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CONTENTS

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.. 2 BIODATA . ..... 3 INTRODUCTION ....7 RESEARCH METHODS ...9 SURVEY FORM & SURVEY ANALYSIS 10 EXAMPLES ...22 ENGINEERING ETHICS & CASE STUDY ... 32 SUMMARY ..... 40 RECOMMENDATION ....41 REFERENCES ....42 APPENDIX .. 44 MINUTE MEETING .. 48

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First and foremost, we would like to thank to our lecturer, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norashidah bt Md. Din for the valuable guidance and advice. She inspired us greatly to work in this project. Her willingness to motivate us contributed tremendously to our project. This project would not have been possible without the support of many people. To our group mates who willingly helped us gather the necessary data and information needed for this compilation, we thank you. The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed and who are contributing to this project, was vital for the success of the project. Finally, an honourable mention goes to our families for their understandings and supports on us in completing this project. Also, we thank them for giving us not just financial, but moral and spiritual support. Without helps of the particular that mentioned above, we would face many difficulties while doing this.

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NAMA NO ID NO TEL NEGERI ASAL EMAIL PRINSIP

: NUR HAZZARITA BT MOHD NASIR : CE085318 : 017-9590948 : KELANTAN : mauritius91_hazza@yahoo.com : NEVER GIVE UP. NO SUCCESS COMES WITHOUT EFFORT AND FAILURE.

NAMA NO ID NO TEL NEGERI ASAL EMAIL PRINSIP

: LINA MAHIRAH BT ABDUL TALIP : EE085371 : 013-6248225 : SELANGOR : maher_jie@yahoo.com : NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE.

NAMA NO ID NO TEL

: NUR FARAZUIEN BINTI MD SAID : CE085317 : 017-8838875 : JOHOR : farazuien1509@yahoo.com

NEGERI ASAL EMAIL

PRINSIP : FIGHT TO THE END!

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NAMA NO ID NO TEL NEGERI ASAL EMAIL PRINSIP : AMINAH SHAKIRAH BTE JAAFAR : CE 085289 : 017 6937093 : MELAKA : minotjaafar14@yahoo.com : EVERYTHING HAPPEN IS THERE FOR A REASON.

NAMA NO ID NO TEL NEGERI ASAL EMAIL PRINSIP

: NORHAYATI BT ABU KASSIM : CE 087128 : 012-6905147 : MELAKA : yatihayatie147@gmail.com : BE THE BEST AMONG THE BEST.

NAMA NO ID NO TEL NEGERI ASAL EMAIL PRINSIP

: WONG WENG HONG : CE 086077 : 016-6606538 : SEREMBAN : wenghong900426@msn.com : A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty

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NAMA NO ID NO TEL NEGERI ASAL EMAIL PRINSIP

: MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN ISHAMUDDIN : EP 087812 : 017-6080304 : JOHOR : Msyafiq5292@gmail.com : Do your job at your best like you will die tomorrow.

NAMA NO ID NO TEL NEGERI ASAL EMAIL PRINSIP

: SYARIFAH AFIQAH BT SYED AHMAD JAMALONLAIN ME085668 : 012-3382917 : SELANGOR : syafiqaharifah@gmail.com : AIM FOR THE BEST!

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INTRODUCTION
Flaws of product has become major problem in manufacturing field. Nowadays,consumer highly realize about legal liability.With the participation of agency such as Persatuan Pengguna Pulau Pinang,A company that manufact a product extremely aware about their quality control.It s hardly denied that no matter how good the product quality,some of it not achieve a quality standard.In fact it will become dangerous and can cause an injury to the consumer.This is due on several factor that hard to avoid.It not weird when this problem has become a dilemma to a company.In fact,it cause losses a million dollar. A defective products are the product that have some kind of flaws.Defective products are recogrnize from many aspect such as design,manufacturing process,failure of company to warn to their consumer and many more.The awareness of claiming a losses on defective product has highly increase.The company that responsible on that matter usually try to avoid from their rensposibility.In this situation,ethical rules are slowly fading where the profit comes at the first place.Revealing the defective products has become major issue.Even the consumer wont recognizes,it still classify as illegal. In this report,a research were conducted on revealing a defective products.In this research,law and ethical aspects are higly considered to make sure all the result are proffesionaly provided.Engineer is one of the party that play a role in this matter where engineer must posses no tolerance and no mistakes.This is the most difficult responsibility when every single mistake may affect individual live.This report concerns about responsibility of a company including manager,engineer and also responsibility of consumer. We were conducted several survey to consumer,engineer and company.The aim of this survey is to gather the data for our research.From that,the source of problem can be found because the survey considered many party including company,technical staff and consumer.Besides that,this report also contain the case study on defective product that cause injury or any wrong outcome from the product.This part is one of the important part when almost all the solutions of the problem were being made based on the case study.

