccordingtoGod'swordthrough
Gadtheprophet(21:18).Oncethetempleisbuilt,itwillbetheexclusiveplaceforatonementand
approachtoGod(Deuteronomy12),prefiguringChristasthefinalonewhobringsatonementand
opensthewaytoGod(John14:6;Heb.10:1922).
22:9SolomonprefiguresChristasprinceofpeace,whoopensthewaytopeacewithGod(Rom.
5:110).
23:26SeeNum.4:515.GodinspiresDavidtomakeachangeinthedutiesoftheLevites,
correspondingtothechangeinthehouseofGod.TheserviceoftheLevitesprefigurestheservice
ofChristashighpriesttoGod(Heb.7:238:6)andsubordinatelytheserviceofChristians(Rom.
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12:1;Eph.4:116;Heb.13:15).
24:7ThepriestsareaspecialgroupwithinthetribeofLevi,chosentoministerinthesanctuary
(Numbers18).ThepriesthoodprefiguresChristthegreathighpriest(Heb.7:238:6).Theduties
rotatetothedifferentdivisions(seeLuke1:5,8),indicatingthatnoonepriestispermanent,until
thecomingofChristtheeverlastingpriest(Heb.7:2324).
25:1Seenoteon15:16.Theattentiontoarrangementsforsingingprefigurestheorderingofthe
church'sworshipthroughthepoweroftheHolySpirit(1Corinthians12;Eph.2:22;5:1821).
26:1ThegatekeepersprotectaccesstothepresenceofGodinthetemple(Num.18:7,22),
prefiguringtheonewayofaccesstoGodthroughChrist(John10:7;14:6).Churchdiscipline,
exercisedundertheauthorityofChrist(1Cor.5:45),warnstheunrepentantoftheirdanger.
26:20ThecareforGod'sgiftsprefigurestheguaranteeoftheinheritanceofeternallifeinChrist(1
Pet.1:45)andtheadvicetolayuptreasureinheaven(Matt.6:1934;see2Cor.9:615).Money
givenfortheneedsofGod'speopleistobecarefullyhandled(2Cor.8:2021).
27:1ArrangementsforthemilitaryprefigurethespiritualwarfoughtunderChrist'scommand
(Eph.6:1020;seenoteon1Chron.14:15).
28:6SeethepromisetoDavidin17:1114,nowbeingfulfilled.Seenoteon2Sam.7:12.
28:19ThetempleisbuiltinaccordancewithGod'sinstructions,justasthetabernaclewas(see
noteonEx.36:10).
28:20TheempoweringofGodisessential,prefiguringthecentralityofGod'spowerinbuilding
thechurch,thenewtemple(1Cor.3:16;Eph.2:2022).
28:21ThepreviousarrangementsofvariousdivisionsoftheLevitesandthepeople(chs.2327)
haveallbeenforthepurposeofaidingintheserviceofthehouseofGod.TheyprefigureGod's
planningforthebuildingofthechurchastemple(1Cor.3:16;Eph.2:2022)andthenew
Jerusalemasfinaltemple(Rev.21:2227).
29:6Thegenerousofferingislikethatforthetabernacle(Ex.35:436:7).Itprefiguresthe
generosityofChrist(seenoteonEx.35:21).
29:18WholeheartedcommitmentcomesultimatelywiththeperfectionofChrist(Heb.10:710)
andthechangeoftheheartthatheworksinusinthenewcovenant(Heb.10:1617).
2Chronicles
SolomonasawisekingandtemplebuilderprefiguresChristthekingandtemplebuilder.After
SolomonthelineofDavidickingscontinues,leadingforwardtoChristthegreatdescendantof
David(Matt.1:616).ButmanyofthelaterkingsgoastrayfromGod,andtheyandthepeople
sufferforit,showingtheneedforChristastheperfectking.Hezekiah(2Chronicles2932)and
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Josiah(chs.3435)asrighteouskingsprefigureChrist.SecondChronicleshasparallelsin12Kings
butfocusesonthesouthernkingdom(Judah)andthelineofDavid,anditshowsfocusedconcern
forthetempleanditsworship,anticipatingthefulfillmentoftempleandworshipwiththecoming
ofChrist(John2:1921;4:2026;Eph.2:2022;Rev.21:2222:5).
1:10Seenoteon1Kings3:9.Wisdomisneededtobuildthetemple(1Chron.29:1;2Chron.2:6,
12).
2:3Seenoteon1Kings5:8.
3:1Seenoteon1Kings6:2.Thelocationforthetemplewasappointedin1Chron.22:1(seenote
on1Chron.22:1).
4:1Thealtaristwiceaslargeastheoneforthetabernacle(Ex.27:18),indicatingthemore
abundantprovisionforatonement.SeenoteonEx.27:1.
4:7Therearetenlampstandsinsteadoftheoneinthetabernacle(Ex.25:3139),indicatingthe
moreabundantprovisionoflight.SeenotesonEx.25:37and1Kings6:2.
6:6TheselectionofJerusalemfulfillstheplangiventhroughMosesinDeuteronomy12.It
prefigurestheappointmentofChristastheonewayofsalvation(John14:6;Heb.5:510).
7:1ThemiraculousapprovalbyGodislikewhathappenswithElijahin1Kings18:39(seenote).
7:2ThegloryoftheLordsignifiesthemagnificenceofhispresence,prefiguringChrist'spresence.
See5:14andnoteon1Kings8:11.
8:5Solomontakescaretoprovidesecurityagainstforeignenemies,performingoneofthe
importantdutiesofancientkingsandprefiguringthespiritualsecuritygiventhroughChristthe
king(John10:2829;seeRev.21:2427;22:3).
8:14David'sinstructionsarefoundin1Chronicles2327.Seethenoteon1Chron.28:21.
9:22Solomon'srichesandwisdomprefiguretherichesandwisdomofChristtheking(Eph.1:18;
Col.2:3;1Cor.1:30).
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11:14TheLevitesweredistributedamongthetribes(Joshua2021;seenoteonJosh.21:2).But
Jeroboam'sfalseworship(see1Kings12:2513:5)forcesthemandotherswhofollowGodtojoin
Judah.TheconflictoverworshipprefigurestheconflictovertheexclusiveclaimsofChrist(see
noteon1Kings13:34).
12:6RebellionagainsttheLordleadstodisaster,butrepentancebringsrelief.Thepattern
anticipatesGod'sfinaljudgmentonrebellion(Rev.20:1115)andreliefthroughrepentanceand
faithinChrist(John5:24;Rev.20:15).
13:9ForJeroboam'spromotionoffalseworship,see1Kings12:2533andnoteon1Kings13:34.
TheblessingontrueworshipersprefigurestheblessingonworshipinspiritandtruththatChrist
brings(John4:2024).
14:7BlessingscomefromfollowingGod'sway,prefiguringtheblessingsthroughChristthefinal
way(John14:6;Eph.1:314).
15:8Asacontinuestoworkfortrueworshipaccordingtothelaw(Ex.27:18;Deut.11:28;12:1),
prefiguringChrist'sestablishmentoftrueworship(Matt.21:1216;John4:2024).
16:9God'sjudgmenttakesplacewithinhistory,aswellasattheconsummation(Rev.20:1115).
JudgmentcomesclimacticallywhenChristasasubstitutetakesjudgmentonhimself,andthenin
hisresurrectionreceivestherewardforhisblamelessness(Phil.2:1011).Seenoteon1Kings
15:18.
17:5Seenoteon14:7.
19:7MosaicinstructionsforjudgeshipareinEx.23:8;Deut.16:1820.Promotingjusticeisoneof
thedutiesoftheking,prefiguringthejusticeofChristtheking(Isa.9:67;42:14).
20:22Godhonorsthosewhotrustinhim,anticipatingthegivingofhonortoChristinhis
resurrection(Phil.2:1011)andtheblessingtoChristianswhotrustinChrist(Galatians3).
21:7ThelineofDavidisnearly,butnotquite,wipedout,prefiguringtheattackbyHerod(Matt.
2:1318)andGod'sfaithfulnesstoChristtheoffspringofDavid.Seenoteon1Kings15:4.
23:11Theestablishmentofthetrueking,inspiteofallopposition,prefigurestheestablishmentof
Christasking(Ps.2:712;Acts13:33).
24:20Seenoteon12:6.
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25:16Propheticwarninggivesopportunityforrepentance,butAmaziahhardenshimselfinstead.
Amaziah'sfailurepointstotheneedforaperfectking(Matt.21:5).Thecalltorepentance
prefiguresthecalltorepentanceandfaithintheNT.Seenoteon2Chron.12:6.
26:16Uzziah'ssinanditsconsequencespointtotheneedforaperfectking(Matt.21:5).
27:6Seenoteon14:7.
28:15TheunusualkindnessshowsGod'smercy(v.9)andanticipatesthelovethatJesusembodies
(Matt.8:1417;Luke7:2122;1John3:16;4:712),thatheteaches(Luke10:2537),andthathe
createsinhisfollowers(John13:3435;1John4:1721).
29:8Judgmentsagainstfalseworship(predictedinDeut.11:28)arereversedbyHezekiah,
prefiguringChristthekingcomingtoremovethecurseonsin(Gal.3:1314).
30:9ThethemeofmercyandrepentancelooksforwardtoGod'smercyinChristtothosewho
repentandturntohim(Luke18:13).Seenoteson2Chron.12:6and25:16.
30:19Thedesireoftheheartisofgreaterimportancethanmereexternalconformity(1Sam.
15:22;Hos.6:6;Mic.6:68;Matt.9:13;25:2528),anticipatingthecentralityofrenewalofthe
heartinChrist'swork(Heb.8:10).
30:26ThecontrastbetweenHezekiahandthepastshowsthedifferencethatagoodleadercan
make,prefiguringtheclimacticrenewalwiththecomingofChrist(Heb.8:812).
31:2HezekiahrestoresthetempleserviceasspecifiedbyMoses(Numbers18)andDavid(1
Chronicles2326).HisobedienceprefiguresChrist'sobedienceandtheobedienceofthosewho
followChrist(Eph.4:116).Seenoteon2Kings18:5.
32:8TrustingtheLordtofightprefigurestrustinChristasthevictoragainstthekingdomofevil
(Col.1:13;2:15;Heb.2:1415).
33:12Seenoteon12:6.
34:2JosiahasarighteouskingprefiguresChrist.
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35:1ThekeepingofthePassoverisanotherhighpointinservingGod(seenoteon30:26).
35:4Seenoteon31:2.
36:16Godshowshisrighteousjudgmentagainstsin,prefiguringtheevengreatermanifestations
ofrighteousnessinthedeathandresurrectionofChristandinthefinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115).
Seenoteson2Chron.12:6;16:9;and2Kings25:9.
36:21ThejudgmentconfirmsGod'sfaithfulnesstohisword,anticipatinghisfaithfulnessinChrist.
ItalsogivesthelandrestinaccordancewithLeviticus25,prefiguringfinalrest(seenoteonLev.
25:4).
36:23Cyrus'sproclamation,prophesiedinIsa.44:28andrecordedinEzra1:14,showsthatGod
hasnotforgottenhispeople(Rom.11:1).Hiscontinuedfaithfulnessandrepeatedactsofmercy
andsalvationlookforwardtothecomingofChristastheclimaxoffaithfulnessandmercy.
Ezra
Therestorationandrebuildingaftertheexile,infulfillmentofprophecy(1:1),prefigureChrist's
salvation(Col.1:13)andthebuildingofthechurch(Matt.16:18;Eph.2:2022).Theyalsolook
forwardtotheconsummationofsalvationinthenewheavenandnewearth(Rev.21:1).
1:1God'sraisingofCyrusprefigureshisraisingofChrist,whointhegospelsendsoutthe
proclamationtobuildthenewpeopleofGod(Isa.44:2845:1).
1:5ItisGodwhoempowerstherestorationinthepeopleaswellasinCyrus,prefiguringthe
empoweringofhispeoplethroughtheSpirit(Acts1:8;2:14;Rom.8:1011).
2:1ThedetailedrecordofpeopleshowsGod'sknowledgeofindividualsandfamilies,symbolizing
hisdetailedknowledgeofthosechosenforsalvation(Eph.1:4;Rev.13:8;17:8;seenoteon1
Chron.4:1).
3:2RestorationoftrueworshipofGodiscentraltotherestorationasawhole.Sacrificialworship
prefiguresthesacrificeofChrist(Heb.10:110).
3:10Templebuilding,analogoustowhatSolomondid(2Chronicles3),prefiguresChrist'sbodyas
atemple(John2:1921),thechurchasatemple(Matt.16:18;1Cor.3:16;Eph.2:2022),andthe
newJerusalemasatemple(Rev.21:922:5).SeeHaggaiandZechariahforprophecyrelatingto
therestoration.
3:11Thesinging,usingtherefrainof1Chron.16:34andPsalm136,followsthepatternin1
Chronicles25andlooksforwardtothepraiseofferedbyChrist(Heb.2:12)andhispeople(Heb.
13:15).
4:1Theadversaries,incitedultimatelybySatan,symbolizeoppositiontoGod'spurposesforhis
peopleandprefigureoppositiontoChristandhispeople(Matt.4:111;Rev.12:34,717).
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5:1DirectivesbothfromprophetsandfromCyrus(1:14)haveakeyroleintherestoration,
prefiguringtheroleofGod'swordinbuildingthechurch(Eph.2:2022;4:616).
6:6GodreversestheplansoftheopponentsandusesDariustofavortherestoration,prefiguring
God'sworkinblessingthechurch(Rom.8:28;Acts4:2931;8:4).
7:27ThroughEzraandArtaxerxes,Godshowshisprovidentialblessingontherestoration,
prefiguringhiswillingnesstosupplyourneeds(2Cor.9:612).
8:31Godprovidesprotection,prefiguringhisprotectiontothoseinChrist(John10:2729).
9:1IntermarriagewasforbiddeninDeut.7:34becauseitledtoidolatry(seeEzra9:1114).
SeparationprefigurestheneedforuncompromisingallegiancetoChrist(Matt.10:3439;Luke
14:2633;2Cor.6:147:1).
10:2Seenoteon2Chron.12:6.
10:3Familiesareputawayforthesakeofholiness,toeliminatecompromisewithidolatry(Deut.
7:34;seenoteonEzra9:1).ThesuperiorpowerofChrist'sholinessissuchthat,intheNT,a
ChristianmayremaininanunbelievingfamilywiththehopethatothersmaycometoknowChrist
(1Cor.7:1216).
Nehemiah
TherestorationandrebuildingaftertheexileprefigureChrist'ssalvation(Col.1:13)andthe
buildingofthechurch(Matt.16:18;Eph.2:2022).
1:11Nehemiah'sintercessionforthepeopleprefiguresChrist'sintercessionforusbeforeGodthe
Father(Heb.7:25).
2:18RebuildingJerusalemprefiguresbuildingthechurch(Matt.16:18;1Cor.14:45,12;Gal.
4:26;Eph.2:2022).
3:1Godrecordsthenamesofthebuilders,indicatinghisknowledgeofeachcontribution.The
divisionoflaborprefiguresthecooperationinthebodyofChrist(Rom.12:38;1Corinthians12;
Eph.4:116).
4:1OppositiontobuildingprefiguresoppositiontothechurchandtoChristians(John15:1820).
5:7God'slawthroughMosesforbidsexactinginterestfromafellowIsraelite(Ex.22:25;Lev.
25:36).Thehelptothepooranticipatesthechurch'shelpingthepoor(Acts2:4445;4:3237;2
Cor.9:615)onthebasisofGod'sgenerosityinChrist(2Cor.8:9;9:15).
6:2Oppositionincludesdeceitaswellasmockingandthreats(seenoteon4:1).Thisdeceit
manifeststhedeceitfulnessofSatanthegreatenemy(John8:44;2Thess.2:910;Rev.12:9;
20:3).
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7:6SeenoteonEzra2:1.
8:3InstructionfromGod'sWordplaysakeyroleinbuildingupthepeopleofGod.Itprefiguresthe
roleofChristastheWordofGod(John1:1;Rev.19:13),theroleofthegospel(Rom.1:1617;1
Thess.2:13;1Pet.1:23),andtheroleofScripture(1Tim.3:13;2Tim.3:1617;seePsalm119).
9:8God'sfaithfulnessisdisplayedinfulfillingthepromisetoAbraham(Gen.12:13,7;13:1417;
15:4,1321;17:114).HisfaithfulnesstohispromisesissupremelymanifestedinChrist(2Cor.
1:2022),whohasbroughteverlastingblessingstoGod'speople(Eph.1:314).
9:38Thenamesindicatethepersonalcommitmentofindividualsandfamilies,prefiguring
personalcommitmenttoChrist(Acts2:3841;seenoteonEzra2:1).
10:29ObediencetothelawanticipatestheobligationofdisciplesofChristtofollowhimin
everything(Matt.10:3739;Luke14:2533;John14:15,23).Christaloneisperfectlyobedientto
God(Heb.4:15).
11:1Jerusalemhasakeyroleastheholycity.IntheNTallofGod'speoplearecitizensinthe
heavenlyJerusalem(Gal.4:2628;Phil.3:20;Heb.12:2224).
11:4ThelistofnamesandnumbersindicatesGod'sknowledgeofthedetailsofindividualsand
families.SeenoteonEzra2:1.
12:27TheLevites'roleinsingingwasestablishedin1Chronicles25.Thecelebrationanticipates
thecelebrationandpraisetoGodfortheresurrectionofChrist(Eph.5:1920;Heb.13:15)andfor
theconsummation(Rev.19:18).
13:15ThepeoplepromisedtokeeptheSabbathin10:31.TheSabbathisasignofthecovenant
withGod(Ex.20:811;31:1217),celebratingcreation(Ex.20:11)andredemption(Deut.5:15).It
pointsforwardtoChrist,whoisCreator(Col.1:1516)andRedeemer(Col.1:1820),andwhohas
preparedourplaceofrest(John14:23).SeenotesonGen.2:2and2:3.
Esther
GodprovidentiallybringsdeliverancetohispeoplethroughEsther,prefiguringfinaldeliverance
throughChrist.
1:12TherejectionofVashtiisonestepinGod'sprovidentialactstodelivertheJews(seenoteon
2:15).Itintroducesthekeythemeofrejectionandselection,bywhichGodpreparesthewayfor
salvation.
2:15GodcausesEsthertheJewtobechosen,whichwilllater playakeyroleindeliveringthe
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Jews.EstherinherbeautyprefiguresthechurchasthebrideofChrist(2Cor.11:2;Eph.5:2627;
Rev.19:78;seenoteonEst.1:12).
2:22God'shandofprovidenceleadstokeyactionfromMordecai,whichwilllaterprove
important(6:2).God'sprovidentialcontrolillustrateshiscontinualcareforhispeople(John
10:2729;Rom.8:28;Eph.1:22).
3:1TheconflictbetweenMordecaiandHamanisexplained1Sam.15:23,3233.Hamanisan
Agagite,anAmalekite,anopponentofIsraelandadescendantofthepeoplewhomSaulshould
havewipedout.
3:6HamanexemplifiesallwhoopposeGod'speople,andespeciallySatan(seeRev.12:1012).
4:16Estheriswillingtosacrificeherownlife,prefiguringthewillingnessofChristtodieforus
(Rom.5:611).
