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Energy Flow and Control in WECS Generators
Basic questions for Wind System Installation Is there enough wind ? Are tall wind towers allowed in your area? Do you have enough space? How much electricity do you need or want to produce? Do you want to connect to the utility grid or be grid-independent? Can you afford a wind energy system?
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Kinetic > Mechanical > Electric Wind is created by the unequal heating of the Earths surface by the sun. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical power that runs a generator to produce clean electricity.
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1 m/s = 3.6 km/h = 2.237 mph = 1.944 knots 1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour = 0.5144 m/s = 1.852 km/h = 1.125 mph average wind speed: The mean wind speed over a specified period of time.
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Function Contains the key components of the wind turbine, including the gearbox, yaw system, and electrical generator. Captures the wind and transfers its power to the rotor hub. Attaches the rotor to the low-speed shaft of the wind turbine. Connects the rotor hub to the gearbox. Connects to the low-speed shaft and turns the highspeed shaft at a ratio several times (approximately 50 for a 600 kW turbine) faster than the low-speed shaft. Drives the electrical generator by rotating at approximately 1,500 revolutions per minute (RPM). The mechanical brake is used as backup to the aerodynamic brake, or when the turbine is being serviced. Usually an induction generator or asynchronous generator with a maximum electric power of 500 to 1,500 kilowatts (kW) on a modern wind turbine. Turns the nacelle with the rotor into the wind using electrical or other motors. 13
Hub
Low speed shaft
Gear box
Electronic controller
Continuously monitors the condition of the wind turbine. Controls pitch and yaw mechanisms. In case of any malfunction (e.g., overheating of the gearbox or the generator), it automatically stops the wind turbine and may also be designed to signal the turbine operator's computer via a modem link. Resets the aerodynamic brakes of the wind turbine. May also perform other functions. Cools the electrical generator using an electric fan or liquid cooling system. In addition, the system may contain an oil cooling unit used to cool the oil in the gearbox. Carries the nacelle and the rotor. Generally, it is advantageous to have a high tower, as wind speeds increase farther away from the ground.
Hydraulic system
Cooling system
Tower
Measures the speed and the direction of the wind while sending signals to the controller to start or stop the turbine.
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Some definitions:
Solidity: In reference to a wind energy conversion device, the ratio of rotor blade surface area to the frontal, swept area that the rotor passes through. wind rose: A diagram that indicates the average percentage of time that the wind blows from different directions, on a monthly or annual basis. power curve: A plot of a wind energy conversion device's power output versus wind speed. power coefficient: The ratio of power produced by a wind energy conversion device to the power in a reference area of the free wind stream.
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WIND Wind Speed at 10 m height 0.0-0.4 m/s (0.0-0.9 knots) 0.4-1.8 m/s (0.9-3.5 knots) 1.8-3.6 m/s (3.5-7.0 knots) 3.6-5.8 m/s (7-11 knots) 5.8-8.5 m/s (11-17 knots) 8.5-11 m/s (17-22 knots) 11-14 m/s (22-28 knots) 14-17 m/s (28-34 knots) 17-21 m/s (34-41 knots) 21-25 m/s (41-48 knots) 25-29 m/s (48-56 knots) 29-34 m/s (56-65 knots) >34 m/s (>65 knots)
SPEED SCALE Beaufort scale Wind 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hurricane Calm Light Light Light Moderate Fresh Strong Strong Gale Gale Strong Gale 17
Requirements: wind to electric Conversion Force of wind needs turbine area, height and direction control:
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The formula for calculating the power from a wind turbine is:
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The tip-speed is the ratio of the rotational speed of the blade to the wind speed. The larger this ratio, the faster the rotation of the wind turbine rotor at a given wind speed. Electricity generation requires high rotational speeds. Lift-type wind turbines have maximum tip-speed ratios of around 10
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number of blades
The number of rotor blades and the total area they cover affect wind turbine performance. For a lift-type rotor to function effectively, the wind must flow smoothly over the blades. To avoid turbulence, spacing between blades should be great enough so that one blade will not encounter the disturbed, weaker air flow caused by the blade which passed before it. It is because of this requirement that most wind turbines have only two or three blades on their rotors
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Operating Characteristics
All wind machines share certain operating characteristics, such as cut-in, rated and cut-out
wind speeds.
Cut-in Speed Cut-in speed is the minimum wind speed at which the wind turbine will generate usable power. This wind speed is typically between 7 and 10 mph. Rated Speed The rated speed is the minimum wind speed at which the wind turbine will generate its designated rated power. For example, a "10 kilowatt" wind turbine may not generate 10 kilowatts until wind speeds reach 25 mph. Rated speed for most machines is in the range of 25 to 35 mph.
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Rated Speed
At wind speeds between cut-in and rated, the
Generators
The generator is what converts the turning motion of a wind turbine's blades into electricity. Inside this component, coils of wire are rotated in a magnetic field to produce electricity. Different generator designs produce either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC), and they are available in a large range of output power ratings. The generator's rating, or size, is dependent on the length of the wind turbine's blades because more energy is captured by longer blades.
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It is important to select the right type of generator to match your intended use. Most
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Transmission
The number of revolutions per minute (rpm) of a wind turbine rotor can range between 40 rpm and 400 rpm, depending on the model and the wind speed. Generators typically require rpm's of 1,200 to 1,800. As a result, most wind turbines require a gear-box transmission to increase the rotation of the generator to the speeds necessary for efficient electricity production.
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Maximum tower height is optional in most cases, except where zoning restrictions apply. The decision of what height tower to use will be based on the cost of taller towers versus the value of the increase in energy production resulting from their use.
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