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This report also contain the impact from the problem.Impacts of the problem are important because these are one of the reason on conducting the research.By knowing the impacts,the awareness of producing and consuming defective product can higly increase among both production company and consumer. Not only that,the quality of the production will increase when all the staff higly aware about the importantant for producing a high quality and preventing defective products.

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RESEARCH METHODS

There are few methods that we used in our research. One of them is questionnaire. A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Generally, this method is very effective and it is relatively quick to collect information. We conduct our survey by online survey and also by hand survey. We set our respondents to 30 people. In our survey, questions that we were asked are in the form of situation where respondents need to be customer, engineer and also owner of the company. This is link of our online survey: http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/S9HVBP7. Besides that, we also gathered information and data from documentation via internet (search engines). We have been exposed to different types of data which consists of various facts and ideas from different angle. Due to this, we did more research and comparison with the sources that we obtain in order to conclude base on our main topic.

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Please write Y for Yes and N for No in the provided box. Role as the customer Question 1) Do you always check carefully before buying any product? 2) As a customer, did you blame the seller if there is a sudden faulty of the product? 3) As a customer, are you confident that the product that you buy is 100% in a good condition? 4) When you refer to the seller about the faulty product, did they claim the faulty came from them? Answer

Role as the engineer Question 1) Do you think as the engineer, they are responsible for testing the durability and reliability of a product making sure that it performs how it supposed to be every time? 2) Do u agree that one of the roles of engineers is to ensure that the product they design conform to the specifications and be safe as possible? 3) Do you agree that engineers have to take responsible care to protect life, property and the environment and to the efficient use of resources as stated in the code of ethics? Answer

Role as a company owner Question 1) Should a company replace defective products even if the customer wont recognize the defect? 2) Would you tell the customer that the product is defected? 3) Would you at least try to ensure that the defected products are still safe to be used? 4) Is not replacing the defective products a good ethic?
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ANALYSIS
1) Do you always check carefully before buying any product?

4
YES

26

NO

Based on the survey done for question 1, Do you always check carefully before buying any products? From the survey, majority people (86.67%) answer YES. Why? Because, as a customer, we need to check the quality and condition of the product to ensure that the product is wellfunction also out of defect. The balance persons (13.33%) choose NO, because they just trust the manufacturer and buy with complacent.

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2) As a customer, did you blame the seller if there is a sudden faulty of the product?

11 19
YES NO

Based on the survey done for question 2, As the customer, did you blame the seller if there is a sudden faulty of the product? From the above pie chart, show that 19 persons answer YES. This is because they would feel the seller is not doing their work to make sure 100% good products sell. Otherwise, they should know that the product the seller sells is not from their handmade, but come from manufacture. People should send comment to the products manufacture for serious action taken. The balance 11 persons choose NO, because they think the false is come from the manufacturer, not the seller.

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3) As a customer, are you confident that the product that you buy is 100% in a good condition?

10 20
YES NO

Based on the survey done for question 3, As a customer, are you confident that the product that you buy is 100% in a good condition? From the above statistic, 20 persons (66.67%) answer YES. The persons that answer yes necessarily check the condition of the product carefully before buy. They would inspect every each of side of the phone if any defect found, yet they also check the quality of the product to ensure the product is functional. The balance 11 persons (33.33%) choose NO, because they think the product selling is very sure in perfect condition as the product is on market. This is also come from their belief.

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4) Do you think as the engineer, they are responsible for testing the durability and reliability of a product making sure that it performs how it supposed to be every time?

8
YES

22

NO

Based on the survey done for question 4, do u think as the engineer, they are responsible for testing the durability and reliability of a product making sure that it performs how it supposed to be every time ? Most of the respondents agreed that the engineers are the one responsible for the durability and reliability of the product. This is due to the fact that engineers are bound to the code of ethics that is designed to prevent situations of conflict which will impair the professionals ability to exercise complete care and diligence in his work.

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5) Do u agree that one of the roles of engineers is to ensure that the product they design conform to the specifications and be safe as possible?