5:2Theking'sfavortowardEstherprefiguresthefavorrestingonChristastheobedientsonof
Godwhoredeemsus(Matt.3:17;2Pet.1:17).Itistheturningpointinthestory,prefiguringthe
resurrectionastheturningpointinredemption.
5:11Pridegoesbeforedestruction(Prov.16:18).Hamantypifiesthefalseconfidenceofthose
belongingtothekingdomofSatan.
6:1AnumberofseeminglychanceeventsshowGod'sprovidentialcontrolandhispowertoact
secretlyonbehalfofhispeople(seenoteon2:22).
7:10FittingretributioncomesasHamanreceiveswhathewouldhavedonetoMordecai(Obad.
15).TheretributionprefiguresthejusticeofGod'sfinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115)andthe
eliminationoftheenemiesofGod'speople(Rev.20:710;21:8,27).
8:8TheeffectsofvictorynowextendtoalltheJews,prefiguringtheextendingofChrist'svictory
tothosewhoarehis(Rom.8:1011;1Cor.15:5457;Col.3:14).
9:1ThereversalanticipatesthereversalofpositionswithChrist'scoming(Luke1:4853;14:11;
18:14)andthejusticeofGod'sfinaljudgment(seenoteonEst.7:10).
10:3TheblessingstotheJewsthroughEstherandMordecaiprefiguretheblessingsthatcometo
usthroughChrist(Eph.1:314;seenoteonEst.8:8).
Job
Job'ssufferingandreliefprefigurethesufferingandgloryofChrist.
1:1Job,thoughnotsinlesslyperfect,isupright,prefiguringtherighteousnessofChrist(Heb.4:16).
1:11SatanisanaccuserofGod'speople(Rev.12:10).RedemptioninChristincludesgivingafinal
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answertoSatan'saccusations,bothbyjustifyingtheungodly(Rom.4:5)andbymakingthe
ungodlyintogodlypeople(Rom.6:4,1519;Rev.19:8;21:27).
1:21JobtrustsGodeventhoughhedoesnotknowaboutSatan'saccusation.Heexemplifiesall
whowalkbyfaithandnotbysight(2Cor.5:7).ChristasmantrustedinGodperfectly(Heb.2:13;
5:710).
2:6GoduseseventheworksofSatanforhisowngloryandforthesanctificationofhispeople.
GodforbidsSatantotakeJob'slife.ButwhenChristcomes,heisallowedtodieatthehandsof
sinfulmen(Acts2:23).ItisthesupremeactoftrustandofvindicationofthenameofGod,aswell
asvictoryoverSatan(John12:31).
3:3Intensesufferingnegatesallthemeaningoflife,underliningthefactthatbothsufferingand
deatharehorribleeffectsfromthefall(Gen.3:19).Ananswercomesonlywiththemeaningful
sufferingsofChrist(Phil.3:10)andhisresurrectionfromthedead,whichisthebeginningofthe
endtoallsuffering(Rev.21:4).
4:7EliphazspeaksasifGod'sprotectiontotherighteouswereauniversalrule.Butthemysteryof
thedeathofChristtheinnocentoneshowsthesuperficialityofhisreasoning.
4:15Eliphazdoesnotrealizethathemayhaveseenanevilspiritwho,likeSatan,accusesGod's
people(seenoteon1:11).
4:17Yes,amancanbepure,asisdemonstratedbythepurityofChrist.Moreover,Christgiveshis
righteousnesstohispeoplethroughjustification(Rom.5:1;2Cor.5:21).
5:13Godcatchesthewisewiththefoolishnessofthecross,accordingto1Cor.3:19.Ironically,
Eliphaz,whoclaimstobewise,ishimselfcaughtinhisspeeches(Job42:7),becausehedoesnot
knowthewisdomofthecross,anditsmeaningforthesufferingoftheinnocent.
5:18ThestatementparallelsHos.6:1.EliphazcorrectlydescribesGod'sdisciplinetosinfulpeople.
ButhedoesnotseethatGodmaydisciplinetheinnocentformoremysteriouspurposes(Job1:12;
2Cor.5:21;seenoteonJob4:7).
6:15Job'smiseryisincreasedbyhisfriends.ItanticipatesChrist'sbetrayalbyJudas(John13:18)
andabandonmentbythedisciples(Matt.26:31).
7:17NotesimilaritieswithPs.8:4andHeb.2:6.Godhassethisheartonmanandbrought
sufferingwithaviewtoredemptioninChrist,butJobcannotseethefullpictureyet.
8:3Godisjust,buthisjusticeisdeeperthanstraightforwardrewardsandpunishmentsinthislife.
TheissueofjusticepointsforwardtotheachievementofjusticeintheworkofChrist(Rom.3:23
26)andinthefinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115).
9:2Seenoteon4:17.
9:14Jobseestheneedforanintercessor,anticipatingtheintercessionofChrist(Heb.7:25).
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9:24Thefrustrationoverinjusticesfindsresolutiononlyinthefuture,withthecomingoffinal
salvation(Rev.20:1122:5).Inthemeantime,therighteousmaysufferandthewickedprosper,
anticipatingthehumaninjusticeinthecrucifixionofChrist.
9:30Isaiah1:18giveshopethatGodwillhimselfmakesuswhiteassnow,whichheaccomplishes
inChrist(Rom.8:1).
9:33ChristisbothGodandman,andwillstandinbetween(1Tim.2:56;seenoteonJob9:14).
10:4DoubtsaboutwhetherGodsympathizeswithmanareresolvedwithChrist'smanifestationof
sympathy(Heb.4:15).
10:11God'screationofJobshowscareandintimacy(seePs.139:1316),anticipatingthelove
displayedintheincarnationofChrist(John1:14).
11:17Thelifeoftherighteouswillendinbrightday(Prov.4:18),ultimatelythedayof
consummation(Rev.21:2322:5).ButZopharunderestimatesthecomplexity.Themysteriesof
God'sprovidenceleadtoconsummationonlythroughthesufferingsofChrist(1Pet.2:2125)and
hispeople(Phil.2:1011).
12:3Job'sanguishisincreasedbywhatheknowsconcerningGod'swisdomandpower,becauseit
seemsinconsistentwithhissufferings.God'swisdomandpowerareclimacticallymanifestedin
thesufferingofChrist(1Cor.1:1825).
13:3Seenoteon9:14.
13:15Job'scontinuedhopeanticipatesChrist'strusteventothepointofdeath(Matt.26:3839).
14:14Jobseesthatresurrectionisneededtosolvethemysteryofsuffering.Hethereby
anticipatestheresurrectionofChrist(Rom.4:25)andofChrist'speople(John5:2425,29;1
Thess.4:1318).
14:17Jobanticipatesforgiveness,whichhasnowbeenaccomplishedinChrist(Rom.4:78;8:1).
15:9Seenoteon12:3.
15:14Seenoteon4:17.
16:11Job'sabandonmentprefigurestheabandonmentofChrist(Matt.20:1819).
16:17SeetheparallelinthesufferingsofChristinIsa.53:9.
16:19JobanticipatestheintercessionofChrist,whopleadsourcause(Rom.8:34).
16:21Seenoteon9:14.
17:6ThedespisingofJobanticipatesthedespisingofChrist(Ps.69:11;Isa.50:6;Matt.27:30).
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18:21Godwilljudgethewicked(Rev.20:1115).Butjusticeisdelayedforthesakeofsalvation
(Ps.73:3;2Pet.3:9).
19:7SeetheparallelinHab.1:24.FaithisnecessaryinwaitingforthejusticeofChrist.
19:19Job'sabandonmentbyfriendsanticipatestheabandonmentofChristonthecross(Ps.
55:13;John13:18).
19:25JobanticipatesboththevindicationofChrist'sjustification(Rom.4:25)andtheopen
manifestationofrighteousnessatthelastjudgment(2Cor.5:10;Rev.20:1115).
19:26SeeingGodtakesplacethroughseeingChrist,bothnow(John14:9)andinthe
consummation(Rev.22:4).SeenoteonEx.33:22.
20:29Seenoteon18:21.
21:7AsimilarstruggleisfoundinPs.73:3.SeenotesonJob18:21and19:7.
22:8FalseaccusationsimitatethoseofSatan(1:11;2:5)andanticipatethefalseaccusations
againstChrist(Matt.26:5960;27:13;Luke23:10,14)andagainsthispeople(Rev.12:10).
23:7Job'sdesireforGodandforacquittalanticipatesthejustificationthatisfoundinChrist(Rom.
4:255:1;8:1).
24:12SeePs.50:21andnoteonJob9:24.
25:4Seenoteon4:17.
26:13God'svictoryovertheserpentanticipatesthefinalvictoryoverSatanthroughChrist(John
12:31;Rev.20:710).JobknowsthatGod'swaysaremysterious,buthecontinuestohope.
27:5Job'sholdingfasttotherightanticipatesChrist'ssteadfastnesstowardGodandourprivilege
ofholdingfasttohisrighteousness(2Cor.5:21).
28:12JobcannotfathomGod'sways,butwisdomisfoundultimatelyinChrist(1Cor.1:30;Col.
2:3).
28:27WisdomwaswithGodevenincreation,asinProv.8:2231.Theassociationofwisdomwith
creationanticipatestherevelationthatChrist(thewisdomofGod)waswithGodinthebeginning
andwasmediatorofcreation(John1:13;Col.1:1517).
28:28SeeProv.1:7.
29:3Job'stimeofblessinganticipatedtheblessingsthatcomethroughChrist(John8:12).
30:10Seenoteon17:6.
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30:20TheunansweredcriesanticipatetheabandonmentofChristonthecross(Ps.22:12;Matt.
27:46).
31:1Job'scommitmenttoGodanticipatestheintegrityofChrist(Heb.4:15).
32:12GodhasputinusadesireforwisdomandunderstandingthatwillbesatisfiedonlyinChrist
(1Cor.1:30;Col.2:3;seenotesonJob28:12and28:27).
33:23ThedesireforamediatoranticipatestheexclusivemediationofChrist(1Tim.2:56;see
notesonJob9:14and9:33).
34:11God'srewardorpunishmentaccordingtojusticeisaregulartheme(e.g.,Ps.62:12;Prov.
24:12;Rev.2:23;20:1213).Butfinalpaymentawaitstheworkingoutofjusticeandmercyin
Christ(seenotesonJob8:3and11:17).God'sjusticedoesnotendorseasuperficialconclusion
aboutJob'ssituation.
37:5ThewisdomofGodisinaccessible,exceptthroughChrist(Col.2:3;1Cor.1:30;seenoteon
Job28:12).
37:24Thedangerofmancenteredwisdomisreal(asinProv.3:7;Rom.11:25;12:16)andholds
peoplebackfromhumblyseekingGodandhiswisdominChrist(1Cor.1:1831).
38:4Seenoteon28:27.
38:17OnlyGodhaspoweroverdeath,anticipatingthevictoryofChristoverdeath(Heb.2:1415;
Rev.1:18).
39:9BothwisdomandpowerbelongtoGodbutnottoman(seenoteon12:3).
40:8ManhasaGodgivensenseofjustice,butitisinadequateinthefaceofthedepthsofGod.
ThedepthsofGod'sjusticeandmercyandwisdomaretoberevealedinChrist(1Cor.1:30;see
notesonJob12:3and28:12).
40:14Jobconfrontsnotonlytheissueofwisdomandjustice,butsalvation.Salvationultimatelyis
workedoutinChrist(1Cor.1:30).
41:1Godhaspowerevenoverthemostuntamablecreature,andultimatelyevenoverSatan,who
isnamedLeviathan(Isa.27:1).Christ'svictoryoverSatan(John12:31)willultimatelyanswerall
thehumanfrustrationsofsufferingandinjustice(Rev.21:4).
42:3JobfindssatisfactioninknowingGodandhiswisdom.Finalsatisfactionistobefoundin
Christ(John16:33;17:3;Col.2:3;Rev.21:4).
42:10Job'svindicationafterhissufferingsanticipatesthe vindicationofChristafterhissufferings.
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Psalms
ByexpressingtheemotionalheightsanddepthsinhumanresponsetoGod,thePsalmsprovidea
permanenttreasureforGod'speopletousetoexpresstheirneedsandtheirpraises,both
corporatelyandindividually.Christasrepresentativemanexperiencedourhumancondition,yet
withoutsin,andsothePsalmsbecomehisprayerstoGod(seeesp.Heb.2:12;cf.Matt.27:46
withPs.22:1).ThePsalmsarethustobeseenashiswords,andthroughourunionwithhimthey
becomeours.
1:1God'scommitmenttoblesstherighteousissupremelyshownwhenheblessesChrist,the
perfectlyrighteousman,byraisinghimfromthedeadandenthroninghim(Phil.2:1011).
2:1TherebellionofthepeoplesanticipatestherebellionagainstthemessageofChrist(Acts4:25
27).
2:6GodusesDavidandotherIsraelitekingstoprotecthispeopleagainstenemies.Thesekings
prefigureChrist,whoisenthronedafterhisresurrection(Acts13:33)andnowrulesonbehalfof
hispeople(Eph.1:2022).
2:8Christrulesoverallnations(Matt.28:18;Eph.1:21).
2:12Salvationordamnationdependsonone'srelationtotheSon(John3:36).
3:1ProtectionfromearthlyenemiesprefiguresprotectionfromtheultimateevilsofSatan,sin,
anddeath(Heb.2:1415).GodtheFatherdeliveredChristfromhisenemiesinhisresurrection
(Acts3:1315),andthatisthebasisforourdeliverance(Rom.4:25).
3:5Beingpreservedthroughthenightanticipatesthehopeofresurrectionafterthesleepof
death(13:3;1Thess.4:1318).
4:7ThejoyofknowingGodanticipatesthejoyandpeacethatChristpromises(John15:11;16:33).
5:4SinnerscannotstandbeforeGod'sholiness.Christ'sperfectionallowsustocomeintoGod's
presenceandforourprayersfordeliverancetobeheard(Heb.10:1922).
5:9SeeRom.3:13andnoteonPs.14:1.
5:12Seenoteon1:1.
6:2SufferingsofGod'speopleultimatelyturnouttobeanalogous,onalesserlevel,tothe
sufferingsofChrist(Ps.22:14;Phil.3:10).
7:8God'sjusticegiveshopeforvindicationwhenweareintheright.Butinthematterofeternal
salvation,nooneisintherightexceptChristalone,andinhimwetakerefuge(Rom.3:2326).
8:2Praisefrominfantsanticipateschildren'spraiseofChrist(Matt.21:16).
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8:5GodgaveAdamadistinguishedrole(Gen.1:2830).ButbecauseofthedisobedienceofAdam
andhisposterity(Rom.5:1221),itisChristwhofulfillstheroleandreceivesgloryandhonorin
hisresurrectionandascension(Heb.2:59).
8:6DominionisfinallyachievedthroughChrist'sreign(1Cor.15:2528;Eph.1:22;Heb.2:59).
9:13DeliverancefromdeathanticipatestheresurrectionofChrist,andthroughhimthe
resurrectionofhispeople(1Cor.15:4249;Col.3:14).
10:1ThelackofimmediateanswersfromGodfrustratesourdesireforjustice.Thisfrustration
findsitsclimaxinthedeathofChrist,whichfromahumanpointofviewwassupremelyunjust
(Luke23:1416).ButGodanswersintheresurrection(Acts3:1316),andthereforewehopefor
furtheranswers,culminatingintheconsummation(Rev.21:4).
10:7ThetreacheryofmancontrastswiththerighteousnesstobefoundinChristalone(Rom.
3:1426;seenoteonPs.14:1).
11:4TheLord'sholinessandpower,whicharesupremelyrevealedinChrist,guaranteeananswer
tothedistressofhispeople.
12:6Inthemidstofliesfromman,God'swordissupremelytrue,anticipatingthetruthfulnessof
Christ(John14:6),whoisabletodeliverusfromlies(John8:4447).
13:1Seenoteon10:1.
13:3Seenoteon3:1.
13:5SalvationincludesboththedeliveranceofChristhimselffromdeathinhisresurrection(Heb.
5:7)andthedeliveranceofbelieversthroughChrist(Col.1:13).
14:1Inultimateterms,noneisrighteousexceptChrist,throughwhomwemaybepartofthe
generationoftherighteous(Rom.3:1012).
15:2FellowshipwithGodinhisholinessultimatelyrequiresperfection,whichwereceivethrough
themediationofChristthefinalhighpriest(Heb.10:1922).
16:8God'smerciestoDavidlookforwardtotheclimacticanswerwhenChristdoesnotremainin
thegravebutisraised(Acts2:2533).
17:2Seenoteon7:8.
17:7ChristaboveallotherswaitedforGodtodeliverhimfromhisadversaries(Matt.26:53;
27:43;1Pet.2:23).
17:15Awakingmaymeanawakingfromsleep,butitlooksforwardultimatelytothenewlifeof
theresurrectionandseeingGodfacetoface(Rev.22:4;seenoteonPs.3:5).
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18:1David'ssongfrom2Samuel22hasbeenincludedinthebookofPsalms,indicatingits
relevancetothepeopleofGodasawhole.
18:4Seenoteon9:13.
18:17Christ'sresurrectionistheultimatecaseofdeliverancefromenemies.
18:20Seenoteon7:8.
18:34Godgivesthekingeffectivenessinwarforthesakeofdefendinghispeoplefromtheir
enemiesinothernations.OTwarprefiguresChrist'sconquestofallenemies(Matt.28:1820;
Eph.1:2022;Rev.19:1121).
18:50VictorytoDavid'soffspringultimatelypointstothevictoryofChristinhisresurrection
(Rom.6:810).
19:1RevelationofGodthroughnatureleavesmanwithnoexcuse(Rom.1:1823).
19:7ThecloserelationbetweenGod'sinstructionthroughcreation(vv.16)andthroughhislaw
(vv.714)anticipatestheroleofChristasmediatorincreationandredemption(Col.1:1520).
20:6Thekeytosalvationtoallthepeopleissalvationtotheanointedking.Christ'sdeliverancein
hisresurrectionisthefoundationforoursalvation(1Cor.15:1722).
21:4TheblessingoflonglifetothekinginthelineofDavidanticipatestheblessingofeternal
resurrectionlifethatChristpossessesashesitsattherighthandofGod(John11:25;Rev.1:18).
21:8Seenoteon18:34.
22:1ThesufferingandabandonmentofthepsalmistprefigurethesufferingofChrist(Matt.
27:46).
22:8ThebystandersmockChrist'strust(Matt.27:43).
22:18ThesoldiersaroundthecrossdivideChrist'sgarments(Matt.27:35andJohn19:2324).
22:22PublicpraiseprefiguresChristpraisingGodtohispeopleforthesalvationthatGodhas
accomplishedinhim(Heb.2:12).
22:27TheAbrahamicpromiseofsalvationtoallnations(Gen.12:3)willbefulfilledasthe
messageofChrist'sresurrectionspreads(Matt.28:1820;Luke24:47;Gal.3:14).
23:1Jesusisthegoodshepherd(John10:1118,2729)whoembodiesGod'scareforhispeople.
23:4Seenoteon9:13.
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23:6DwellinginthepresenceofGodisfulfilledforChristpersonallyinhisascension(John16:10;
Acts1:911)andforbelieversintheconsummation(Rev.22:4).
24:4Seenoteon15:2.
24:7HeavenisopenedtoreceiveChristinhisascension(Luke24:51;Heb.9:24).
25:2Seenoteon3:1.
25:4ChristperfectlyfollowedthepathoftheLord(John5:36;14:31).ThroughChristandhis
instructionandthroughtheteachingoftheSpiritofChristbelieverslearntobedisciplesand
followhispath(John14:6;16:13).
26:1TheultimatevindicationtakesplaceinChrist(1Tim.3:16),whoperfectlytrustedintheLord
withoutwavering.Inhimhispeoplefindvindication(Rom.4:25).
27:1Christisthelightoftheworld(John8:12).
27:4EnjoymentoffellowshipwithGodinhispresenceanticipatesthejoyofknowingGodthrough
Christ(John15:11;16:24;17:3;Rev.22:4).Christopensthewayintotheheavenlysanctuary
(Heb.10:1922).
27:11Seenoteon25:4.
28:8SalvationtoGod'speopleandsalvationtotheanointedkinggotogether.Botharefulfilledin
ChristtheanointedOne(Luke4:18).
29:3God'swordispowerfultosaveandtodestroy,anticipatingthepowerofChristtheWord
(John1:1)andthepowerofthegospel(Rom.1:16;2Cor.2:1517).
30:2God'shealingfromphysicalsicknessanticipatesrescuefromdeath(v.3)andeternal
salvationthroughtheresurrectionofChrist(John5:24;11:25).
31:5TrustinGodfordeliveranceanticipatesChrist'strustashedies(Luke23:46).
32:1ForgivenessofsinsanticipatesthesacrificeofChristastheultimatebasisforforgiveness
(Rom.4:78).
33:6God'spowerandwisdomdisplayedincreationandinprovidenceencouragepraiseand
encouragehopeinhissalvation.Instancesoftemporalsalvationlookforwardtoeternalsalvation
inChrist(see33:22;Matt.1:21;Luke2:30).
34:8ExperiencingGod'sgoodnessanticipatestheexperienceofgoodnessinChrist(1Pet.2:3).
34:12ChristiansnowimitateChristtheRighteousOne(Acts3:14)inwalkinginthewayof
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righteousness(1Pet.3:1012).
34:20TheOTdeliverancesoftherighteousprefigurethedeliveranceofChrist(John19:36).
35:3SmallactsofsalvationprefiguretheclimacticsalvationinChristthatChristisraisedfrom
thedeadandthatthroughhimwearerescuedfromsinandSatan(Col.1:1314).
35:4Seenoteon3:1.
35:19HatredfortherighteousprefigureshatredagainstChrist(John15:25).
36:8JoyinGod'spresenceanticipatesthejoythatChristgives(John15:11),whichistobefulfilled
intheconsummation(Rev.19:69).
36:11Seenoteon3:1.
37:9IntheconsummationultimateblessingwillcometoGod'speopleandultimateoverthrowto
hisenemies(Rev.20:1121:8).ThefirststageofthisgoaloccursinChrist'sresurrection,wherehe
asourrepresentativeinheritstheearth(Matt.28:18)andtriumphsoverhisenemies(Col.2:15).
38:1DeliverancefromGod'swrathcomesultimatelythroughChrist(John3:36;Rom.5:1).
38:4Seenoteon32:1.
39:4Thethreatofdeathhangsoverallhumanexistenceandfindsreliefultimatelyonlythrough
theresurrectionofChrist(1Cor.15:1226,3558).
40:7Thepsalmist'seagernesstoserveGodprefigurestheperfectionofChrist'swillingnessand
theperfectionofhissacrifice(Heb.10:510).
40:9Seenoteon22:22.
41:9ThetreacheryagainstthepsalmistprefiguresJudas'streacheryagainstChrist(John13:18).
41:12TheeternalenjoymentofGod'spresenceanticipatestheresurrectionofChrist(Heb.9:24).
42:7Thewatersofsufferingthreatendeath(seeJonah2:3).SuchsufferingaccordingtoGod'swill
anticipatesthesufferinganddeathofChrist,andthehopefordeliveranceanticipateshis
resurrection.
43:1Seenoteon26:1.
43:3ComingintothepresenceofGodprefiguresChristasour representativecomingintoheaven
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(Heb.9:12).
44:22VictorybasedonChrist'sresurrectionsustainsGod'speopleinthemidstofoppression
(Rom.8:36).
45:6ThekingsinthelineofDavidprefigurethereignofGodthekingthroughthereignofthe
divineSon(Heb.1:89).
45:11ThemarriageoftheDavidickingprefiguresthemarriageofChristtothechurch(Eph.5:25
27).
46:5ThedwellingofGodwithhispeopleanticipateshiscomingtodwellwithusinChrist(John
1:14;2:1921;Eph.2:2022).
47:9ThepromiseofGod'ssubduingthenationsisfulfilledinChrist(Matt.28:1820;Luke24:47;
Eph.1:2022;Rev.5:910).
48:1JerusalemastheholycityprefigurestheheavenlyJerusalem(Gal.4:26;Heb.12:2224;Rev.
21:2,910),bothasapresentrealityinChristandasafuturehope.
49:7RelianceonGodistheonlysolutiontodeath.SuchrelianceanticipatesfaithinChrist's
resurrection(Rom.10:9)andthehopeforourfutureresurrection(1Cor.15:4257;1Thess.
4:1318).
50:4Godactstojudge,bothinpreliminarywaysandclimacticallyinthefinaljudgment(Rev.
20:1115).
50:15TruerelianceonGodisfulfilledbothinChrist'strustinGod(seenoteon31:5)andinour
faithinChrist(Rom.10:9).
51:1Seenoteon32:1.
51:7Hyssopalludestocleansingceremonies(Lev.14:4;Num.19:18)thatpointforwardtothe
finalcleansingfromsinthroughtheworkofChrist(Heb.9:1928).
52:5Seenoteon3:1.
52:8EnjoymentofthehouseofGodintheOTprefigureseternalenjoymentofthepresenceof
GodinChrist,bothinthislife(John15:1116)andintheconsummation(Rev.22:24).
53:1ThispsalmisverysimilartoPsalm14.Seenoteon14:1.
54:1TheroleofthenameofGodinsalvationanticipatesthefactthatsalvationisinthenameof
Christalone(Acts4:12).
54:4God'supholdingoflifeprefiguresthegivingofeternallifeintheresurrectionofChrist(1Cor.
15:4257;Col.3:14).
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54:5Seenoteon3:1.
55:3Seenoteon3:1.
55:13ThetreacheryoffriendsanticipatesJudas'sbetrayalofChrist(John13:18).
56:1Seenoteon3:1.
56:3Thepsalmist'strustinGodanticipatesbothChrist'strustintheFatherduringhisearthlylife
(Heb.2:13;seenoteonPs.31:5)andChristians'trustinChrist(Acts16:31).
56:13Deliverancefromdeathanticipatestheresurrection(seenoteon9:13).
57:2God'sactsofsalvationworkouthisplanandpurposefromalleternity(Eph.1:34,11).
57:9Thespreadofthemessageofsalvationamongthenationsanticipatesthespreadofthe
gospelmessage(Luke24:47;seenoteonPs.22:27).
58:2DistressoverinjusticewillbesatisfiedwhenGodbringsrighteousjudgment(58:11).The
longingforjusticeanticipatesthejusticeaccomplishedintheresurrectionofChrist(Rom.4:25)
andinthelastjudgment(Rev.20:1121:8).SeenoteonPs.10:1.
59:1Seenoteon3:1.
59:8Asin2:4,Godwilltriumphovertherebelliousnationsthroughhisanointed,theMessiah
(2:67;Acts13:33).
60:12Earthlyfoesprefiguretheultimatefoesofsin,deathandSatan,whicharesubduedbyChrist
(1Cor.15:2528;Eph.1:2022;Heb.2:1415;seenoteonPs.3:1).
61:7BlessingtothekingisakeytothesalvationofGod'speopleasawhole.Thekinginthelineof
DavidanticipatesChristtheking(Matt.1:116).
62:1SalvationcomesfromGod,notman,anticipatingthefactthatChristwhobringssalvationis
Godincarnate(John1:14;10:30).
63:2TruesatisfactionistobefoundinGodalone,anticipatingthesatisfactionandblessingin
Christ(John15:11;Eph.1:314;Rev.22:35).
63:11Seenoteon61:7.
64:2Wickednesscanbeallthemoredangerouswhenitissecretanddeceitful.Thedeceit
anticipatesSatan'sdeceitfulness(Rev.12:9).SeenoteonPs.3:1.
65:4SalvationmeansenjoyingthepresenceofGod.ItisaccomplishedthroughChrist,theunique
onewhomGodchoosestocomenearasourrepresentative(Luke9:35;Heb.10:1922)and
throughwhomwecancomenearandbeblessed(Eph.1:314).
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65:9Theprosperityoftheland,whichisablessingtoitspeople,anticipatestheprosperityofthe
66:6God'ssalvationintheexodusproduceshopeforfurtheractsofsalvation,culminatingin
salvationinChrist(Col.1:13).
67:2Salvationistobemadeknownamongthenations,anticipatingthespreadofthegospelto
thenations(Luke24:47).
68:1God'sarisingagainsthisenemiesanticipatestheresurrectionofChristasatriumphover
demonicenemies(Col.2:15;Heb.2:1415).
68:18God'sascendingtoreignanticipatesChrist'sresurrectionandascension,throughwhichhis
enemiesaresubduedandhispeopledelivered(Eph.4:816).
68:26PraiseistheappropriateresponsetoGod'ssalvation(Eph.5:1920;Heb.13:15;seenoteon
Ps.22:22).
69:2Seenoteon42:7.
69:9ThezealofthepsalmistprefiguresthezealofChristforthehonorofGod'snameandGod's
house(John2:17;Rom.15:3).
69:21ThemercilessnessofenemiesprefigurestheactionoftheenemiesofChristwhenheison
thecross(Matt.27:48).
69:22ThedesireforjudgmentonGod'senemiesfindsfulfillmentinRom.11:910.
69:25RetributionforthewickedhasannotablefulfillmentinthefateofJudas(Acts1:20).
70:4PraiseandadmirationforGod'ssalvationanticipatesthepraiseforthesalvationinChrist
(Eph.1:314;5:1920).
71:6Thepsalmist'strustinGodprefiguresChrist'strustintheFather(22:89)andisalsoamodel
forourtrustinChrist(seenoteon56:3).
71:11TheenemiesprefigureChrist'senemies,whoimaginethattheyhavewonwhenChristison
thecross.
72:1ThekinginthelineofDavidhasakeyroleinbringingjustice.Justiceisclimacticallyachieved
throughChristtheking(Matt.1:116;Rom.3:2426;4:25).
72:8DominionfortheDavidickingisfulfilledintheuniversalreignofChrist(Isa.9:67;1Cor.
15:2428;Eph.1:2021).
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72:19ThefillingoftheearthwithGod'sglorywillbefulfilledintheconsummation(Rev.21:22
27).
73:3Seenoteon10:1.
73:17InthepresenceofGodinthesanctuaryonefindsananswertofrustration.Hispresence
anticipatesGod'spresenceinChrist(John1:14;2:1921;14:910).
74:3Thedestructionofthesanctuary,theplaceofGod'spresence,prefiguresthedestructionof
Christindeath.ButGodanswersandfulfillshispromisesinChrist'sresurrection(2Cor.1:20).In
unionwithChristweparticipateinhisdeathandresurrection(2Cor.4:715;Phil.3:1011).
74:10Seenoteon10:1.
74:13God'sdividingtheseaintheexodussymbolizeshispoweroverchaosandhispowerto
deliverhispeoplefromdeath.HisvictoryintheexodusanticipatesChrist'svictoryoverdeathand
Satan(Heb.2:1415).
75:7God'sprovidentialcontrolofrulersandhispreliminaryjudgmentswithinhistorygiveushope
forclimacticjudgment.AndtheclimacticjudgmentbeganwhenGodliftedupChristfromdeathto
thehighestposition(1Cor.15:2028;Phil.2:1011).
75:8Seenoteon3:1.
76:3TheestablishmentofpeaceinGod'sdwellingplaceprefiguresthepeacethatChristbrings
(John16:33),firstinreconcilingustoGod(Rom.5:110),butalsoinreconciliationwithone
another(Matt.18:1520;1Corinthians12).
76:9Seenoteon50:4.
77:11RemembranceofGod'spastactsofsalvation,liketheexodus(v.19),strengthenthehope
forpresentandfuturesalvation.Nowwelookbackontheclimacticsalvationinthedeathand
resurrectionofChrist(Acts2:2941;Rom.4:25).
78:2TheexpoundingofthedeepermeaningofGod'spastactsofsalvationanticipatestheroleof
ChristinexpoundingthemeaningofGod'sways(Matt.13:3435).
78:4Seenoteon77:11.
78:17TherebelliousheartsinIsraelareultimatelyovercomeonlythroughtherenewalinthe
heartthattakesplaceinthenewcovenantinChrist(Heb.8:813).
78:72TherebellioninIsraelpointstotheneedforashepherdkingwhowillguidethem.Davidisa
preliminaryfulfillment(v.70)pointingforwardtoChristasthefinalshepherd(Ezek.34:2324;
John10:11,14).
79:1Seenoteon74:3.
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79:9UltimatesalvationandtheglorificationofGod'snamecomethroughChrist(John13:3132;
17:15).
80:1Christisthetrueshepherd(John10:11,14).
80:17Thesonofman,thekeyrepresentativeforthepeopleofGod,isultimatelyChrist(Matt.
26:64;seenoteonPs.61:7).
81:1PraiseistheappropriateresponsetoGod'ssalvation(seenoteon68:26).
82:2ThefailureofjudgestobringjusticepointstotheneedforGod'sultimatejudgment.Hehas
broughtjusticeinChrist(Rom.4:25)andwillbringultimatejudgmentintheconsummation(Rev.
20:1121:8).
82:6JudgesreflectingGod'sauthority(Rom.13:1)foreshadowChrist,whoistheexactimageof
God(Heb.1:3)andisGodhimself(John10:3436).
83:1Seenoteon10:1.
83:9ThedestructionofIsrael'senemiesprefiguresthedestructionoftheultimateenemiessin,
death,andSatan(Heb.2:1415;Rev.21:4;seenoteonPs.3:1).
84:1God'sdwellingplaceintheOTprefiguresChristasthedwellingplaceofGod(John1:14;
2:1921),thechurchasdwellingplacethroughtheSpirit(1Cor.3:16;Eph.2:2022),andthenew
Jerusalemasfinaldwellingplace(Rev.21:23,21:2222:5).SeenotesonPs.23:6and27:4.
85:4TheforgivenessofIsraelintheOTanticipatesthepermanentforgivenessinChrist(Col.1:13
14).
86:2Seenoteon35:3.
86:9ThecomingofthenationstoworshipisfulfilledinChrist(Luke24:47;seenoteonPs.57:9).
86:11Seenoteon25:4.
87:4TheincorporationofothernationsintotheholycityisfulfilledasthenationscometoChrist
(Luke24:47;Rev.5:910;21:2426).
88:3ThemiseriesofthepsalmistprefigurethesufferingsofChrist(Luke24:2627;seenoteon
Ps.22:1).
89:4ThepromiseconcerningoffspringisultimatelyfulfilledinChrist(Matt.1:116).Butvictoryis
precededbysuffering,abandonment,andapparentfailureofthepromise,allanticipatingthe
sufferingsofChrist.
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89:48IntheresurrectionofChrististheultimateanswertodeath(1Cor.15:5057;Heb.2:14
15).
90:3Seenoteon89:48.
90:17Despitetherealityofdeath,Christ'sresurrectionguaranteesvictoryanddemonstratesthat
workhaseternalmeaning(1Cor.15:58).
91:1Godisourultimatedwellingplaceandprotection,prefiguringChristasdwellingplaceand
protection(John1:14;10:2730).
92:1Seenoteon68:26.
92:13FruitfulnessisfoundinthepresenceofGod(see1:3).Fruitfulnessprefiguresthefruitfulness
ofChrist(Isa.53:10)andofhispeople(John15:116).
93:1Seenoteon11:4.
93:4TheLord'spowerisgreaterthanthethreatofoverwhelmingwaters.Thepoweroverwaters
threateningdeathprefiguresthepowerinChrist'sresurrection(Eph.1:1922;seenoteonPs.
42:7).
94:3Seenoteon10:1.
94:11ThelimitationsofhumanthinkingcontrastwiththewisdomofGod,whichistobefoundin
Christ(1Cor.3:20;Col.2:3).
94:15Finaljustice,accomplishedinChrist,willhavebenefitsforallwhoarehis(1Cor.15:4249).
95:1Seenoteon68:26.
95:8Israel'srebellion(Numbers14;Deut.32:5)servesasanegativeexampleforalltime(Heb.
4:712).FaithinGod,culminatinginfaithinChrist,istheproperresponsetoGod(Heb.4:2).
96:1Seenoteon68:26.
96:3Thedeclarationtothenationsanticipatesthespreadofthegospel(Luke24:47;Acts1:8;see
noteonPs.22:27).
97:2Seenoteon7:8.
97:8God'speoplecanrejoiceinjudgment,ultimatelybecauseChristhastakenawaythenegative
judgmentagainsttheirsinsandtheymayreceiveblessinginhim(2Cor.5:21).
98:1SeePsalm96andnoteon68:26.
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98:7UltimatesalvationinChristincludesblessingtoallnations(seenoteon22:27)andrenewal
oftheworlditself(2Pet.3:13;Rev.21:1).
99:3Seenoteon11:4.
99:4Theexperienceofthebenefitsofjusticemakeuslongforultimatejustice,whichistobe
foundinChristandhisjustification(Rom.3:2326;4:255:1).Justiceincludesboththevindication
ofGod'speopleandtheremovalofenemies.Theultimateenemiesaresin,death,andSatan(see
noteonPs.3:1).
100:4EnteringthepresenceofGodhasbeenmadepossiblethroughChristwhoopenedtheway
(John14:6;Heb.10:1922).
101:5ThezealoftheDavidickingtoremovewickednessprefiguresthepowerofChristin
triumphingoverallevilandmakingpeoplenew(John13:10;Eph.4:2024).
102:3Seenoteon6:2.
102:16GodappearsinhisgloryclimacticallyinChrist(John1:14;13:3132;17:15).
102:26ThroughChristtheabidingcharacterofGodbenefitsus(Heb.1:1012).
103:4EarlierredemptionslookforwardtotheclimacticredemptioninChrist.
104:2God'speoplearetopraiseGodforhisworksofcreationandprovidence,seeinginthem
displaysofGod'spowerandgoodness.Hispowerandgoodnessandblessingaresupremely
manifestedinChrist(John1:14;Eph.1:314).
105:5ThefaithfulnessofGodinpastgenerationsencouragesIsraeltorespondinfaithfulness.
ChristianslookbacknotonlyonGod'sactsofsalvationintheOT,butontheclimacticsalvationin
Christ,whichgivestheultimatebasisforourtrust.
106:6TheunfaithfulnessofIsraelinresponsetoGodisansweredbyChrist'sobedience,andthen
bytheobedienceofGod'speoplewhofollowChrist(John14:15;Eph.2:10).
107:2God'sactsofredemptionintheOTprefigurefinalredemptioninChrist(Col.1:1314).
108:6Seenoteon35:3.
108:7Godiscommittedtosubduinghisenemies,andthiscommitmentisfulfilledclimacticallyin
Christ,bothinhisresurrection(Heb.2:1415)andinhissecondcoming(Rev.19:1121).