6 24
YES NO

Based on the survey done for question 5, do u agree that one of the roles of engineer is to ensure that the product they design conform to the specifications and be safe as possible? Based on the survey 24 respondents agreed that engineers have to ensure that the products they produce meets the requirements and specifications and are in safe condition while the other 6 disagreed. This is due to the fact that engineers have to accept responsibility for all work/products under him and to inform clients/customers of the possible danger or defects.

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6)Do you agree that engineers have to take responsible care to protect life, property and the environment and to the efficient use of resources as stated in the code of ethics?

27

YES NO

Based on the survey done for question 6, do u agree that engineers have to take responsible care to protect life, property and the environment and to the efficient use of resources as stated in the code of ethics? Based on the survey most respondents agreed because there is a great dependence on the development of civilization, the conservation and management of natural resources, and the improvement of the of the standards of living of mankind and that are greatly affected by the work of the engineer.

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7) Should a company replace defective products even if the customer wont recognize the defect?

3
YES NO

27

Based on the survey done for question 7, most of the respondents agreed to replace the defective products even if the customer wont recognize the defect. This is may be the proper ethic that customer requires in a company. A company should be honest to the customer as customer is the one who are going to use the product. If the product is found out defected later by the customer, the company can be sued since the quality of the product is not worth the price. It can be considered as cheating too. This may also cause harm to the customer if the product is affected by the defect and is not properly functioned. Even though replacing the defected products may cause a big loss to the company and wasting time, it is done for the sake of the companys reputation. Once the customers feel betrayed, they will never choose that company again for any other products. Furthermore, customers safety should be prioritized. It will cause a bad reputation for the company if customer is injured due to the defected product.

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8) Would you tell the customer that the product is defected?

8 22
YES NO

Based on the survey done for question 8, 22 respondents disagreed to tell the customer that the product is defected. This is because that action may give a bad reputation to the company since they are revealing their own weakness. Customers will definitely buy the same product from other company that does not provide defected product. In fact, the customer would not know if the other companys product is defected or not. So, it is not a good move to tell the customer about the products deficiency. The company must think of a good strategy on how to attract customer if they are going to tell the customer about the defective products. One of the ways is to reduce the selling price so that customer will make a second thought of buying the product since the price is more reasonable. However, reducing the price will automatically reduce the profit gain for the company. Eventually, customer nowadays is smart as they choose to have a good quality product and willing to pay high rather than having a poor quality product even if it is cheap.

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9) Would you at least try to ensure that the defected products are still safe to be used?

14

16

YES NO

Based on the survey done for question 9, majority does not agree to at least try to ensure that the defected products are still safe to be used. It will somehow waste time and money for the process. The defected products need to be sent back to the factory to retest the function whether it is still in a good condition or not. Transportation and labor work will surely contribute to a high cost payment according to the current demands. Rather than retesting the products, it is better to replace the defective products with a brand new product. Even though replacing the defected products will cost a lot of money too, it will surely give the best quality of the product and the customer will be satisfied. After all, its the quality that is matter. Customer is willing to pay for something that is worth to pay for because price doesnt measure a products quality.

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10) Is not replacing the defective products a good ethic?

5
YES

25

NO

Based on the survey done for question 10, almost all of the respondents agreed that not replacing the defective products is not a good ethic. Lying to the customer is not good as the company needs them to purchase their products. Betraying customers trust is a very high risk action. When they find out that the company is lying, they can definitely sue and boycott the company. It is worse if the company is producing various types of products. It would be a shame to the company and it will face a major loss of profit. After all, a company should not just think about gaining profits without considering customers satisfaction and trust. Giving the best service for customer is a very good ethic in order to have a healthy two way customer and company bonding. It will be a win-win situation for both parties.

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EXAMPLE 1
THE FORD PINTO CASE:

In May of 1968, the Ford Motor Company, based upon a recommendation by then vicepresident Lee Iacocca, decided to introduce a subcompact car and produce it domestically. In an effort to gain a large market share, the automobile was designed and developed on an accelerated schedule. During the first few years sales of the Pinto were excellent, but there was trouble on the horizon. A. Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Company In May 1972, Lily Gray was traveling with thirteen year old Richard Grimshaw in a 1972 Pinto when their car was struck by another car traveling approximately thirty miles per hour. The impact ignited a fire in the Pinto which killed Lily Gray and left Richard Grimshaw with devastating injuries. A judgment was rendered against Ford and the jury awarded the Gray family $560,000 and Matthew Grimshaw $2.5 million in compensatory damages. The surprise came when the jury awarded $125 million in punitive damages as well. This was subsequently reduced to $3.5 million. B. The Criminal Case Six month following the controversial Grirnshaw verdict, Ford was involved in yet another controversial case involving the Pinto. The automobile's fuel system design contributed
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(whether or not it was the sole cause is arguable) to the death of three women on August 10, 1918 when their car was hit by another vehicle traveling at a relatively low speed by a man driving with open beer bottles, marijuana, caffeine pills and capsules of "speed." 4 The fact that Ford had chosen earlier not to upgrade the fuel system design became an issue of public debate as a result of this case. The debate was heightened because the prosecutor of Elkart County, Indiana chose to prosecute Ford for reckless homicide and criminal recklessness. Some felt the issues raised in the Ford Pinto cases were an example of the "deep pocket" company disregarding consumer safety in pursuit of the almighty dollar. Others feel they are an example of runaway media coverage blowing a story out of proportion. 5 Regardless of opinion, the Ford Pinto case is a tangled web of many complex legal and ethical issues. To determine if the proper result was achieved in this case, one has to evaluate and weigh these many issues. The central issue in deciding whether Ford should be liable for electing not to redesign a defective product in order to maximize its bottom line, one must analyze the so-called "cost/benefit" analysis Ford used to defend this decision. Within the scope of this paper, this cost/benefit issue (and associated sub-issues) will be the focus of discussion. Other issues, such as the ethics involved in Ford's decision, the choice of prosecuting Ford criminally, whistle-blowing, the assignment of punitive damages and the Court of Appeals decision reducing the damages are all important issues of this case that will not be the focus herein. Questionable Design The controversy surrounding the Ford Pinto concerned the placement of the automobile's fuel tank. It was located behind the rear axle, instead of above it. This was initially done in an effort to create more trunk space. The problem with this design, which later became evident, was that it made the Pinto more vulnerable to a rear-end collision. This vulnerability was enhanced by other features of the car. The gas tank and the rear axle were separated by only nine inches. There were also bolts that were positioned in a manner that threatened the gas tank. Finally, the fuel filler pipe design resulted in a higher probability that it would to disconnect from the tank in the event of an accident than usual, causing gas

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spillage that could lead to dangerous fires. Because of these numerous design flaws, the Pinto became the center of public debate.

Discussion
Product Objectives: To introduce a subcompact car in terms of size and weight. Low cost of ownership.

-initial price, fuel consumption, reliability and serviceability Clear product superiority.

-Appearance, comfort, features, ride and handling, performance Methods: The gas tank was only 5 inches forward of the rear sheet metal of the body and only 3 inches from the rear axle. Rear-In most rear end crashes, the axle housing deformed the gas tank and sharp bolts punctured the tank. Following crash tests, the conclusion was that the rear end structure was not satisfactory. Suggested changes would have cost about $11 per car. A confidential company memo directed that the safety features not be adopted until required by law. Conclusion: Design was rushed. The normal time to produce an automobile is 43 months - Ford took 25 for the Pinto. Before production, Ford engineers discovered flaws in the car cars design. In nearly all rear rear-end crash test collisions the Pinto's fuel system would rupture extremely easily. Because assembly assembly-line tooling was already in place when engineers found this defect, top Ford officials decided to manufacture the car anyway, exploding gas tank and all, even though Ford owned the patent on a much safer gas tank.

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EXAMPLE 2
Apple loses court case on defective Nvidia GPUs in MacBooks Apr. 19, 2012 (11:27 am) By: Ryan Whitwam

A few years back, Apple released an updated MacBook Pro with a more powerful graphics chip, the Nvidia 8600M GT. That proved to be a decision Cupertino would regret. The Nvidia GPU was defective, and as a result, the failure rate of the logic board in that generations MacBook was startlingly high. One Apple customer, who goes by the name of Seattle Rex, has spent the last few months trying to get Apple to pay for the repairs it promised for his defective computer, and that took him all the way to small claims court. The verdict is in, and the little guy won. Instead of replacing the defective machines, Apple agreed to repair the boards for free when they failed for up to 4 years. Rexs machine was still in that window when it finally gave up the ghost due to the bad GPU. When he tried to get it repaired, Apple said that because the machine was un-bootable, they could not confirm the GPU was the problem, and he would have to pay for the repair. After months of back and forth, the issue came before a judge. Often times, a company wont bother to send a representative to small claims court, resulting in a default judgement. But Apple isnt just any com pany it has $500 billion lying around, so it sent two people to court that day. Our everyman hero made his case, and Apple countered with an assertion that his laptop was a different model than the one covered by the warranty. This was, of course, a lie which was exposed immediately.
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According to Rex, Apple tried a number of ways to talk him out of compensation, but the judge was impressed with Rexs knowledge of the hardware. The eventual ruling compensated him for the $4000 MacBook Pro, plus court costs. A judgement in hand, the next order of business is to collect the payment. Its unclear if Apple will continue to fight it, or just pony up the cash. In response to the story, Seattle Rex has received a large volume of emails from consumers that were given the same line about non-bootable laptops being ineligible for the free 8600M repair program. He muses that there might be cause for a class-action suit in the future. Whatever happens tomorrow, the little guy won today. via Seattle Rex