109:8JudasisachiefexampleoftheenemieswhomGodjudges(Acts1:20;seenoteonPs.
69:25).
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109:31Christ,havingbeenhimselfsavedfromdeathinhisresurrection,isabletosaveusfrom
death(John11:25;Heb.2:1415;Rev.1:18).
110:1TheMessiahissuperioreventoDavidandexercisesuniversalrule(Matt.22:4445;Acts
2:3436;1Cor.15:2528;Eph.1:22;Heb.1:13).
110:4TheMessiahhasaneternalpriesthoodsuperiortoAaron's(Heb.5:6;7:218:2).
111:9FinalredemptionandfinalfulfillmentofGod'scovenantisaccomplishedinChrist(2Cor.
1:20;Heb.7:25;8:613).
112:1Christisthesupremelyrighteousman(Acts3:14),andinhimwetooreceivetherewardfor
righteousness(Eph.1:314).SeenoteonPs.1:1.
112:9TheprincipleofgenerositycontinuesintheNT(2Cor.9:9).
113:7AttentivenesstotheneedyissupremelymanifestedinChrist(Luke1:4855;6:20).
114:3ThecrossingoftheRedSea(Exodus1415)andoftheJordanRiver(Joshua3)areactsof
salvationandsymbolictriumphsoverdeaththatanticipatethetriumphofChrist(John10:18;
11:25;Rev.1:18;21:4).
115:1GodissupremelyglorifiedandhisfaithfulnessmanifestedinChrist'swork(John13:3132;
17:15).
116:15Godcontinuestocareforhissaintsevenafterdeath,hintingatthehopeforthe
resurrection(John11:25;1Thess.4:1318).
117:1AllnationswillcometopraiseGodasaresultofhissalvationinChrist(Rom.15:11),
fulfillingthepromisetoAbraham(Gen.12:3;seenoteonPs.22:27).
118:5Seenoteon35:3.
118:6GodhasexpressedhiscommitmentinChrist,givingusallthemorereasontotrusthim
(Heb.13:6).
118:22TheLord'sexaltationoftheonerejectedbymanisfulfilledintheexaltationofChrist
(Matt.21:42;Luke20:17;Acts4:1112;Eph.2:2022;1Pet.2:47).
118:26IsraeloughttorecognizeJesusasonewhobringsthesalvationofGod(Matt.23:39).
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119:1PeoplewithrenewedheartsdelighttoobeyGodandlearnfromhisword,whichguides
them.ChristwasperfectlyobedienttoGod(Heb.10:710),andthroughhisSpiritweare
transformedintohisimage(Rom.8:917;2Cor.3:18)andbecomeobedientservantsofGod.
DelightinGod'swordanticipatesdelightinChrist,whoistheWordofGod(John1:1).
119:11HavingGod'swordintheheartanticipatesthenewcovenant(Heb.8:1013;10:1618).
120:1Seenoteon35:3.
120:2DeliverancefromdeceitanticipatesthepurityofGod'swordandGod'sworkofdeliverance
fromSatanicdeceitthroughChrist(Rev.12:9;seenoteonPs.64:2).
121:2SalvationcomesfromGodalone,anticipatingthefactthatChrististhedivineSavior.
122:1JoyinexperiencingthepresenceofGodinhishouseanticipatesthejoyofthepresenceof
GodinChrist(John1:14;15:11;seenoteonPs.27:4).
122:6JerusalemasthecityofGodprefigurestheheavenlyJerusalem(Gal.4:2628;Heb.12:22
24)ofwhichwearecitizens(Phil.3:20).Christhasgivenpeacetohispeople(John16:33;Eph.
4:3;Col.3:15).
123:2MercyisreceivedultimatelythroughChrist(Eph.2:4;seenoteonPs.121:2).
124:4Seenoteon42:7.
125:1TrustintheLordanticipatestrustinChrist(Acts16:31),whohassupremelymanifested
God'sfaithfulness.
126:1RelieffrommisfortuneprefiguresthegreatsalvationinChrist(John16:2022).
127:1ThenecessityoftheLord'spowerfortemporalachievementsanticipatesthenecessityfor
God,andhimalone,toaccomplisheternalsalvationthroughChrist(John15:45;Acts4:12).
128:2TemporalblessingsprefiguretheeternalblessingsinChrist(Eph.1:314;Rev.21:14).
129:1Seenoteon6:2.
130:4ForgivenessisultimatelyaccomplishedinChrist(Col.1:1314;seenoteonPs.32:1).
131:1Thepsalmist'shumbletrustanticipatesthehumbletrustofChristintheFather(Matt.
11:29;Heb.5:710)andthetrustthatChristiansaretohaveinChrist(Acts16:31).
132:12ThepromisetoDavidculminatesinChristtheoffspring ofDavid(Matt.1:116),whois
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bothkinginthelineofDavidandpriestinGod'sheavenlydwelling(Ps.110:2,4;Heb.8:12).
133:1UnityamongGod'speopleisproducedinChristandinhisSpirit(Eph.4:16).
134:1PraiseofGodlooksforwardtothepraisesofferedbyChrist(Heb.2:12),thepraisesofGod's
NTpeople(Eph.5:1920;Heb.13:15),andthepraisesoftheconsummation(Rev.19:110).
135:4God'sactsofgraceandsalvationtohispeopleintheOTanticipatetheclimacticsalvation
accomplishedinChrist(Luke2:3032;Acts4:12).
136:4God'sworksofcreation,providence,andmercifuldeliveranceshowthesteadfastlovethat
hasnowbeenclimacticallyrevealedthroughsalvationinChrist(John1:14).
137:6DevastationtoGod'sholycitymakespeoplelongforfutureblessinganddestructionto
God'senemies.God'sultimateanswerisfoundinsalvationinChristandinthelastjudgment(Rev.
20:1121:8).JerusalemprefigurestheheavenlyJerusalem(Gal.4:2627;Heb.12:2224).
138:3Seenoteon35:3.
138:6MercytothelowlycomesinChrist(Luke1:4855).
139:1DetailedknowledgeandcareforthepsalmistanticipatesGod'scareforus(John10:1416).
140:1DeliverancefromenemiesprefiguresChrist'sdeliverancefromhisenemies,bothhuman
anddemonic(Matt.26:46;Col.2:15);italsoprefiguresourdeliveranceinChristfromsin,death,
andSatan(Heb.2:1415).
141:3Theneedforwisespeech,inprayeraswellasinothercircumstances,anticipatesthepurity
ofChrist'sspeech(John8:4347)andthepuritythatwereceivefromChrist(John17:1719).Our
prayersareheardbecauseofhim(John14:1314;1John5:1415).
142:6DeliverancefrompersecutorsanticipatesthedeliveranceofChristfromhispersecutors,
afterhewasbroughtlowinhiscrucifixionanddeath.
143:2PerfectrighteousnessisfoundonlyinChrist,whoprovidesrighteousnessforthosewhoare
his(2Cor.5:21;seenotesonPs.7:8and14:1).
144:10DeliveranceforDavidprefiguresfinaldeliverancegiventoChristtheoffspringofDavid.
Seenoteson2:6and18:50.
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145:8TheLord'sgraceandmercyisclimacticallypouredoutinthesalvationinChrist(Rom.8:32).
146:3Meremancannotsave,pointingtotheneedforChristtobeGodaswellasman(John
1:14).
147:5God'sgreatnessandgoodness,inbothprovidenceandredemption,motivatespraiseand
trust.God'sgoodnesshasnowbeensupremelymanifestedinChrist(Rom.8:32).
148:3Thecreatedworlddeclaresthecharacterofitsmaker(19:16),anticipatingthefinal,even
moregloriouspraiseintheconsummation(Rev.21:14).Thecreationreflectsthegloryofthe
Son,whoismediatorofcreation(John1:13;Col.1:1517).
149:7AtChrist'ssecondcomingrebelliousnationswillbesubdued(Rev.19:1121).Inthe
meantime,gracioussubduingcomesthroughthepowerofthegospel(Matt.28:1820).
150:2Seenoteon68:26.Praise,notacryofdistress,hasthefinalpositioninthePsalms,
anticipatingthevictoryofChrist(Eph.4:8)andthefinalabolitionofsuffering(Rev.21:4).
Proverbs
WisdomultimatelycomesfromGodandhisinstruction,whichanticipatesthefactthatChristis
thewisdomofGod(1Cor.1:30;Col.2:3)andthatinhimandhisinstructionwefindthewayof
lifeandrighteousness(John14:6,2324).ThroughtheSpiritwemaywalkintherightway(Gal.
5:1626).
1:1Solomon'swisdomprefiguresthewisdomofhisgreaterdescendant,JesusChrist(1Cor.1:30;
seenoteon1Kings2:6).
1:7WisdomistobesoughtfromGod,anticipatingthatweseekwisdomfromChrist,theincarnate
God(John1:14;Col.2:3).
1:8Listeningtoparentsisoneaspectofhonoringthem,whichisanabidingprinciple(Ex.20:12;
Eph.6:13).WithinthechurchwearenowtohavespecificallyChristianinstructionofchildren
(Eph.6:4).ThearchetypeforthisobedientlisteningisfoundintherelationoftheSonofGodto
theFather(John8:2829).
1:18Theprincipleofjustretributionisbroad(Obad.15)andistobefulfilledultimatelyinthe
1:19Sinleadstodeath(Rom.6:23),butinChristthereislife(John14:6;1John5:12).
1:20Thecallofwisdomprefiguresthecallofthegospel,whichcontainsthewisdomofGod(1
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Cor.1:1825;2:610).
2:4ThediligentseekingforwisdomprefigurestheneedtoseekthekingdomofGod(Matt.
13:44).
2:13ThepathofrighteousnessisultimatelythatofJesusChrist,theperfectlyRighteousOne(John
14:6).Allotherwaysleadtodestruction(Matt.7:1314;Acts4:12).
2:16Wisdominvolvestheavoidancebothofliteraladulteryandofthespiritualadulteryof
idolatry(Ex.34:16;Hos.1:2;2:15;3:13;2Cor.11:3).
2:21Temporalblessingsprefiguretheblessingsofeternalsalvation(Eph.1:314).
3:2LengthofdaysprefigureseternallifethatcomesthroughfellowshipwithChrist,whoisthe
wisdomofGod(1Cor.1:30).
3:5TrustintheLordanticipatestrustinChrist,whoistheLord'ssalvation(Acts16:31).
3:11ChristiansassonsofGodreceivetheLord'sdiscipline(Heb.12:56).
3:18Thepossessionofthetreeoflifeanticipatesthefinalinheritanceintheconsummation(Rev.
2:7;22:12).
3:34ThecallforhumilityanticipatestheroleofhumilityintheNT(Matt.11:29;James4:6;1Pet.
5:5).
4:13InstructionforthepathoflifeanticipatestheinstructionofChrist,whoisthewayandthe
truthandthelife(John14:6).
5:3Seenoteon2:16.
5:5UltimatelyChristdeliversusfromdeath(John11:2526),andasoneaspectofdeliverancehe
giveswisdomandintegrityofheart(1Cor.1:30).
6:6DiligentworknowhasasitsdeepestmotivationthehopeoffinalsatisfactioninChrist(1Cor.
15:58).
6:24Seenoteon2:16.
7:21Smooth,deceitfultalkislinkedultimatelytothedeceitofSatan(John8:4447;Rev.12:9).
8:1Seenoteon1:20.
8:22TheeternalityofwisdomwithGodanticipatestheeternalityofthesecondpersonofthe
Trinity,whoistheWordofGodandwhomediatedcreation(John1:13).
8:35LifeisobtainedultimatelyfromChrist,whoisthelife (John14:6)andthewisdomofGod(1
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Cor.1:30).
9:2TheinvitationtofeastinganticipatesthespiritualfoodofChrist(John6:5258)andthefuture
marriagesupperoftheLamb(Rev.19:9).
9:18Seenoteon1:19.
10:1OnSolomon,seenoteson1:1and1Kings2:6.
10:2BlessingsontherighteousanticipatetheblessingsonChrist,theperfectlyrighteousman,
andtheblessingsthatcometothoseinChrist(Eph.1:314).
10:12Wisdomtransformsrelationswithothers,anticipatingtheNTtransformationthroughlove
(John13:3435;1John3:1618;4:721).
10:21Theblessingtoothersanticipatestheblessingofgraciouswordsinthechurch(Eph.4:14
16;Col.3:16;4:6).
11:2ThevalueofhumilityanticipatesthehumilityofChrist(Matt.11:29)andofhispeople(Luke
14:11;Eph.4:2;seenoteonProv.3:34).
11:3Seenoteon2:13.
11:4Temporaryavoidanceofdeathprefiguresthepromiseofeternallife,basedonthe
righteousnessofChrist(John5:24;Rom.4:25;seenoteonProv.2:13).
12:18TheblessingofwisewordsanticipatestheblessingsofthewordsofChrist(John6:63)and
ofhisfollowers(Eph.4:29;Col.4:6).
13:4Seenoteon6:6.
13:14ChristthesupremelywiseOnehasthewordsofeternallife(John6:6869).
13:24ChristiansaretotraintheirchildreninChrist(Eph.6:14;seenoteonProv.1:8).
14:2TruetrustinChristmanifestsitselfinobedience(Gal.5:1326;James2:1426).
15:1GentlewordsanticipatethegentlenessofChrist(Matt.11:29).Gentlenessisalsoto
characterizehispeople(Gal.5:23;Eph.4:2,2529).
16:3OnlythroughunionwithChristcanwebearfruit(John15:111).
16:12ThedutyofkingstobringjusticeanticipatesChrist,whoisthegreatkingandtheonewho
bringsperfectjustice(Rom.3:26;Rev.19:11).
17:3TheLord'sdiscernmentisperfect(Heb.4:1213),implyingtheneedforpurification(Heb.
9:914).
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18:3Temporaljudgmentsonwickednessprefigurefinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115),underlining
theneedforrepentance.
19:1WemustbediscerningaboutrealvalueandseekfirstthekingdomofGod(Matt.6:33).
19:5Seenoteon18:3.
19:11ReadinesstoforgiveanticipatestheforgivenessofChrist(Col.1:14)andthepracticeof
forgivingamonghispeople(Col.3:13;James1:19).
20:8Authoritieshaveanobligationtopunishevildoing(Deut.16:1820;Rom.13:14).Inthis
theyanticipatethefinaljudgmentofGod(Rev.20:1115).
20:22VengeancebelongstoGod(Rom.12:1721).Christhimselfwaitedpatientlyforvindication
(1Pet.2:2123).
21:3See1Sam.15:2223andMic.6:68.Therequirementforrealobedience,andultimatelyfor
perfectobedience,isfulfilledinChrist(Heb.10:510).
22:4Seenoteon2:21.
23:4CounselagainstlustformoneyanticipatesJesus'counselabouttrueriches(Luke12:2240;
16:1013;Eph.5:5).
23:19ThewayofrighteousnessisfoundultimatelyinChrist(John14:6).SeenoteonProv.1:8.
23:30ThewarningagainstdrunkennessisrepeatedintheNT,anditiscomplementedbya
positivecommandtobefilledwiththeSpirit(Eph.5:18).
24:3HumanuseofwisdomimitatesGod'suseofwisdom(8:2231)andanticipatesChrist,whois
thewisdomofGod(1Cor.1:30)andwhobuildsthechurch(Matt.16:18).
24:19SeenoteonPs.10:1.
24:30Seenoteon6:6.
25:7TheprincipleofhumilityisfurtherdevelopedinChrist'steachingandexample(Luke14:7
11).
25:21TheprincipleofdoinggoodtoenemiesisfurtherdevelopedinChrist'sexampleandhis
teaching(Matt.5:4348;Rom.12:2021).
26:3Theanswertofollyanditsdisastersisfoundinseeking thewisdomofChrist(1Cor.1:30;Col.
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2:3).
26:11ItisfollytoturnbackfromfollowingChrist(2Pet.2:22).
26:13Seenoteon6:6.
26:20TheanswertowordsofstrifeisfoundinChrist'speaceandhisempoweringofhispeopleto
beatpeacewithoneanother(Col.3:1315).
27:3Seenoteon26:20.
28:1TheboldnessoftherighteousanticipatestheboldnessoffollowersofChrist(2Cor.3:12;
Phil.1:2830).
28:2Seenoteon16:12.
28:9Goddesiresrighteousnessandobedience,whicharefulfilledinChrist(2Cor.5:21;seenote
onProv.21:3).
29:2Seenoteon16:12.
29:25TrustintheLordanticipatestrustinChrist(see3:5).
30:4TheinaccessibilityofwisdomtomanpointstotheneedforChrist,whocomesdownfrom
heaven(John3:1215;6:33,5051).
31:3Seenoteon2:16.
31:10Theexcellentwifeprefigurestheexcellenceofthechurch,thebrideofChrist(Eph.5:2527;
Rev.19:78).
Ecclesiastes
Themeaninglessness,frustrations,andinjusticesoflifeunderthesuncalloutforasolution
fromGod.Christthroughhissufferingandresurrectionprovidesthefirstinstallment(1Cor.
15:2223)ofmeaning,fulfillment,andnewlife(John10:10),tobeenjoyedfullyinthe
1:14Thecrumblingofhumanworksmakeslifepointless,unlessthereisreliefinGod.Knocking
downfalseambitionscreatesalongingforthereliefthatwillcomeinChrist(Matt.11:2830).
2:10ThefadingpleasuresinthislifecontrastwiththeeternalpleasuresinGod'spresence(Ps.
16:11;John15:11;Rev.21:4).
2:14WisdominthisworldcontrastswiththewisdominChrist thatwilllastforever(1Cor.1:30).
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2:16Whatisneededisaremedyfordeath,andthisremedycomesthroughChrist(1Cor.15:54
58).
3:11NowinthelightofrevelationwecanknowthatGod'spurposeistouniteallthingsinChrist
(1Cor.2:910;Eph.1:10).
3:12ManneednotunderstandeverythingbutcanlivealifeofjoyasaservantofChrist(John
15:11),trustingthatGod'splansaregood(Rom.8:28).
3:17Godwillexecutefinaljudgment(Rev.20:1121:8).Butinthemeantimewemustendure
muchinjustice(John16:33).
3:20Seenoteon2:16.
4:1Seenoteon3:17.
4:9ThevirtueofcooperationanticipatesthemutualhelpinthebodyofChrist(1Corinthians12).
5:8Seenoteon3:17.
5:10ThefleetingcharacterofrichesimpliesthatweshouldinvestinGod'skingdom(Matt.6:33;
Luke12:2234).
7:15Seenoteon3:17.
7:18Inthemidstofmuchconfusionandfrustrationaboutoutwardcircumstances,wemusthold
fasttoGod.GodbringsultimatesalvationfromvanityinChrist(Rev.21:14).
8:14Seenoteon3:17.
8:15Seenoteon3:12.
9:5Seenoteon2:16.
9:7Seenoteon3:12.
9:16TheseekingforwisdomultimatelyculminatesinChrist,whoisthewisdomofGod(Matt.
12:42;1Cor.1:30).
10:17Goodrulersmakeanotabledifferenceinthecharacterofanation.Thefinal,perfectruleris
Christhimself,whobringsthekingdomofGodandeverlastingrighteousness(Matt.12:28;Rev.
21:14).
11:1WorkdoneforChristwillberewarded(Col.3:2225).
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12:1Seenoteon1:14.