Discussion
Product Objectives: To introduce a more powerful graphics chip, the Nvidia 8600M GT.

Methods: Knowledge of the hardware from the consumer will help them easily recognize the defect. From this case study the Nvidia GPU was defective and the Apple customer has spent the last few months trying to get Apple to pay for the repairs it promised for his defective computer and that took him all the way to small claims court.

Conclusion: After Apple released an updated MacBook Pro with a more powerful graphics chip, the Nvidia 8600M GT, the defect was detecting. As a result, the failure rate of the logic board in that generations MacBook was startlingly high.

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EXAMPLE 3
Howard v. Ford Motor Co., United States District Court, Middle District of Georgia, Macon Division (4/23/03) The defective, overly aggressive passenger side airbag in Mrs. Wanda Howard's 1997 F-150 went off in a low speed collision when another vehicle pulled out in front of the Howards on September 13, 1998. Neither Mr. Howard nor Mrs. Howard was at fault in the wreck. Both were wearing their seat belts. No one in either vehicle, except Mrs. Howard, suffered any significant injury in this low speed collision. Mrs. Howard's severe brain injury was caused solely by her airbag. Plaintiff proved that the airbag was too powerful and overly aggressive for use in the truck. Plaintiff also proved that the airbag failed Ford's own internal injury guidelines; yet Ford sold it anyway and did not correct the problem and depower the airbag until the '98 model, which Ford was selling at the time of the wreck. Ford never warned owners of the '97 about what Ford knew of the problems or that a safer, depowered airbag was being sold to address them.

This case was originally tried over a two-week period beginning on February 10, 2003. After four and a half days of jury deliberations, the judge was forced to declare a mistrial when the only two jurors still holding out for Ford (final count was 10 for plaintiffs, 2 for Ford) fled the jury room complaining that there was "too much pressure" on them. The case was retried beginning about four weeks later, and a settlement was reached after the second day of that retrial. At Ford's request, the amount of that settlement is confidential.

Discussion
Product Objectives: The air bag, like the seatbelt, is a further development of the inside protection of motorcar passengers.

Methods: In a retrospective case control study, 394 accidents in which the air bag was released were analysed. At least medium severe injuries (Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale: MAIS > or =
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2) occurred in 69 cases. Three different patterns of injury were distinguished depending on the level of difficulty of diagnosis by the emergency physician. Damage to the vehicles was scored in five intensities or damage grades.

Conclusion: After the release of the air bag, occult injuries of the body cavities have to be expected, even if there are no signs of external injury. Women under 35 years of age are particularly endangered. There exists no minimum velocity for the occurrence of injuries to the body cavities because harm can simply be a result of the release of the air bag.

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EXAMPLE 4
Auto Product Liability / Ford Explorer Rear Restraint System / Lap Only Seat Belt

Plaintiffs Lynn and Douglas Wheeler won their design defect and failure to warn claims against Ford Motor Company relating to the 2002 Ford Explorer. On Christmas morning 2005, 58 year old Lynn Wheeler was on her way to church with her family. Lynn Wheeler was seated in the rear center seat of her sons 2002 Ford Explorer, wearing the lap-only seat belt Ford installed for that seating position. Two of Lynn Wheelers grandchildren were in child seats on either side of her. As they entered a curve on Noahs Ark Road, a two door Eagle Talon coupe driven by John C. Stanley crossed the centerline and struck the Explorer head-on.

In the crash, the latch on the Explorer rear bench seat broke and the seat collapsed and began to fold down and forward. The lap only seat belt also allowed Ms. Wheeler to jackknife over and strike her head on the back of the front seat. As a result, Lynn Wheeler suffered a catastrophic spinal cord injury that left her quadriplegic. Mr. Stanley admitted responsibility for the crash. Ford denied all responsibility. At trial, plaintiffs proved Ford knew, from Fords own crash tests and internal documents, that its rear center seats and restraint systems were failing and endangering passengers. Plaintiffs proved Ford planned to install a safer design - including a three-point belt instead of a lap only belt -- in the 2002 Explorer but decided to delay that design to a later model year.

At the conclusion of trial, the jury awarded $17,716,401 for Lynn Wheeler and her husband's claims. The jury also separately found that Ford's conduct showed reckless disregard for safety and decided to award additional punitive damages against Ford. After a second phase of trial, while the jury was out deciding what amount of punitive damages to award, Ford settled the case. The amount of the settlement is confidential.

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Discussion
Product Objectives: A manufacturer must sell vehicles that provide reasonable protection to occupants in most kinds of accidents.

Method: This case was originally tried over a two-week period beginning on February 10, 2003. After four and a half days of jury deliberations, the judge was forced to declare a mistrial when the only two jurors still holding out for Ford (final count was 10 for plaintiffs, 2 for Ford) fled the jury room complaining that there was "too much pressure" on them. The case was retried beginning about four weeks later, and a settlement was reached after the second day of that retrial. At Ford's request, the amount of that settlement is confidential.

Conclusion: Spinal cord injury resulting in complete paralysis below the neck (quadriplegia). In addition, plaintiff suffered abdominal injuries and a rupture of her intestines by the lap belt, requiring her to use a urinary catheter and colostomy bag. Plaintiff remains on a ventilator for life support.

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Engineering Ethics
Casuistry is a method of case reasoning especially useful in treating cases that involve moral dilemmas. It is also a branch of applied ethics. Casuistry is the basis of case law in common law, and the standard form of reasoning applied in common law. Casuistry is reasoning used to resolve moral problems by extracting or extending theoretical rules from particular instances and applying these rules to new instances. While a principle-based approach might claim that lying is always morally wrong, the casuist would argue that, depending upon the details of the case, lying might or might not be illegal or unethical. The casuist might conclude that a person is wrong to lie in legal testimony under oath, but might argue that lying actually is the best moral choice if the lie saves a life. For the casuist, the circumstances of a case are essential for evaluating the proper response. Typically, casuistic reasoning begins with a clear-cut paradigmatic case. Paradigm cases are cases where the principle clearly does or does not apply. Case study 1: Brian was in charge to design a new automobile for company XX. He was directed to design a car with a large trunk space, efficient air bags and of course to be as economical as possible within these requirements. After he done with all the design, the manager of the company was very satisfied and ready to sell the new automobile. However, when Brian testing the new automobile he found that the automobiles fuel tank which was located behind the rear axle will become more vulnerable to a rear-end collision. The new automobile was actually not as safe but Brian recommended it anyhow.

Discussion: The case above is an obvious case of unethical action. Firstly, Brian had direct responsibility for designing the new automobile. As stated in the case, he knows that the new automobile had some problem with the fuel tank that can endanger others life. However, he recommended it anyhow. The customers wouldnt know about the problem and the company will get the profit for the new automobile.

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Case study 2: Nicholas is an engineer at a large consultant firm. It is his job to specify and consult the construction of a flyover highway at state Y. After some time, he found that design of the flyover highway cannot sustain the weight of transports during the peak hour and this can lead pillars to crack. He immediately told his manager, Mr. G about the problem. However, his manager said the crack is only a small problem and nobody will notify that and ask him to continue the construction. Nicholas resists to do so and he decided to pull away from the project.

Case study 3: Marry is a software engineer at company Z. She has been assigned to design a software of a structural analysis. Before and after launching the software there were no problem at all. However, after a while the customers complain that the software was infected by virus and causes damage to their laptop and computers. Company Z stopped selling the software and Marry started working to find the solution for problem. Meanwhile, Company Z take all the responsibilities of the damage.

Case study 4: David works as a manufacture engineer for a large manufacturer company named Company A. After some time, David discovered that his company is dumping chemical into the river that may pose to health hazard. Furthermore, the river is the main source drinking water for the town X. He went to meet his manager and talked about that. However, his manager said that their company does not have any other choice than dumped the chemicals into the river. David tried to resolve the matter but his manager said that he only has two choices, stay away from the matter or quit. Because he experiencing personal financial difficulties, he decided to just stay away from the matter.