12:7Reckoningwithdeathleadstoabandoningafocusonselfishachievementandpleasureand
seekingGod(seenoteon2:16).
12:14Reckoningwiththefinaljudgment(Rev.20:1121:8)changestheorientationoflife.Weare
tofollowChristwhodeliversusfromcondemnation(Rom.8:1)anddeath(John11:2526)and
givesmeaningtoworkinfellowshipwithhim(1Cor.15:58).
SongofSolomon
TheSongofSolomondepictsmaritallove.Butafterthefallmerelyhumanloveisalwaysshortof
God'sideal,andsowelookforGod'sremedyintheperfectloveofChrist(Eph.5:2233;1John
3:16;4:910).TheconnectionwithSolomon(Song1:1;3:7,9,11;8:11)invitesustothink
especiallyofthemarriageofthekinginthelineofDavid(Ps.45:1015),andthekingspoint
forwardtoChristthegreatking,whohasthechurchashisbride(Rev.19:79,21:9).
1:1ThemarriageoftheDavidickingpointsforwardtoChrist(Ps.45:1015;cf.Ps.45:67with
Heb.1:89).
1:2PerfectlovehasbeendemonstratedinChrist(1John4:910).
1:4LongingforintimacyprefiguresthelongingforintimacywiththeloveofChrist(1John4:7
21).
1:15ThebeautyoftheloversanticipatesthebeautyofChristandhisbride(Eph.5:2627;Rev.
19:78).
2:3DelightinloveprefiguresthejoyinChrist(John15:11).
2:16ThepossessionofthelovedoneprefiguresthepossessionofChristandthechurch.
3:1Seenoteon1:4.
3:11TheweddingofSolomonprefigurestheweddingoftheMessiah(Ps.45:1015).
4:1Seenoteon1:15.
4:13Edenicabundanceinthegardenanticipatestheabundanceandsatisfactionandfulfillment
ofthefinalconsummation(Rev.22:15).
5:1SatisfactionwiththelovedonecontrastswithGod'sdissatisfactionwiththedisobedienceand
disloyaltyofIsrael(Isa.5:14),whowassupposedtobemarriedtotheLord(Ezek.16:815).The
remedyisfoundinChrist'ssalvation(Eph.5:2527).
5:8Seenoteon1:4.
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5:10Seenoteon1:15.
6:9ThefocusonthebelovedanticipatestheuniquenessofGod'sloveforthechurch.
7:1Seenoteon1:15.
7:6DelightinthelovedoneprefiguresChrist'sdelightinthechurch(Eph.5:2627;Rev.19:8).
8:6Theabidingcharacterofcommitmentinloveprefigurestheabidingcharacterofthenew
covenant(John10:2729;Phil.1:6;Heb.8:813).
Isaiah
IsaiahprophesiesexilebecauseofIsrael'sunfaithfulness.ButthenGodwillbringIsraelbackfrom
exile;thisrestorationprefigurestheclimacticsalvationinChrist.ChristasMessiahandservant
oftheLordwillcleansehispeoplefromsin,fillthemwithglory,andextendblessingtothe
nations.Christfulfillsprophecyinbothhisfirstcomingandhissecondcoming.
1:1Godgivesthepropheciesduringthetimecoveredin2Kings1520and2Chronicles2632.
1:4ThefailuresofIsraelprecipitatetheexile,andindicatetheneedforthemessianicservantof
theLord,whowillfaithfullyobeytheLord(42:14;49:112).
1:9TheLordpreservesafew,aremnantforIsrael.ThethemeoftheremnantisfulfilledinChrist,
whoistheultimateremnantofone,andthentheremnantisexpandedtoincludeChrist'speople
(seeRom.11:5andnoteonIsa.6:13).
1:18UltimatecleansingcomesthroughChrist'ssacrifice(Heb.10:110).
2:2ChristhimselfistheultimatehouseordwellingplaceofGod(John1:14;2:1921).Through
himthechurchbecomesatemple(1Cor.3:16;Eph.2:2022),andthroughChrist'sexaltationthe
nationsaredrawntohim(Luke24:47;John12:32).
2:6Seenoteon1:4.
2:11ThehumblingofhumanpridetakesplaceinChrist(Matt.20:2528;Luke1:4853;1Cor.
1:31).
3:2ThelackofadequateleadersshowstheneedfortheMessiahasthefinal,perfectleader(9:6
7).
4:4CleansinglooksforwardtotheforgivenessandpurificationinChrist(Col.1:1314;Heb.
10:1014).
5:7ThelackoffruitfromIsraelcontrastswiththefruitfulnessofChristandthoseinhim(John
15:16;seealsoMatt.21:3344).
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6:1Isaiah'svisionofthegloryofGodanticipatesthegloryofGodinChrist(John1:14;12:41;Rev.
4:210).
6:9TheresistanceofIsraeltoIsaiah'smessageanticipatesresistancetothegospel(Matt.13:11
17;Acts28:2428;Rom.11:78).
6:13Theholyseed,theremnant,arethoseinIsraelwhoremainfaithfultoGod.Ultimatelynone
iscompletelyfaithfulexceptChrist,whoisthefinalremnant(11:1;Gal.3:16;seenoteonIsa.1:9).
7:14TheprophecyconcerningImmanuel(seealsoGen.3:15)isfulfilledinJesusChrist(Matt.
1:2023).ItisrelatedtothelargerOTthemeinwhichGodbringsnewlifeandoffspringtobarren
women(seenoteonGen.18:10).
8:13TreatingtheLordasholyculminatesintheholinessofChrist(Acts2:27)andourobligationto
holiness(1Pet.1:1516;3:15).
8:14ThenationofIsraelbeingoffendedbytheLordAlmightyprefigurestheirrejectionofChrist
(Matt.21:4344;Rom.9:3133;1Pet.2:68).
9:1JesusbringslightbypreachinginGalilee(Matt.4:1217).Heisthelightoftheworld(John
1:5,89;8:12;9:5).
9:6TheMessiahisbothhuman(fromthelineofDavid)anddivine(seeJohn1:14;Col.2:9).
9:7TheMessiahestablisheshisruleinjustice(Rom.3:26;Eph.1:2022)andpeace(John16:33).
10:22InNTtimes,theremnantconsistsofthosewhobelieveinChrist(Rom.11:110;seenoteon
Isa.1:9).
11:1TheMessiahisfromthelineofJesse,thefatherofDavid(1Sam.16:1).Heisfilledwiththe
Spirit(Matt.3:16;Luke4:18),withwisdom(Col.2:3),andwithjustice(Rev.19:11).
11:10Christdrawsthenationstohimself(John12:32;Rom.15:12;seenoteonIsa.2:2).
12:1ThesongofpraiseforGod'ssalvationanticipatesthepraiseforGod'ssalvationinChrist(Eph.
5:1920;Heb.2:12;13:15;Rev.19:18).
13:6ThedayoftheLordisadayofjudgment.Judgmentswithinhistory,suchasthejudgmentof
theexileofIsrael,anticipatethefinaljudgment(1Thess.5:211;2Pet.3:1013;Rev.20:11
21:8).BecauseofChrist'ssalvation,thedayisadayforwhichChristianshope(Titus2:13).
13:9Allsinnerswillbesweptawayintheultimatejudgment.WemusttakerefugeinChrist(2Cor.
5:21).
13:10Thedarkeningisasymbolofjudgment,prefiguringjudgmentatthecrucifixion(Matt.
27:45)andatthesecondcoming(Matt.24:29;Rev.6:1213;seeRev.8:12).
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14:4ThefallofBabylontotheMedesandPersians(Dan.5:28)prefiguresthefinalfallofBabylon
theGreat(Rev.17:1519:3)andthedefeatofSatan(Luke10:15;Rev.12:79;20:10),aswellas
lookingbackonthefallofBabel(Gen.11:19).
15:1Moab,oneofthetraditionalenemiesofIsrael(Num.22:16),isdefeated,prefiguringfinal
judgmentonGod'senemies(Rev.20:1115)andfulfillingNum.21:29.
16:5Despiteherrecordofenmity,Moab(likeotherhostilenations)canfindrefugeinthe
Messiah.Christ'smercyextendstoallnations(Acts1:8;Rev.5:910).
17:6Seenoteon1:9.
17:7GodtheMakerisseeninChrist(John14:9)andwillbeseenfacetofacebythepureinheart
(Matt.5:8;Rev.22:4).
18:7ThecomingofthenationstakesplaceasChristdrawsthem(Matt.28:1820;John12:32;
Acts1:8;seenoteonIsa.2:2).
19:18Egypt,traditionallyanenemytoGod'speople,willcometosubmittoGod.Christcallsthe
nationstohimself(Acts2:10;seenotesonIsa.2:2and18:7).
20:6ThefailureofhumanhopeshighlightstheneedtohopeinGodthroughthewaythathehas
providedinChrist(Ps.146:34;John14:6).
21:9ThefallofBabylonprefiguresthedefeatofallevilandthevictoryofChristoverevil(Col.
2:15;Rev.14:8;18:2;seenoteonIsa.14:4).
22:11AbasictemptationistotrustinmanratherthaninGod(Acts4:12;16:31;seenoteonIsa.
20:6).
22:13AbandonmentofhopewouldbeappropriateonlyifGoddidnotprovidesalvationinChrist
(1Cor.15:19,32).
22:22Kinglyauthorityintherighthandsprovidessecurity.ButevenEliakim(v.20)isultimately
notuptothetask(v.25).OnlytheMessiahinthelineofDavidcanbearthefullweightof
responsibilitythatwillbringfinalsalvation(Matt.1:21;seeRev.3:7).
23:9Afterdestroyinghumanpride,theLordbringsaboutblessingandglorytohimself(v.18).The
reversalofhumanambitionstakesplacepreeminentlyinthedeathandresurrectionofChrist
(Phil.2:611;seenoteonIsa.2:11).
24:6InfulfillmentofthecursefromthefallofAdam,alltheearthwillultimatelybejudged(2Pet.
3:10;Rev.20:1115).ButthroughtheworkofChristblessingcomestothegodly(Isa.24:15;Rev.
21:34).
25:8God'soverwhelmingvictory,resultinginblessing,willcomeattheconsummation(1Cor.
15:54;Rev.7:17;21:4).
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26:4TrustinginGodanticipatestrustinginChrist,whohasaccomplishedclimacticsalvation(Phil.
4:7).
26:19ThehopeforreversalofdeathisfulfilledinChrist'sresurrection(John11:2526;1Cor.
15:4657;Eph.5:14).
27:1Satanwillbecompletelydefeated(John12:31;Rev.20:10).
27:6FruitfulnessisfoundultimatelyinChrist(John15:117).
28:1Seenoteon2:11.
28:11TheforeigntongueisanalogoustospeakingintonguesintheNT(1Cor.14:21).
28:16Christisthestone,bothprovidingafoundationtothosewhotrustinhim(Eph.2:2022;1
Cor.3:11;1Pet.2:4)andbecomingacauseofstumblingtothosewhorejecthim(Matt.21:42
44;Rom.9:3133;1Pet.2:68;seePs.118:22).
29:10SpiritualhardnesscomestopartofIsraelinRom.11:78(seenoteonIsa.6:9).
29:13ThestubbornnessanddisobedienceofGod'speoplecomestoaclimaxwiththeopposition
toandrejectionofJesus(Matt.15:89;seeCol.2:22).
29:14Humanwisdomisconfoundedbythegospel(1Cor.1:1825).
29:18Jesus'healingoftheblindandthedeafsymbolizesthegivingofspirituallight(John9:39
41).
30:2Seenoteon22:11.
30:20ChrististheultimateteacherwhoinstructsusinthewayoftheLord(Matt.23:10)through
theSpirit(John16:1215).
31:1Seenoteon22:11.
31:5TheprotectionofJerusalemprefiguresGod'sprotectionofhispeopleinChrist(John10:27
29;seeIsa.40:11).
32:3Seenoteon29:18.
32:15TheblessingsofsalvationinChristcomeintwostages,inhisfirstcoming(Acts1:8;Eph.
1:314)andhissecondcoming(Rev.21:122:5).
33:6Seenoteon32:15.
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33:14Onlyperfectrighteousnesswillremedysin.SuchrighteousnessisfoundinChrist(Rom.
3:2126;2Cor.5:21;Heb.10:114;seeHeb.12:29).
34:2God'sjudgmentagainstsinandevilanticipatesthefinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115;seenotes
onIsa.13:6;13:9;and15:1).
34:4Theskiesdisappearatthesecondcoming(Rev.6:1314;20:11).
35:3ThecallforstrengtheningoccursinrespondingtoGod'sNTdiscipline(Heb.12:12).
35:5Christgivessightandhearing,symbolizingthegivingofspiritualsightandhearing(Luke
7:2022;Acts26:18;seenoteonIsa.29:18).
35:10ThereturntoPalestineintherestorationprefiguresthecomingtoheavenlyJerusalemand
thepresenceofGodinheaven(Heb.10:1923;12:2224;Rev.21:4).
36:1ThethreatfromAssyriaanticipatesthelaterthreatfromBabylon(39:6),whichinturn
illustratesalltheattacksofSatanonGod'speople.Godanswerswithredemptionthatprefigures
redemptioninChrist.Seetheparallelsin2Kings18:1320:19and2Chronicles32.
37:1Godisourrefugeintimeofdistress(Ps.46:1).WenowlooktoChristforsalvation(Acts
4:12).
38:10TheultimateremedyfordeathisfoundintheresurrectionofChrist(seenoteon26:19).
39:6God'sjudgmentofexile,whichcomesonaccountofsin(2Kings23:2627;2Chron.36:15
16),prefiguresfinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115).ButthroughChristwemayescapecondemnation
(Rom.8:1).
40:1ComforttoJerusalemprefiguresthecomfortthatisfoundinChrist(2Cor.1:37).
40:3JohntheBaptistusesthesewordstoannouncethecomingoftheLord(Matt.3:3;John1:23)
inthepersonofChrist(John10:30;14:9).
40:5ThegloryoftheLordisrevealedinChrist(Luke2:32;John1:14;13:3132;17:15).
40:6ThefadingofhumanlifecontrastswitheternalsalvationinChrist(1Pet.1:2425;seeJames
1:1011).
40:11Jesusisthegoodshepherd(John10:11,14).
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41:17God'smercytothepoorismanifestinChrist(Luke4:1819;7:22).
42:1Theservant,theMessianicking(9:67),ruleswithjusticeandmercy(Matt.12:1721;see
Matt.3:17).
42:6Christthelightoftheworld(John8:12;9:5)bringslighttothenations(John12:32;Acts
26:18,23),fulfillingthepromisetoAbrahamofblessingtothenations(seenoteonGen.12:3).
43:25ForgivenessisfoundultimatelyinChrist(Mark2:7;Col.1:14;Heb.10:118).
44:3Seenoteon32:15.
44:28TherestorationunderCyrus(Ezra1)prefigurestheeternalsalvationinChristinthe
heavenlyJerusalem(Heb.12:2224).
45:1CyrusasanointedbyGodprefigurestheMessiahandhissalvation(Luke4:1819).
45:23ThesubmissionofthenationsisaccomplishedinChrist(Phil.2:1011;Rev.15:4).
46:1TheworthlessnessofidolsisexpressiveoftheprinciplethatonlyChrist,theonewayof
salvationthatGodhasestablished(John14:6;Acts4:12),isworthyoftrust.
47:3TheoppressorofGod'speoplewillbejudged(seenoteon14:4).
47:8SeeRev.18:7andnoteonIsa.14:4.
48:20RescuefromBabylonprefiguresrescuefromsinanddeath(Col.1:1314;Rev.18:4).
49:2ThewordofGodislikeasharpsword(Eph.6:17;Heb.4:12;Rev.1:16;2:12,16;19:15).
49:6SeeActs13:47and26:23,andnoteonIsa.42:6.
49:8Now,subsequenttoChrist'sresurrection,isthetimeofsalvation(2Cor.6:2).
49:10ProtectionandblessingultimatelycomethroughtheLamb(Rev.7:1617).
50:6TheMessianicservantundergoessufferingandhumiliationforthesakeofaccomplishing
salvation(Matt.27:2631).
51:10God'sredemptionintheexodusisanalogoustohisredemptionofhispeoplefrom
Babylonianexile,andbothlookforwardtohisclimacticredemptioninChrist.
51:17Wrathisfollowedbyexaltation,prefiguringthemovementfromthewrathofChrist's
crucifixiontotheexaltationofhisresurrectionandascension.Onthecupofwrath,seenoteon
Jer.25:15.
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52:7Thegospelisthegoodnewsofsalvation(Rom.10:15).
52:10TheinclusionofthenationsfulfillsthepromisetoAbrahamconcerningblessingtoall
nations(Gen.12:3;Luke2:3031;seenoteonIsa.42:6).
52:11TheIsraelites'departurefrompaganBabylonprefiguresthedepartureofbelieversfromthe
contaminationoftheworld(2Cor.6:147:1).
52:13Exaltationoftheservant,theMessiah,followshissuffering(v.14;53:39;seenoteon
51:17).
52:15ManywhohavenotheardofChristwillbeawed(v.14)byhissufferingsacrifice.Paul
spreadsthemessagetothosewhohavenotheard(Rom.15:1421).
53:1ThemessageofsalvationinChristoftenmeetsanunbelievingresponse(John12:3743;
Rom.10:16).
53:5Themessianicservantundergoessubstitutionarysuffering(Rom.4:25;2Cor.5:21;1Pet.
2:2425).
53:9Christwasputtodeathbetweentworobbers(Matt.27:38)andburiedinthetombofarich
man,JosephofArimathea(Matt.27:5760).
53:11Christ'sdeathandresurrectionresultsinourjustification(Rom.3:2326;4:25;5:19).
54:1ThereturnofJerusalem'sinhabitantsfromexileprefiguresthemultiplicationofchildrenof
thepromise(Rom.9:8)whowillreturntoGodthroughChrist(Gal.4:27).
54:7Seenoteon51:17.
54:10ThenewcovenantresultsinpermanentpeacewithGod(Rom.5:1)andissecureforever
(Heb.9:12).
55:2God'sofferoffoodisfulfilledinChrist,whoisthefoodanddrinkofeternallife(John6:52
58).
56:7TheextensionofsalvationtothenationstakesplaceinChrist(Matt.21:13;Acts1:8;Rev.
5:9).
57:3Seenoteson1:4;13:6;and34:2.
57:19Godgivestheinvitationofsalvationtoall,anticipatingthespreadofthegospel(Acts2:39;
Eph.2:17).
58:1Seenoteon1:4.
58:2Israel'shypocrisyanticipatesthehypocrisyandexternalismthatChristwillconfront(Matt.
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15:110).
59:2Seenoteon1:4.
59:7Paulusesthesewords(Rom.3:1517)toshowthatJewsandGentilesalikeareguiltyofsin.
SeenoteonPs.14:1.
59:17God'sbattleanticipates(1)thecomingofrighteousnessandsalvationatChrist'sfirst
coming(Rom.3:2326),(2)Christians'battleagainstevil(Eph.6:1020;1Thess.5:8),and(3)the
waratChrist'ssecondcoming(Rev.19:1121).
59:20TheRedeemerisChrist,whosavesbothJewsandGentiles(Rom.11:2532).
60:1God'sgloryisseeninChrist(John1:14).
60:3NationscometoChristthroughthegospel(Luke24:47;John1:32;Acts1:8;Rev.21:2425;
seenotesonIsa.2:2and11:10).