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As an engineer, they are contracted with a law that should obey. In our research, we are assigned to discuss what should an engineer do when they detect a defect in their product. It is all about honesty itself. Sometimes, an engineer in dilemma when they trapped in situation that needed to choose between the company or customer. For examples, they should show loyalty to company and colleagues, concern for public welfare, personal gain or ambition. Ethical standards are usually relative and personal, there is seldom an absolute standard. Defective products lawyers help their clients sue over serious injuries or deaths caused by using a defective consumer product. A defective product can be any type of product intended for use by consumers, rather than manufacturers or distributors. That can include nearly everything we buy food, clothing, household products, consumer electronics, toys, jewelry, appliances and more. Most of us buy consumer products with confidence. We believe a manufacturer wouldnt offer us products for sale if they werent safe. Unfortunately, thats not always true. Through bad design, shoddy manufacturing, carelessness or cost-cutting, thousands of consumer products slip through the cracks each year. And sometimes, those products seriously injure or even kill their users.

What are the impacts..?

1.Injury Defective product are usually trusted by consumer when it is available for them and assumed to be tested before.However,injury may occur and in fact serious injury can happen.This is due on the failure of the consumer to noticing expired date of the product usage.But that not fair to blame them because the way of the production company warn the consumer about the date also become the reason of this problem.For example of the case is food poisoning.This is the one of the effects of defective product. 2.Decreament quality of proffesion As technical staff,the failure for the company to reval the defective product can seriously strike down the proffesion of an engineer.People who are affected by the defective product will blame the staff and lost their
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trust.Ethically speaking,the staff of the company should aware that they hold the consumer safety issue and must avoid negative impact to the consumer when they consume the defective product.Besides that ,as a professional staff,the safety always must come first before the self beneficiary. 3.Dismissal of services As the quality of work decrease,staff are likely to lose their job.For the engineer,when the safety of consumer are being affected and cause losses of income,the company are likely to terminate their services in order to avoid more losses.When people are being fired base on their misconduct,their percentage of chances to get new job are decrease. 4.Losses of income When the company do the product recall,it may cause a huge amount of cost.Futhermore,the consumer can file a defevtive product case and again the company may lose million dollar.To avoid more losses,the product recall must be conducted.This is for short period of time for the company because if they not solve the defective product problem,the company may face bankruption. 5.Lack of foreign investor In the investment filed,the important part is profit (dividen).When the production company fail to act as the responsible company,investors will lose their faith and finally will stop their investment.This will cause losses of fund and the company cant sustain their income.

What should the engineer do according to the law...?

Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members of this profession, engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity. Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life for all people. Accordingly, the
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services provided by engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must perform under a standard of professional behaviour that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct. Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall: Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public. Perform services only in areas of their competence. Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner. Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees. Avoid deceptive acts. Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession. State in Registration of Engineers Act 1967 (Act 138) at no 4.3 and 4.4, said that an engineer should be aware of environmental, health, and safety matters during and after construction and an engineer should ensure that environmental, health and safety measures are implemented as per drawings and specifications. Therefore, an engineer should aware about the product their produce because if it found defect, they can be sue by the customer. An engineer must take reasonable care to protect life, property and the environment and to the efficient use of resources.

Violation to the Code of Professional Conducts by B.E.M

1.0 A Registered Engineer shall at all times hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public. 1.2 A Professional Engineer shall certify satisfactory completion of a piece of work only if he has control over the supervision of the construction or installation of that work, and only if he is satisfied that the construction or installation has fulfilled the requirements of the engineering design and specifications
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2.0

A Registered Engineer shall undertake researchs only if he is qualified by education and experience in the specific technical fields in which he is involved. 2.1 A Professional Engineer shall not affix his signature to any plan or document dealing with subject matter in which he lacks competence, nor to any plan or document not prepared under his direction and control.

5.0

A Registered Engineer shall conduct himself honourably, responsibly, ethically and lawfully so as to enhance the honour, reputation and usefulness of the profession. 5.3 A Registered Engineer shall check with due diligence the accuracy of facts and data before he signs or endorses any statement or claim. He shall not sign on such documents unless, where necessary, qualifications on errors and inaccuracies have been made.

What are the steps to reduce this problem..?