60:6Thewisemen,representingthenations,bringgoldandfrankincenseandmyrrh(Matt.2:11).
60:19GodisthesolelightinthenewJerusalem(Rev.21:2224).
61:1Christappliesthesewordstohimselfandhisworkofsalvation(Luke4:18).
61:10ThechurchasChrist'sbrideisgivenbeautifulclothing(Rev.19:8;seeEph.5:2527).
62:1RighteousnessandsalvationcomeinChrist(seenoteon9:7).
62:4God'srestorationofIsraelprefiguresChristashusbandtothechurch(2Cor.11:2;Eph.5:25
27;Rev.19:79).
63:3Theexecutionofpunishmentanticipatesfinalpunishment(Rev.14:20;19:15).
63:12Pastactsofsalvationforeshadowthegreatfuturesalvation(seenoteon51:10).
64:1GodcomesfromheavenbothatthefirstandsecondcomingofChrist(John6:33,38,50;
Rev.19:11).
65:1TheresistanceandrebellionofIsraelfitsintotheplanofGodtoextendsalvationtoall
nations(Rom.10:2021;11:1132).
65:9Seenoteon1:9.
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65:17UltimateblessingtoGod'speoplecomesintheconsummation(2Pet.3:13;Rev.21:1).The
newcreationhascomeinitsbeginningsalreadyinChrist(2Cor.5:17).
66:1TheinadequacyofahouseofstoneindicatesbycontrastthefactthatGod'spurposetodwell
withmanisfulfilledinChrist(Matt.1:23;John1:14;2:1921;Acts7:4850;17:24).
66:8TherestorationofinhabitantstoJerusalemprefiguresthemultiplicationofchildrenofGodin
thechurch,theheavenlyJerusalem(Isa.54:1;Gal.4:2627).
66:18Onthegatheringofthenations,seenoteson2:2and11:10.
66:24ThepictureofunendingjudgmentanticipatestheNTteachingaboutGehenna,thelakeof
fire(Mark9:48;Rev.20:15;21:8).
Jeremiah
Jeremiah'spropheticindictmentofIsraelislargelyrejected,prefiguringtherejectionofChrist's
propheticmessagetoIsrael(Luke11:4951).God'sjudgmentonIsraelforapostasyprefiguresthe
judgmentthatChristbearsassubstitutefortheapostasyofmankind(1John2:2).Italso
prefiguresfinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115).Restorationfromexileprefiguresfinalrestorationto
GodthroughChrist(Heb.10:1922).
1:2Godgivesthepropheciesduringthetimecoveredin2Kings2225and2Chron.34:136:20.
1:5God'scarefromthewombprefigurestheFather'srelationtotheSonintheincarnation(Luke
1:35)andalsothecallingoftheapostlePaul(Gal.1:15).
1:8GoddeliversPaulfromplotsatCorinth(Acts18:911)andelsewhere.
1:9ThefirmnessoftheprophetamidoppositionprefiguresthefirmnessofChrist'steachingamid
opposition.
1:16God'sjudgmentonevilandapostasy(see2Chron.36:1516)anticipatesthefinaljudgment
(Rev.20:1115).Christinthecrucifixionbearsjudgmentforourapostasy(1Pet.2:24;1John2:2).
2:2InforsakingtheLord,Israelislikeanadulteress.Herunfaithfulnesscontrastswiththe
faithfulnessandpuritythatwillbeworkedoutinthechurch(2Cor.11:2;Eph.5:2527;Rev.
19:78).
2:11ThefollyofapostasyprefiguresthefollyofrejectingChrist,whoopensthewayofsalvation
(John14:6;Acts4:12).
2:13LivingwaterisfoundinChrist(John4:1014).
2:21SeeIsa.5:14.
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3:1Seenoteon2:2andtheconnectionwithDeut.24:14.
3:10ThepretenseinJudahillustratesthehypocrisythatcaninfectreligion(Matt.23:1336;see
noteonIsa.58:2).
3:13Forgivenesscomestothosewhoacknowledgeguilt,butnottothosewhocontinuetothink
theyarerighteous(Luke18:914).
3:17ThegatheringtoJerusalemanticipatestheNTgatheringtoheavenlyJerusalem(Heb.12:22
24)andthefuturegatheringtothenewJerusalem(Rev.21:2426).
4:4CircumcisionoftheheartcomesinChrist(Col.2:11;Heb.8:813).
5:1ThelackofarighteousmanisfinallyremediedinChrist(Acts3:14).
5:9Seenoteon1:16.
5:14Seenoteon1:9.
6:1Seenoteon1:16.
6:14TruepeacewithGodcancomeonlythroughthedefinitiveovercomingofsininChrist(John
16:33;Rom.5:1).
7:11Israel'shypocrisyanticipatesthehypocrisyandcorruptworshipthatChristconfronts(Matt.
21:13).
7:14ThedestructionofthetempleanticipatesthelaterdestructionofHerod'stemplethatChrist
predicts(Matt.24:2).
8:3TheremedyfordeathandforsinthatleadstodeathistheresurrectionofChrist(1Cor.
15:4257).
8:11Seenoteon6:14.
9:1ApostasyisadeepgriefbothtoJeremiahandtoChrist,thefinalprophet(Luke19:4144).
9:2324TheprincipleofboastinginGodaloneisfulfilledin1Cor.1:2931(see2Cor.10:17).
10:5OnlyGod,notidols,offerssalvation.TheuniquenessofGodandhiswayanticipatesthe
uniqueroleofChristasthewaytoGod(John14:6;Heb.10:1922;seenoteonIsa.46:1).
11:8ThroughMosesGodpredictsthatdisastersandexilewillresultfromdisobedience
(Deuteronomy28).
11:19ThehostilitytoJeremiahprefiguresthehostilitytoChristasprophet(Isa.53:7;Matt.27:1;
Luke6:11).
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12:7Godforsakeshishouseandhispeopleonaccountoftheirsin.Thisanticipateslater
judgmentsonsin,includingtheforsakingofChristwhenheisthesinbearer(Matt.27:46).
13:9TheprideofGod'speoplecontrastswiththeneedforpeoplewhotrulyservehim.Theneed
isansweredinthenewcovenant(31:3134)inChrist(Heb.8:813;10:1525).
14:3DroughtfulfillsthecurseinDeut.28:22thatmustcomewhenIsraelforsakestheLord.It
contrastswiththeblessingoflivingwaterinChrist(John4:14;6:35).
14:14TheconflictbetweentrueandfalseprophetsanticipatestheconflictbetweenJesusandhis
opponents,andbetweentrueandfalseteachinginthechurch(2Pet.2:13).
15:2JudgmentsfulfillthepropheticcursesinDeut.28:1568(seeRev.6:8).God'swrathagainst
sinanticipatesthefinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115;seenoteonJer.1:16).
15:10JeremiahasarejectedprophetprefigurestherejectionofChrist'spropheticministry(Luke
11:4951).
16:15Restoration,prophesiedinDeut.30:15,prefiguresfinalsalvationinChrist(Isa.40:111).
17:8Theblessingpromisedtotherighteousman(Ps.1:3)isfulfilledinChristtheperfectly
righteousman(Acts3:14)andinthosewhoarerighteousinhim(2Cor.5:21).
18:6God'spowerascreatorcanbringsalvationeventothewayward(Rom.9:2024;Eph.2:4
10).
18:11ThecalltorepentanticipatesthecalltorepentfromJohntheBaptist(Matt.3:2)andin
gospelproclamation(Luke24:47;Acts2:38).
19:3Seenoteon1:16.
19:9ThespecifichorrorofeatinghumanfleshwasprophesiedinDeut.28:5355.Horrorupon
horrorshowstheresultsofthedegradationofsin,andprefiguresthefinaljudgment(Rev.20:11
15;seenoteonJer.1:16).
20:2OppositiontoJeremiahtheprophetprefiguresoppositiontoChristthefinalprophet(Luke
11:4951).ThosewhoopposeChristwillexperiencejudgment(Rev.20:1115).
21:8EveninthemidstofthegreatestdisasterGodinmercyholdsopenawayofescape.The
escapeprefigurestheescapefromsin,death,anddestructionthroughthesalvationinChrist
(John11:2526;14:6).
22:3Thedemandforjusticefromthekingfailstobeanswered.TheanswerfinallycomesinChrist
theking(Isa.9:67;Rev.19:11).
23:1ThefalseshepherdscontrastwithJesusthetrueshepherd (John10:11,14).
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23:5TheBranch,alludingtoIsa.11:1,istheMessiahinthelineofDavid(seeZech.6:12;John
15:117).
23:8Therestoration,whichisparalleltotheexodus(Ex.12:3338),prefiguresrescuefromsin
andthekingdomofSatan(Col.1:1314).
24:5TheexilesaretheremnanttowhomGodgivesfavor,illustratingtheremnanttheme(see
noteson1Kings19:18;Isa.1:9;and6:13).
24:7Therenewaloftheheart,alreadyprophesiedinDeut.30:6,isfurtherexplainedinthe
promiseofthenewcovenant(Jer.31:3134;Heb.8:813;10:1525).
25:11Danielreliesontheprophecyof70yearswhenhepraysforrestoration(Dan.9:2).The70
yearsareyearsofsabbathrestfortheland(2Chron.36:21).Therestorationlooksforwardtofinal
restintheconsummation(Heb.4:910).
25:15ThecupofwrathprefiguresthewrathofGodinfinaljudgment(Rev.14:10;16:1,19).Christ
onthecrossdrankthecupofwrathasoursubstitute(Matt.26:39,42).
26:6Seenoteon7:14.
26:8Thedesirefordeathillustratesapatternofopposingtheprophets,apatternthatculminates
inthedeathofChrist(Matt.21:3341;Luke11:4951;seenoteonJer.20:2).
27:9Seenoteon14:14.
27:11TothosewholistentheservicetoBabylonbecomesajudgmenttemperedwithmercy,
prefiguringthemercyinChrist(Heb.12:511;seenoteonJer.21:8).
28:9PeacewithGoddoesnotcomewithoutfirstdealingwiththeissueofsin.Theansweristobe
foundinChrist(Col.1:1314;seenoteonJer.6:14).
29:8Seenoteon14:14.
29:14RestorationfromexileprefiguresthereconciliationwithGodbywhichwemaybegathered
intothepresenceofGodinheaven(Rom.5:110;Gal.4:2628;Heb.10:1922;12:2224;see
notesonJer.3:17and16:15).
30:18TherebuildingofcitiesprefigurestheheavenlyJerusalem(Gal.4:2628;Heb.12:2224;
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Rev.21:914).
31:1Thepromise,Iwillbe...God...,andtheyshallbemypeople,isarepeatedrefrainin
Jeremiah(11:4;24:7;30:22;31:33;32:38).ItbuildsonthepromisetoAbraham(Gen.17:7)andto
IsraelthroughMoses(Ex.19:56).ItisfulfilledinthenewcovenantinChrist(Jer.31:33;Heb.
8:10;seenoteonJer.31:31).
31:15PastdevastationstoIsraelanticipatethedevastationwhenHerodkillsthechildren(Matt.
2:1618).
31:31ThenewcovenantisfulfilledinthecovenantthatChristmakesattheLastSupper(Matt.
26:28;1Cor.11:25;2Cor.3:6;Heb.8:813;10:1525)andincludesGentilesaswellasJews
throughunionwithChrist(Gal.3:9,14,2729).
32:20AlonghistoryofGod'sdemonstrationsoffaithfulnessislinkedtohisfaithfulnessin
Jeremiah'stimeandintheclimacticsalvationinChrist(Rom.3:34).
33:8Forgivenessisforeshadowedintherestorationfromexile,butitisfullyaccomplishedin
Christ(Col.1:1314).
33:15Seenoteon23:5.
34:11ThefaithlessnessofthepeopleconcerningthelawinEx.21:2andDeut.15:12contrasts
withthefaithfulnessofChrist,whobringsfullandpermanentlibertyfromsin(Luke4:1819).
35:10TheobedienceoftheRechabitescontrastswiththedisobedienceofIsraelandprefigures
theobedienceoftheChristtheSontohisFather(John8:29).
36:2ThetriumphofthewordofGodoveroppositionprefiguresChrist(John1:1011)andhis
triumphoveropposition.
37:18TheinnocentsufferingofJeremiahprefigurestheinnocentsufferingofChrist(Matt.27:24).
38:6Jeremiah'sbrushwithdeathprefiguresChrist'sbeingputtodeath(seenoteson11:19and
15:10).
38:17Seenoteon21:8.
39:1ThepropheciesofdisasterfromJeremiahandfromotherprophets(2Chron.36:1516;Jer.
25:411)nowcometopass,confirmingthefaithfulnessofGodinjudgment.Judgmentsinhistory
prefigurethefinaljudgment(seenoteon1:16).
39:18Seenoteon21:8.
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40:4GodshowsmercytoJeremiahandtothosewhoareleft,anticipatingthemercyhewillshow
inChrist(Rom.6:23).
41:14Godshowsmercytothecaptives,anticipatingthemercyhewillshowinChrist(Rom.6:23;
Col.1:1314).
42:6Afteralloftherebellioninprevioustimes,thepeoplefinallyresolvetoobeytheLord.But
thentheyprefertheirownjudgment(43:17).Theirstubbornnessshowstheneedforrenewalof
theheartthatwillcomeinChrist(31:3134;seenoteson4:4and31:31).
44:16ThepersistenceinrebellionshowsthejusticeofGod'sjudgmentbutalsotheneedfora
radicalrenewalofheart,promisedinthenewcovenant(seenoteon31:31).
45:5Eventherighteoussufferasaresultofthesinsofthepeople.Therighteoussuffering
prefiguresthesufferingofChristasthesinbearer(2Cor.5:21;1Pet.2:2224).
46:2Godasjudgeofthewholeworldexecutesjudgmentonthenationsaswellasonhisown
people,prefiguringfinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115;seenoteonJer.1:16).
46:10SeenoteonIsa.13:6.
47:1ThedestructionofthePhilistines,oneofthelongtimeenemiesofIsrael,prefiguresfinal
judgment(Rev.20:1115;seenoteonJer.1:16;cf.thenoteonIsa.15:1).
48:7Chemosh,thepatrongodofMoab,isshowntobeworthless.Destructionoffalsehopesand
thepunishmentforidolatrylooksforwardbothtothefinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115)andtothe
gospelasacalltoworshipGodintruth(John4:23;14:6).
49:2DeliveranceforGod'speopleincludesjudgmentontheiroppressors.Judgmentswithin
historylookforwardtofinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115).Sin,Satan,anddeath,asultimate
oppressors,havealreadybeendefeatedinChrist(Heb.2:1415;seenoteonJer.1:16).
49:9SomeversesaboutEdomaresimilartoObadiah(Obad.5).
50:8ThecommandtofleeprefiguresthecommandtofleethefinalBabylon,thecityofsin(Rev.
18:4).
50:20ForgivenessofsinsisfoundultimatelyinChrist(Col.1:14;Heb.10:114).Ontheremnant,
seenoteonIsa.6:13.
51:9JudgmentonBabylonprefiguresfinaljudgmentagainstGod'senemies(Rev.18:5;seenote
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onJer.1:16).
51:11JudgmentthroughtheMedesispredictedalsoinIsa.13:17andcomestopassinDan.5:31.
52:1Seetheparallelin2Kings24:1825:21.
52:3Seenoteon2Chron.36:16.
52:7Jeremiah'searlierpropheciesaboutdestruction(e.g.,7:14;34:24)areherefulfilled,
underliningthefaithfulnessofGodandthepowerofhisword.Thewordsofjudgment
foreshadowChrist'spropheciesaboutthedestructionofJerusalem(Matt.24:2;Luke19:4344)
andthepropheciesoffinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115).Seenoteon2Chron.36:21.
Lamentations
ThelamentoverJerusalemanticipatesChrist'slamentingoverthefuturefallofJerusalem(Luke
19:4144).Inbothcases,Jerusalemsuffersforherownsins.Butsufferingforsinfindsaremedy
whenChristsuffersasasubstituteforthesinsofhispeople(2Cor.5:21;1Pet.2:2224).
1:5GodshowshisjusticeinjudgingthesinsofJerusalem.Heprefiguresthemanifestationof
justiceinthelastjudgment(Rev.20:1115)andintheworkofChrist.
2:14Onfalseprophets,seenoteonJer.14:14.
2:17God'sfulfillmentofprophecyunderlineshisfaithfulnessandthepowerofhisword.His
faithfulnessissupremelymanifestedinthesufferingandvindicationofChrist(seenoteonPs.
105:5).
3:14ThesufferingsoftheprophetprefigurethesufferingsofChrist(Matt.27:2731,3944).
3:26EveninthemidstofdisasterandpainthereisfinalhopeforthesalvationoftheLord.This
hopehascometofruitioninthesalvationthatChristhasaccomplished(Matt.1:21),andwenow
waitforitsconsummation(Rom.8:1825).
4:11ThepouringoutofGod'swrathonJerusalemprefiguresthewrathpouredoutonChristas
sinbearer(Gal.3:13),thewrathonJerusaleminitsseconddestruction(Luke21:2224),andthe
wrathinthefinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115).
5:21RestorationispromisedtoJerusalemafter70yearsofexile(Jer.25:1112;29:1014).The
restorationprefiguresfinalsalvationinChrist(Col.1:1314;seenoteonJer.29:14).
Ezekiel
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GodjudgesIsrael'sapostasythroughtheexile.Israelsuffersforherownsin,andinsodoing
anticipatesGod'sfinaljudgmentagainstsin(Rev.20:1115).Butthesufferingalsoanticipatesthe
sufferingofChristforthesinsofothers.Thesubsequentblessinginrestorationprefiguresthe
blessingsofeternalsalvationinChrist(Eph.1:314).
1:26Godappearsinhumanform,anticipatingtheincarnationofChristandhisglory(John1:14;
Rev.1:1216).
2:3TheresistancetoEzekielasaprophetprefigurestheresistancetoChristasfinalprophet(Luke
11:4951;seenoteonJer.1:9).
2:8Thepictureofeating,symbolizinganappropriationofthewordsofGod,anticipatesRev.
10:911.
3:8SeenoteonJer.1:9.
3:12TheempoweringbytheSpiritprefigurestheroleoftheSpiritinChrist'spropheticministry
(Luke4:18),andthenhisempoweringofgospelproclamation(Acts1:8).
3:17Ezekielhasaresponsibilityforfaithfulnessanalogoustotheresponsibilityingospel
proclamation(2Cor.2:1417;3:5;4:2).
4:4Ezekiel'sidentificationwiththepunishmentofthepeopleprefiguresChrist'sbearingthesins
ofhispeople(2Cor.5:21;1Pet.2:2224).
5:1Theprophet'sownbodybecomesasymbolforthesinfulpeople.ItprefiguresChrist's
identificationwiththesinsofhispeople(2Cor.5:21).
5:2Thecastingoffofmuchofthehairleavesaremnant,anticipatingtheremnantintheNT(Rom.
9:27;11:5;seenoteonIsa.6:13).
5:8Judgmentagainstsinprefiguresthefinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115).
5:13KnowingthatIamtheLORDanimportantthemeinEzekielanticipatesthedeeper
knowledgeofGodgiveninChrist(John14:9;17:15).
6:4God'sjudgmentmakesplaintheworthlessnessofidols.Goddestroysfalsehopestomake
plainthatChrististheone,Godordainedwayofsalvation(John14:6;Acts4:12;seenotesonIsa.
46:1;Jer.48:7).
7:2Seenoteon5:8.
8:2Seenoteon1:26.
8:3Godjudgesidolatry,makingplainthatthetrueGodaloneisthesourceofsalvation(seenote
on6:4).
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9:4MercycomestothosewhofollowGod'sways,prefiguringthemercyinChrist.Themark
prefiguresthesealoftheHolySpiritandofthenameofGod,guaranteeingoursalvation(2Cor.
1:22;Eph.1:13;Rev.7:28;14:13).
9:8Ontheremnant,seenotesonIsa.1:9and6:13.
10:18ThedepartureofGod'spresencefromthetempleisoneaspectofjudgment.Itcontrasts
withthedwellingofGodinthetemple,whichprefiguresthecomingofGodtodwellwithusin
Christ(Matt.1:23).
11:19Thepromiseofanewheart,reiteratedin36:25,isconnectedtothenewcovenantthatwill
comeinChrist(Jer.31:3134;Heb.8:813;10:1618;seenoteonJer.31:31).
12:11Ontheexileasjudgment,seenoteonIsa.39:6.
13:2ThefalseprophetsprefigureChrist'sopponentsandfalseteachersinthechurch(2Pet.2:1
3;seenoteonJer.14:14).
13:10ThereligiousleadersopposingJesusarelikewhitewashedtombs(Matt.23:27).Onfalse
peace,seenoteonJer.6:14.
14:3Goddoesnotrevealhimselftotherebellious.Thelackofunderstandinganticipatesthelack
ofunderstandingofJesus'teaching(Matt.13:1017).
14:6Onrepentance,seenoteonJer.18:11.
14:9Thedeceptionthatfallsontherebelliousanticipatesthedeceptiononthosewhorefusethe
truthofthegospel(2Thess.2:1012).
15:2Israelisavinewithoutfruit.SeenoteonIsa.5:7.
16:8ThefaithlessnessofIsraelcontrastswiththefaithfulnessofthebrideofChrist(Eph.5:2527;
Rev.19:78).ThechurchalsoistemptedtogoastrayfromhercovenantwithChrist(2Cor.11:2
3).SeenoteonJer.2:2.
17:13Thepenaltyforbreakingacovenantwithahumankingshowsbyanalogytheseriousnessof
breakingthecovenantwithGod(Heb.10:2931).
17:22Afterdestructioncomesanewbeginning,symbolizingthekingdomofChristanditsgrowth
tofillthenations(seeIsa.11:1).
18:4Godwillexecutejustice.Thejudgmentswithinhistorylookforwardtothefinaljudgment,
whenperfectjusticewillcome(Rev.20:1121:8).
18:9Thegrantingoflifetotherighteousintheshortrunprefiguresthegrantingofeternallife.
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Thegiftofeternallifecomesonlythroughperfectrighteousness,therighteousnessofJesusChrist
(Rom.3:2326;6:23).
19:9Ontheexileasjudgment,seenoteonIsa.39:6.
20:3Seenoteon14:3.
20:8TherepeatedrebellionofIsraelcallsforjudgment.Godmustalsobefaithfultohisnamein
rescuingthem.JudgmentandmercyarefinallybothachievedinChrist(Rom.3:2526).
20:11SeenoteonLev.18:5.
21:31Fireandwrathanticipatethefinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115).Thesword(Ezek.21:28)
anticipatestheswordofChristinfinaljudgment(Rev.19:15;seeHeb.4:1213).
22:15Ontheexile,seenoteonIsa.39:6.
22:20ThemeltingprocessprefiguresthecomingoftheMessiahasrefiner(Mal.3:3).
22:30NomanisadequatetothetaskofredemptionexceptJesusChrist(1Tim.2:56).
23:3Seenoteon16:8.
23:22AnyloverotherthanthetrueGodwillbefoundtobetreacherous,resultinginjudgment.
ThefailureofothergodspointstotheonewayofsalvationthroughthetrueGod(John14:6;Acts
4:12).
23:32Onthecupofwrath,seenoteonJer.25:15.
24:8ThecomingofGod'swrathprefigureshiswrathinthefinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115).
24:21Thedestructionofthetempledestroysfalseprideandconfidence.Bycontrastitpointsto
confidenceinGodaloneforsalvation(John2:1921;Acts4:12).
25:2God'sjudgmentagainstIsrael'straditionalenemiesprefiguresfuturejudgmentsagainst
enemies,includingthefinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115).
26:4ThecompletenessofdestructionindicatesGod'szealtoremoveevilcompletely.Hiszealis
manifestedbothinthedeathofChristandinthelastjudgment(Rev.20:1115).
27:9ThefallofTyrewithitsrichesprefiguresthefallofBabylontheprostitute(Rev.18:19).
28:13ThefallofTyreisreminiscentofthefallofAdam(Gen.3:119),andsomethinkitisalso
reminiscentofthefallofSatan.TheproudbeautyofTyrealsoprefiguresthebeautyofBabylon
(Rev.17:4),incontrastwiththetruebeautyofthenewJerusalem(Rev.21:1821).
29:3Egypt,anothertraditionalenemyofGodandGod'speople, isjudgedbyGod,prefiguringthe
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lastjudgment.BydepictingEgyptasadragon,Ezekielmakestheconnectionbetweenherandthe
defeatofSatanthedragon(Rev.12:317).
29:13GodshowsmercytoEgypt,inanalogywiththemercyshowntoIsraelinbringingthemback
fromexile.ThismercyanticipatesthemercyinChrist(Rom.5:611).
30:3OnthedayoftheLord,seenoteonIsa.13:6.
31:14Humanprideisputdown(seenoteonIsa.2:11),anticipatingthehumblingofpridethrough
salvationinChrist(1Cor.1:2631).
32:2OnEgyptasadragon,seenoteon29:3.
32:7ThedarkeningoflightprefiguresthedarkeningatthesecondcomingofChrist(Matt.24:29
31;Rev.6:1213).
32:21AnanswertothepowerlessnessandhumiliationofdeathisfoundonlyinChristandhis
resurrection(John11:2526;1Cor.15:4258).
33:2Onthewatchman,seenoteon3:17.
33:11Theinvitationtorepentanticipatesthegospelinvitation(2Pet.3:9;Acts2:3841).
33:16Seenoteon18:9.
33:17Seenoteon18:4.
33:31HypocrisyamongthepeopleanticipatesthehypocrisythatChristconfronts(Matt.23:13
36;seeJer.7:11).
34:2ThefalseshepherdsinIsraelcontrastwithGod,whoisthetrueshepherdthroughChrist(vv.
1131;Isa.40:11;Luke15:17;John10:11,14).
34:23GodisshepherdinconnectionwithDavid,prefiguringthefactthatChristisbothGodand
man,andthatasmanheisthekinginthelineofDavid(Matt.1:116).
35:5Seenoteon25:2.
35:6TheprincipleofretributionmanifestsGod'sjusticeandanticipatesthefinaljudgment(Rev.
20:1115;seenoteonProv.1:18).
36:10ThereturnfromexileprefiguresGod'sclimacticredemptionfromsinthroughChrist(Col.
1:1314;seenoteonIsa.39:6).
36:22TheLordvindicateshisnameinChristwhenheshowsholinessandjusticeinpunishingsins
andmercyinsavingthesinner(Rom.3:2326).
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36:25CleansingfromsinsisaccomplishedinChrist(Col.1:14;Heb.9:2328).
36:27ThepromiseoftheHolySpiritisfulfilledatPentecost(Acts2:121)andinthegivingofthe
SpirittothosewhobelieveinChrist(Rom.8:917).
37:5ThevisionofnewlifethroughtheSpirithasapartialfulfillmentinthereturnfromexile
(37:12).ItprefiguresthegivingofresurrectionlifethroughtheSpiritofChrist(John11:2526;
Rom.8:917;Col.3:14).
38:2GogandMagogattack,pointingtothefinalwarbetweenGodandhisenemiesinRev.20:8
10.
38:22FirecomesfromheaveninRev.20:9.
39:17ThesacrificialfeastisdepictedinRev.19:1721.
39:29OnthepouringoutoftheSpirit,seenoteson36:27and37:5.
40:2ThevisionofanewtemplebuildsontheearlierpassagesaboutthetabernacleofMoses
(Exodus2540)andthetempleofSolomon(1Kings58).Ezekiel'stempleisevenmoreglorious,
pointingforwardtoseveralrealities:(1)thegloryinwhichGoddwellswithmaninChrist(John
1:14);(2)Christ'sbodythatisthetemple(John2:1921);(3)thechurchasatemple(1Cor.3:16;
Eph.2:2022;1Pet.2:5);(4)thebodyoftheindividualbeliever(1Cor.6:19);and(5)theheavenly
Jerusalem(Rev.21:922:5).
40:6ThegatewaysgiveaccesstothepresenceofGodfromallfourdirections.Thisaccess
prefigurestheaccesstoGodthroughChrist,anaccessextendingtoallnations(Heb.10:1922;
Rev.21:1213,2426).
40:38Theburntoffering,describedinLev.1:117;6:813,prefiguresthesacrificeofChrist(Eph.
5:2;Heb.10:510;andnoteonLev.1:9).GodgivesthevisiontoIsrael(Ezek.43:1011)usingthe
symbolismbelongingtotheMosaiccovenant,butallthesymbolismfindsitsculminationand
fulfillmentinChrist(Heb.8:813).
40:45ThepriesthooddescendingfromAaronisdescribedinLeviticus910;2122;Numbers34;
8;1718;andotherpassages.Thispriesthoodisashadowandasymbol,tobefulfilledinthe
eternalpriesthoodofChrist(Heb.7:238:6).
41:2ThespaciousnessprefiguresfreeaccesstoGodthroughChrist(seenoteson40:2and40:6).
42:13TheeatingoftheholyfoodprefiguresspiritualfoodinChrist(John6:5358;seenoteon
Ezek.40:45).
43:3ThecomingofthegloryoftheLord,asdescribedinchapter1,indicatestheblessingofhis
presence,givingaremedyforGod'sdepartureinchapter10.ThepresenceofGodcomestothe
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churchasatemplethroughtheHolySpirit(Acts2:24;1Cor.3:16).
43:18Ontheburntoffering,seenoteon40:38.
44:4Seenoteon43:3.
44:15TheholinessrequiredtoserveGodprefigurestheholinessofChrist(Heb.7:238:6;9:11
28;seenoteonEzek.40:45).
45:1Theexpansionofholyareaprefigurestheholinessofthechurch,whichisaninternational
community(Rev.5:910),andtheholinessofthenewheavenandthenewearth(Rev.21:1
22:5).
45:4Onthepriests,seenoteon40:45.
45:7TheprincesasleadersofIsraelbelongtothesymbolismoftheMosaicorderthatGodusesin
thisvision(seenoteson40:2and40:38).Theypointforwardtotheleadersinthechurch(Eph.
4:11;1Pet.5:15)andinthenewheavenandnewearth.ChrististhesupremeLordoverall(Eph.
1:1923).FulfillmentinChristtransformsthenatureofworshipandsodisplacestheformsof
worshipbelongingtotheshadowsoftheMosaicorder(Heb.8:19:14).
45:18PermanentpurificationhasnowbeenaccomplishedthroughtheofferingofJesusChrist
onceandforall(Heb.10:114).
45:21ChristisourPassoverlamb(1Cor.5:7;seenotesonEzek.40:38and40:45).
46:2Ontheprinceandthepriests,seenoteson40:45and45:7.
47:1RefreshingwaterfromthepresenceofGod(seePs.46:4)prefiguresthelivingwaterthat
ChristoffersthroughtheSpirit(John4:10,1314;6:35;7:3739;Rev.22:12).
47:12ThetreesprefigurethetreeoflifeasasymbolofabundantblessingfromGod(Rev.22:2).
47:13TheinheritanceofthelandwithitsboundariespicksupthethemefromNumbers34,
Joshua1419,andotherpassages.Thelandprefiguresthenewheavenandthenewearth(Heb.
11:1316;Rev.21:1).
47:22TheinclusionofforeignersprefigurestheinclusionoftheGentilesintheblessingofthe
gospelandtheinheritancefromAbraham(Gal.3:9,14,2629;4:2831).
48:1Seenoteon47:13.
48:21GoddwellsconsummatelyinthemidstofhispeopleinRev.21:122:5.SeenotesonEzek.
40:2and40:38.
48:31ThegatesarefoundinRev.21:1213(seenotesonEzek.40:2and40:6).
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Daniel
DanielandhisfriendsexemplifytheconflictbetweenthekingdomofGodandthekingdomsof
thisworld,aconflictthatwillcometoitsclimaxinChrist,inbothhisfirstcomingandhissecond
coming.
1:5Danielandhisfriendsresistthetemptationtoassimilatetotheidolatrouscultureinwhich
theyareimmersed.Christwasinthisworldbutdidnotyieldtotemptation(Matt.4:111;Heb.
4:15),andwearecalledtofollowinhissteps(John17:1419;1Pet.2:21).
1:17DanielislikeJoseph(Gen.40:8;41:39)andprefiguresthewisdomofChrist(1Cor.1:30;Col.
2:3).
2:11GodbyansweringDanielshowsthatheisthetrueGod,andanticipatesthetimewhenGod's
dwellingwillbeintheflesh(John1:14).
2:24Danielalsosavesthelivesofothers,prefiguringChristwhosavesus(Heb.2:1415).
2:44Inthedaysofthefourthkingdom,theRomanEmpire,thekingdomofGodisestablished
throughChrist(Matt.3:2),especiallythroughhisresurrection(Matt.28:18;Eph.1:1923).
3:6Theforcingoffalseworshipanticipatesthesituationwiththebeast(Rev.13:1215)andthe
persecutionagainstthechurch(Acts8:13).
3:18ThewillingnesstodieforthefaithanticipatesChrist'swillingnesstodie(John10:1718)and
thewillingnessofChristianstobemartyrs(Acts7:5560;Rev.6:9;12:11).
3:25TheonelikeasonofthegodsisthepreincarnateChrist(cf.Rev.1:1216).Christidentifies
withthepersecutionoftheJewsandinhispowerprotectsthem.
3:29Theresurrectionlikedeliverancefromdeathresultsinthespreadofthemessageaboutthe
trueGod.Themessageprefiguresthemessageofthegospelannouncingtheresurrectionof
Christ.
4:9Daniel'swisdomandabilitytointerpretdreamsislikethatofJoseph(Gen.41:38).Daniel
servestomediatedivinewisdomtoNebuchadnezzar,andsoprefigurestheuniquemediationof
Christ,whoisthewisdomofGod(1Cor.1:30;Col.2:3).
4:30NebuchadnezzarishumbledbyGod'sjudgment.Theputtingdownofhumanpride
anticipatestheputtingdownofpridewhenGodbringssalvationinChrist(1Cor.1:2631;see
Dan.4:37).
5:4Thejudgmentonidolatryanticipatesthelastjudgment(Rev.20:1115)anddemonstratesthe
sovereigntyofGod.
5:11Seenoteon4:9.
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5:20Seenoteon4:30.
6:7Seenoteon3:6.
6:23TheresurrectionlikedeliveranceofDanielprefigurestheresurrectionofChrist.
6:26ThemessageconcerningthetrueGodisspread,prefiguringthespreadofthegospel,which
announcestheresurrectionofChrist(seenoteon3:29).
7:3Thefourbeastsarefourkingdoms(v.17),correspondingtothefourkingdomsof2:3640.
FeaturesofthefourbeastsarecombinedinthebeastofRev.13:18,whichrepresentsafinal
opponentofGod'speople.
7:9FeaturesofthisappearanceofGodreappearinChrist(Rev.1:1216),whoisGodintheflesh
(John1:14).
7:13JesusistheSonofMan(Matt.24:30;26:64).
7:14ThedominionofChristisassociatedwithhisresurrectionandascension(Matt.28:18;Acts
2:3335;Eph.1:2022)andcontinuesuntiltheconsummation(Rev.22:1).
7:21ThewaragainstthesaintsisdescribedinRev.11:7;13:710.
7:25Theperiodofatime,times,andhalfatime(alsoin12:7)isechoedinthehalfweekin9:27
andisthetimeofpersecutionofthechurchinRev.11:2,3,11;12:6,14.SeealsoDan.8:14and
12:11,12forpossiblefurtherechoes.
8:10Thelittlehorn,AntiochusEpiphanes,persecutedthefaithfulJewsandprofanedthetemple
(168B.C.;see8:23).Heprefiguresthemanoflawlessness,thefinalAntichrist,thegreatopponent
ofGod'speople(2Thess.2:34,712;Rev.12:4).
9:2See2Chron.36:21;Jer.25:1112;and29:10.
9:9DefinitiveforgivenesscomesonlyinChrist(Rom.4:68;Col.1:14).
9:24AtonementcomesinChrist(Heb.7:238:6;10:114).Everlastingrighteousnesscomesboth
withChristtheperfectlyRighteousSavior(Acts3:14)andwiththerighteousnessthathegivesto
hispeopleinjustification(Rom.3:2326;2Cor.5:21).
10:6Thegloriousappearance,reflectingthegloryofGod,prefiguresthegloryofChristinRev.
1:1216.
10:12Daniel'sintercessionforIsraelprefigurestheintercessionofChristthegreathighpriest
(Heb.7:25).
10:13TheangelicwarprefiguresthespiritualwarinRevelation(Rev.12:79).
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11:2Tumultsandwarsonearthcontinueuntiltheend(Matt.24:67;Rev.6:24)andremindus
ofspiritualwar,partofwhichisinvisible(Rev.12:79).Inthemidstoftumult,Christalone
providestruepeace(John16:33;cf.Phil.4:67;1Thess.3:4).
11:31Seenoteon8:10.
11:35TherefiningprocesslooksforwardtoGod'srefiningofthechurch(Rom.5:35;Heb.12:3
11;1Pet.1:67).
11:36Thekingiseitherthemanoflawlessnessof2Thess.2:34oraforeshadowingofhim.
12:1ThebookisidentifiedasthebookoflifeoftheLambthatwasslain(Eph.1:4;Rev.13:8;
17:8),guaranteeingthesalvationofthosewhobelongtoChrist.
12:2LifeandfinaljudgmentarecontrolledbythepowerofChrist(John5:2729).
12:3ThebrightnesslooksforwardtothebrightnessinthenewJerusalem(Rev.21:2227;22:5).
Hosea
TheunfaithfulnessofIsraelcallsforapermanentremedy,whichwillcomeinthefaithfulnessof
ChristtotheFatherandthefaithfulnessthatChristthenworksthroughtheSpiritinhispeople.
God'sloveforIsraelforeshadowsChrist'sloveforthechurch(Eph.5:2527).
1:2Israel'sspiritualadultery,indicatedalsoinJeremiah(seenoteonJer.2:2),isashocking
rebellionthatmustleadtojudgmentonGod'spart(Hos.1:4).YetGodwilleventuallybringa
remedyinChrist(1:10;Rom.9:26).Christpreparesthechurchasafaithfulbride(Eph.5:2527).
1:10InfaithfulnesstothepromisetoAbraham(Gen.13:16;22:17)GodwillrememberIsrael.The
remembrancetakessurprisingforminthatitincludesGentiles(Rom.9:2526)aswellasJews
(Rom.11:2532).
2:3Godinjusticebringsjudgmentonunfaithfulness.Hisjusticeisclimacticallymanifestedin
Christ,throughwhomweescapecondemnation(Rom.3:2326;8:1),andismanifestedinthe
finaljudgment(Rev.20:1121:8).
2:14PunishmentandrestorationforIsraelprefigurethepunishmentandresurrectionofChrist,
thetrueIsrael(Rom.4:25).
2:23Seenoteon1:10.
3:1God'sloveforthewaywardprefigureshisloveforsinnersinChrist(Rom.5:611).
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4:10Falsegodsarenotabletosatisfy.Theirfailureshowsthefollyoffalseworshipandpointsby
contrasttotheonetrueGod,andultimatelytohiswayofsalvationinChrist(John14:6).
5:4ThelackofknowledgeofGodpointsbycontrasttotrueknowledge,whichistobefound
ultimatelyinChrist(John14:7;17:3).
5:14Seenoteon2:3.
6:2TheinvitationtocometotheLordprefigurestheinvitationofthegospel(Acts16:31;17:30
31).ThegrantingoflifeonthethirddayprefigurestheresurrectionofChristasthesourceoflife
tohispeople(Col.3:14).
6:3GodisknowntrulyinChrist(Matt.11:27;John14:6;17:3).
6:6Jesusteachesthecentralityofsteadfastlove(Matt.9:13;12:7).
7:5Thekingandprincesparticipateinsinwiththepeople,pointingtotheneedforafaithfulking.
ChrististhefaithfulkinginthelineofDavid(Matt.1:116).
8:13Godinhisjusticepunishes.Sincethepeoplehavebrokenhiscovenant,hereversesthe
deliverancefromEgyptthatwasanaspectofcovenantalredemption.Agreaterredemptionis
needed,whichistobefoundinChrist(Matt.2:15;Heb.8:813).
9:10Israel'spresentapostasyrepeatstheoldapostasyatBaalpeor(Num.25:15),pointingto
theneedforapermanentremedyandapermanentchangeofheart,whichwillcomeinChrist
(Heb.8:813).
10:6Seenoteon4:10.
10:8FearofGod'swrathprefiguresthefearfulcharacterofthefinaljudgment(Luke23:30;Rev.
6:16).
10:12FullrighteousnesscomesinChrist(Rom.3:2326;8:14).
11:1Israel,labeledGod'ssoninEx.4:22(seeDeut.8:5),cameoutofEgyptintheexodus
(Exodus14).ThemovementofIsraelprefiguresthemovementofChrist(Matt.2:15),whoisthe
faithfulSon(Matt.3:17),whereasIsraelassonrepeatedlyfailed(Hos.11:2).
11:11Ontherestorationfromexile,seenoteonIsa.35:10.
12:2God'spunishmentsaretheproductofhisjustice,prefiguringthejusticeoffinaljudgment
(Rev.20:1115).Suchdemonstrationsofjusticemakeplaintheneedforpardonthroughthe
propitiationofChrist(1John2:12).
13:14Thethreatofdeathaspunishmentforsin(Rom.6:23)isfinallyansweredthroughthe
resurrectionofChrist(John11:2526;1Cor.15:5557;Heb.2:1415).
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14:1Thecommandtorepentanticipatesthecommandtorepentinthegospel(Acts2:38).
14:5ThepromiseofblessingprefigurestheblessingsofsalvationinChrist(Eph.1:314;seenote
onIsa.27:6).
Joel
ThedayoftheLord,thedayofGod'scoming(seenoteonIsa.13:6),bringsjudgmentonsinbut
alsomayincludeblessing.Bothaspectsarefulfilledinboththefirstcomingandthesecond
comingofChrist.
1:4GodsentalocustplagueontheEgyptiansduringthetimeofMoses(Ex.10:120).Butthe
plagueinJoel'sdaycomesonGod'sownpeoplebecauseoftheirsins(seeDeut.28:38).Itshows
thedesperateneedforforgivenessinChristandprefiguresthelocustplagueprecedingthe
judgmentofthesecondcoming(Rev.9:111).
1:13Seenoteon2:12.
1:15ThedayoftheLord,thedaywhenGodappears,isadayofjudgment(seenoteonIsa.13:6).
2:12Thecalltorepentanticipatesthegospelcalltorepent(Acts2:38).
2:18Christwelcomesrepentantsinners(Luke5:32;15:7).
2:28TheclimacticblessingisthepouringoutoftheSpirit,accomplishedatPentecost(Acts2:16
21).
2:32NTpreachinginviteslistenerstobesavedbythenameofChrist(Acts2:3841;Rom.10:13;
seeActs4:12).
3:13AtthesecondcomingGodexecutesjudgment(Rev.14:1420).
3:15ThelightisdarkenedatthesecondcomingaspartofGod'sjudgment(Matt.24:2931;Rev.
6:12;seeRev.8:12).Thedarkeningatthecrucifixionalsoindicatesjudgment(Matt.27:45).
3:17TheholinessofJerusalemisperfectedintheconsummation(Rev.21:27).
Amos
GodcomestoIsraelwithbothjudgmentforsinandpromisesofrestoration.Thejudgmentand
restorationanticipatethecrucifixionandresurrectionofChrist,aswellasthefinaljudgment(Rev.
20:1115).ThedemandforrighteousnessisfulfilledintherighteousnessofChrist(Rom.8:14).
1:1Godgivesthepropheciesduringthetimecoveredin2Kings14:2315:7.
1:2ThepowerofGod'swordinjudgmentanticipatesthepower ofChrist'sword,bothinhisfirst
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comingandinhissecondcoming(John12:4850;Rev.19:15,21).
1:3Damascus,thecapitalofSyria,isjudged,prefiguringfinaljudgmentonGod'senemies(Rev.
20:1115).OnthedisplayofGod'sjusticeinjudgment,seenotesonLam.1:5andEzek.18:4.
2:4Goddoesnotoverlookthesinsofhisownpeople,butcallsthemtoaccountjustashedidthe
othernations(1:32:3).Heshowshisimpartiality(Rom.2:1116).Allaresubjecttocursefortheir
disobedience,andescapeisfoundonlyinChrist(Gal.3:1314;Rom.3:931).
3:2Thosewithgreaterprivilegesareliabletogreaterpunishment(Luke12:48).Theprincipleis
shownintheguiltthatcomestothoseJewswhorejectChrist(Matt.11:2024;John15:2225).
3:8Seenoteon1:2.
3:10ThedemandforrighteousnessisanintegralpartofGod'slaw.Righteousnessistobefulfilled
intherighteousnessofChrist(Rom.1:17;2Cor.5:21)andinhisfollowers(Rom.8:14).
3:12Ontheremnant,seenoteonIsa.1:9and6:13.
4:6Stubbornness,likethestubbornnessofPharaohintheexodus,increasesguilt.Stubbornness
characterizesIsrael'shistory,andcomestoaclimaxintherejectionofChrist(Acts7:5153;see
noteonIsa.29:13).ThejudgmentsonIsraelwereprophesiedinDeut.28:1568.
5:18PeoplehopedthatthedayoftheLordwouldmeanjudgmentagainstIsrael'senemies.Butit
involvesjudgmentonsinnersuniversally,includingIsrael.Seenoteson2:4;Isa.13:6;and13:9.
5:27TheexileofthenorthernkingdomtolandsbeyondDamascusandthenthesouthern
kingdomtoBabylonprefiguresfinaljudgment.
6:1PrideandselfconfidencearejudgedbyGod,anticipatingthejudgmentagainsthumanpride
inthegospel(1Cor.1:2631).
7:3TheLordinmercydoesnotsimplydestroy,butrefineshispeople.Hismercyanticipatesthe
mercytobemanifestedinChrist(Matt.9:27).
8:9Thedarkeningisasymbolofjudgment,prefiguringthejudgmentatthecrucifixion(Matt.
27:45)andatthesecondcoming(Matt.24:2931;Rev.6:12;seeJoel3:15andRev.8:12).
9:1Thelackofescapeprefigurestheuniversalityofthelastjudgment(Rev.20:1115).
9:8Ontheremnant,see3:12andnotesonIsa.1:9and6:13.
9:11ThehouseofDavidisraisedupwhenChristisraised.
9:12WhenChristisraised,thenations(Gentiles)becomeincludedinGod'sblessings,in
fulfillmentofthepromisetoAbraham(Gen.12:3).
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Obadiah
ThejudgmentagainstEdom,atraditionalenemyofIsrael,contributestotheblessingofGod's
people.ThejudgmentandvindicationprefigurethevindicationofChristandthejudgments
againsthisenemies,bothinhisfirstcomingandinhissecondcoming.
3Godjudgeshumanpride,anticipatingthegospel'sjudgmentonpride(1Cor.1:2631).
10ThosewhoattackGod'speoplewillultimatelybedestroyedinthelastjudgment(Rev.20:11
15).
15OnthedayoftheLord,seenoteonIsa.13:6.Ontheprincipleofjustretribution,seenoteon
Prov.1:18.
Jonah
Jonah'srescuefromdeathprefigurestheresurrectionofChrist(Matt.12:3940).Therepentance
oftheNinevitesprefigurestherepentanceofGentileswhorespondtothegospel(Matt.28:18
20;Luke24:47).
1:15ThesavingofmarinersthroughthesacrificeofJonahprefiguresthesalvationofallnations
throughthedeathofChrist(1John2:2).
1:17Jonahisunderthesea,symbolizingtherealmofdeath.Hisstateprefiguresthedeathof
Christ(Matt.12:40).
2:6Jonah'srescuefromdeathprefigurestheresurrectionofChristfromthedead(Matt.12:40).
3:5GentilesrepentinresponsetothepreachingofJonah,whofigurativelyhasbeenraisedfrom
thedeathofthebellyofthefish.Gentilesrepentinresponsetothepreachingofthe
resurrectionofChrist(Matt.28:1820).
3:10TherepentanceofGentilescontrastswiththerepeatedlackofrepentanceonthepartof
Israel(Matt.12:41;21:43).
4:11God'smercyisshownabundantlyinthegospelandinthesalvationofGentileswhodeserve
nothing(Rom.9:3031;11:30).
Micah
GodpronouncesjudgmentonIsrael,prefiguringfinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115)andthejudgment
thatfellonChrist(Gal.3:13).HepromisesblessingthroughtheMessiah,anticipatingtheblessings
ofsalvationinChrist(Eph.1:314).
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1:5Godinjusticecannotoverlookthesinsofhispeople.Punishmentprefiguresthepunishment
ofthelastjudgment(Rev.20:1115)andthesubstitutionarypunishmentthatChristboreforhis
people(1Pet.2:24).
2:3Onthejudgmentofhumanpride,seenotesonIsa.2:11;Ezek.31:14;andAmos6:1.
3:12Onthedestructionoftheholycity,seenoteonPs.74:3.
4:1TheexaltationofthenameofGodisaccomplishedinChrist(seenoteonIsa.2:2).
5:2TheMessiahistobeborninBethlehem(Matt.2:16).
5:8Ontheremnant,see2:12andnotesonIsa.1:9and6:13.
6:2Israeldoesnotescapejudgmentforhersins.Thisjudgmentprefiguresthejusticeand
thoroughnessoffinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115).
6:8Sacrificescannotreplacetheneedforjusticeandkindness.Thefocusonrealrighteousness
anticipatesJesus'teaching(Matt.5:2324;9:13;15:1020)andisfulfilledinJesus'own
righteousness(Acts3:14;Rom.8:14).
7:6ThefamilytreacheryinIsraelanticipatesthefamilytreacheryfromresistancetoChrist(Matt.
10:3536).
7:18PardonisaccomplishedinChrist(Rom.3:2326;1John2:2).Ontheremnant,seenoteson
Isa.1:9and6:13.
Nahum
JudgmentonNineveh,atraditionalenemyofGod'speople,prefiguresfinaljudgmentandfinal
releasefromoppression(Rev.20:1121:8).
1:15ThegoodnewsofdeliverancefromtheoppressionofNinevehprefiguresthegoodnewsof
eternaldeliverancefromsinanddeathinthegospel(Isa.52:7;Mark1:1;Rom.1:1).
2:3TheattackanddestructionofNinevehprefiguresGod'swarthroughChristagainsthisultimate
enemies(Matt.12:29;Luke10:1719;John12:31;Rev.19:1121;20:710).
3:4Nineveh'spunishmentprefiguresthepunishmentfortheidolatrousseductionofBabylonthe
prostitute(Rev.17:16;18:13).
Habakkuk
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God'suseofawickednationtoaccomplishhisrighteousnessforeshadowstheuseofwicked
opponentstoaccomplishhispurposeinthecrucifixionofChrist.
1:4Theperversionofjusticeinthetriumphofthewickedprefiguresthetemporarytriumphofthe
wickedinthecrucifixionofChrist.
1:5TheunbelievabilityofGod'suseofawickedpeople,theChaldeans,prefiguresthe
unbelievabilityofthewayinwhichtheinjusticeofthecrucifixionofChristisusedbyGodfor
salvation.
1:13InthecrucifixionofChristthewickedleadersswallowedupChristtherighteousone.
2:4TherighteouspersontrustsinGod;hebelievesthatGod'spromisesaretrueandthathewill
bringtopasshisrighteouspurposes.ThistrustanticipatestrustinChrist(Rom.1:17;Gal.3:11;
Heb.10:3738),inwhomthepromisesofGodarefulfilled(2Cor.1:20).
2:8Ontheprincipleofjustretribution,seenoteonProv.1:18.
2:16OnthecupofGod'swrath,seenoteonJer.25:15.
3:13Godappearstobringsalvationtohispeopleandtotheanointedking.Salvationcomeswhen
GodappearsinChrist(John1:14;14:9),whenChristtheanointedkingissavedfromdeathinhis
resurrection,andwhenhispeoplearesavedthroughChrist.
Zephaniah
Judgmentsonevilpeopleanticipatethefinaljudgment(Rev.20:1115)andindicatethenecessity
ofChrist'sworkandsinbearinginordertosaveusfromjudgment(seenoteonIsa.13:9).
1:2Godinhisholinessiszealoustoeliminateallevil.Hiscommitmentanticipatesthefinal
judgmentandrenewaloftheconsummation(2Pet.3:1013;Rev.21:1).
2:3ThecallforhumilityprefiguresthegospelcalltorepentandturntotheLord(Acts2:38),and
thecalltoavoidthecomingwrath(Acts17:3031).
2:10Onthepunishmentofpride,seenoteonEzek.31:14.
3:15TheremovalofjudgmentsandcursecomeswithChrist(Rom.8:1;Gal.3:1314).Christisthe
Lordinourmidst(Matt.1:23;John1:14)andnowindwellsthechurchthroughtheSpirit(John
14:20;Rom.8:910).
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Haggai
TherebuildingofthetempleprefiguresthebuildingofNTtemples:thechurch(1Cor.3:16;Eph.
2:2022)andthenewJerusalem(Rev.21:922:5).
1:1GodgivesthepropheciesduringthetimecoveredinEzra56(seeEzra5:1and6:14).
1:2ThehouseoftheLordsymbolizeshispresenceandlooksforwardtoChristastemple(John
1:14;2:1921),thechurchastemple(1Cor.3:16;Eph.2:2022),andthedwellingofGodinthe
newJerusalem(Rev.21:3;21:2222:5).
1:13ThepromisetobewiththepeopleanticipatesGodbeingwithhispeopleinChrist(Matt.
1:23,Immanuel)andthroughtheSpiritofChrist(Rom.8:910;1Cor.3:16).
2:4OurworkisnotinvainintheLord(1Cor.15:58;Phil.2:1213).
2:6Godshakestheoldorder,showingthatweshouldputourhopeinhisunshakablekingdomin
Christ(Heb.12:2628).
2:7TheultimategloryofGodisfoundinJesusChrist(John1:14;Rev.21:2223).
Zechariah
Therebuildinginthetimeoftherestorationfromexileprefigurestheeternalsalvationthatcomes
inChrist.
1:1GodgivesthepropheciesduringthetimecoveredinEzra56(seeEzra5:1and6:14).
1:3ThecalltoreturnprefiguresthegospelcalltorepentandcometoGod(Acts2:38;17:3031).
1:16MercyonJerusalemprefiguresthemercyonsinnersinChrist(Luke5:32).
2:5ThegloryofGodismanifestinJesusChrist(John1:14;17:15;Rev.21:2227).
2:11Onthecomingofthenations,seenotesonIsa.2:2;11:10;and42:6.
3:4TheremovalofiniquitysymbolizesjustificationinChrist(Rom.3:2326;5:1).
3:8TheBranchistheMessiah(basedonIsa.11:1).
4:6TheSpiritofChristgivesapermanentsupplyofpowerandlight(John16:1315;Rom.8:9
13).
5:3WecanescapethecurseforwrongdoingthroughChrist,whoborethecurseforus(Gal.3:13
14).
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6:12OntheBranch,seenoteson3:8andIsa.11:1.
6:13Christbuildsthetemple,thechurch(Matt.16:18;1Cor.3:1016).
7:9Thecentralimportanceofrighteousness,ratherthansacrifice,appearsin1Sam.15:2223,
Amos5:2127;Mic.6:78,andMatt.9:13,andunderlinesthesuperiorityoftherighteousnessof
Christoverallanimalsacrifices(Heb.10:114).
8:3OnGod'sdwelling,seenoteonHag.1:2.
8:22Onthecomingofthenations,seenotesonIsa.2:2and11:10.
9:9JesusthekingcomestoJerusalemonadonkey(Matt.21:19).
10:9TherestorationfromexileprefiguresfinalsalvationandlifeinChrist(John6:35;14:6).
11:10Faithlessnessleadstoannullingthecovenant,indicatingtheneedforanewcovenant(Heb.
8:813).
11:12ThirtypiecesofsilveristhepayoffconnectedwithrepudiatingtheLordastrueshepherd.It
anticipatesthepayoffforJudas(Matt.26:15;27:910).
12:10RepentanceinvolveslookingonthecrucifiedMessiah(John3:1415;19:37).
13:1CleansingfromsincomesinChrist(1John2:12).
13:7ThedisciplesarescatteredatthetimewhenChristtheshepherdiscrucified(Matt.26:31).
14:8ThelivingwatersarefoundinChrist(John4:10;Rev.22:1;seenoteonEzek.47:1.
14:20HolinessisfoundinChrist(Acts2:27;Heb.7:26)andinthenewJerusalemthathe
establishes(Rev.21:2222:5).
Malachi
DisobedienceandcompromiseareeliminatedwiththecomingofChristandhispurification.
1:2God'ssovereignloveforJacobprefiguresthesovereigntyofhislovefortheelect(Rom.9:1
29).
1:7ThedangerofdespisingGodcontinuesinthechurchattheLord'sSupper(1Cor.10:21).
2:8Thecorruptionofthecovenantshowstheneedforanewcovenant(Heb.8:813)anda
perfectpriest(Heb.7:118:6).
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3:1JohntheBaptististhemessengerpreparingthewayforChrist,whoistheLord,themessenger
ofthecovenant(Matt.11:1011).
3:7Onthecalltorepentance,seenoteonJer.18:11.
4:6JohntheBaptistpreparesheartsforthecomingoftheLordinthepersonofChrist(Luke1:17).
12/28/2009

History of Salvation in OT

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History of Salvation in the Old Testament:

History of Salvation in the Old Testament:

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