Preventing the problem from happen can be done by participation from the company,staff(engineer) and consumer.All the parties have their own responsibility and should play their role seriously in order to prevent this problem. 1.Company The way of the company run their business give a huge effect to their staff.The production company should increase their rate of monitoring process when the products quality get high intention and achive the specification needed.Besides that ,the company should establish the reasonable safer design to their products in order to prevent the deftive product from happen.the defective problem not only occur originated from the company because some of the cases,the product undergo a flaw when it reach to retailer,supplier,distributors and many more side.Production company can set up one a team to monitor the way the distributor distribute the product.Next,for a product that has limitation of usage period,the way of the expired date is beng show tothe consumer should be clear and easy to notice.

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2.Staff (engineer) Staff of the production company play an important role in producing a safer and high quality products.In many cases,although they know about the defective problem,they are oftenly to neglect it because they not actually aware about their responsibility and put it to the employer.Ethicaly speaking,an engineer should reveal the defective problem to their company management unit first and if no action taken,they should reveal it to the consumer by themselves. Besides that,before the defective problem occur,a staff especially engineer can revise the safety needed before the design of a product about to use.The design must fulfill the safety specification,friendly use and user factor. 3.Consumer Consumers are the important party to reduce this problem.The awareness from consumer about the defective product can lead to the vanishment of the

problem.Nowadays,consumer are higly expose to the legal liability.Consumer can file a case when they affected by the defective product.Besides that,consumer should aware about the expired date,product manual in order to avoid injury and then can win a case when injury still happen.Consumer should aware too that defective product not only cause physically effect but financial and emotional.

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SUMMARY
As a conclusion of our project, we can say that we have archived the objectives that we set early of this project. In order to complete this project, first at all, we try to figure out the title that given by our lecturer, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norashidah bt Md. Din. After that we are defining the problem statement. During the meetings, we discuss about our research goals, so that we could have the clearer direction of how our project going to be carried out. Then we have also having the discussions session in the survey session, to let the readers understand what is the opinion of the crowd and the approaches we will be using in order to make sure our project is going smoothly. From the survey that we conducted by online, there is around 30 respondents responded to our survey. By using the survey that we have conducted, we have done some analysis on it and come up with some conclusions. We found out that 90% of the respondents felt that a company should replace the defective products even if the customers wont recognize the defect. Moreover we also found that 83.33% respondents felt that it is a bad ethic for the company not to replace the defective products. Since honesty play an important role in our life. The company should not just focus on their profit and neglect the customers. We can also conclude that as an engineer we should always follow the Code of Ethics. We should always consider the safety of life and property. We should also sustain the integrity of the profession. Not just using the profession that we having to cheat the consumers that dont have any know knowledge about it. Throughout this project we learn the effective communication just to increase the productivity of our group, better understand what others group member try to say and also save our time so that we can submit this project in time without delaying. Besides that by doing this project we also develop the management skills and decisions making skills. We realized that as a team, teamwork play a crucial role in order to finish this project successfully. We also ensure that the work is divided equally among our group members.

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Last but not least, we theOne group would like to give our beloved lecturer, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norashidah bt Md. Din millions of thanks. She guided us all these while in this particular courses during the lecture hours and outside the lecture hours as well. And also giving a golden opportunity to discover the importance of a having a good attitude as an engineer.

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RECOMMENDATION
One of the reasons why nowadays there is so many cases that a company refuses to replace the defective products even if customers wont recognize the defect just because the engineers are unable to stand with their ethical principle and their stances easily derailed when the benefits such as money and power are concerned. Thus we should increases the ethical principle awareness in the engineers mind. First at all, the honesty and integrity should always have in the engineers mind. When the discipline and good behaviour has been well defined in the organization throughout the disciplinary program and code of conduct, I believed that these cases will not happen so frequently anymore. The engineers will always felt that they should be honest towards the consumers. Not just taking the advantages from the consumers. Secondly, the company should also increase the effective communications among their workers. This can ensure that when the products having the defect in the beginning, the related department can take an immediate action. Not just wait until the end of the product. By doing this way, it can decrease the losses of the company. Besides that, the engineers should also always carry out the testing. As an engineer we are responsible for testing the durability and the reliability of a product, just making sure that it performs how it supposed to. If there is any defective in the product, they must inform their superior immediately. The engineer must also have the courage. When the engineer faced with an ethical decision, he/she should have the courage to make a right choice. He should learn how to say NO towards the corruption. The company should also follow the Standard and Quality that set by the government (Department of Standards Malaysia). Standards are written by the international organisations, national standards bodies, regulatory authorities and trade and industry associations with the active participation of stake holders including technical experts from industry, government, consumer groups and others affected parties. While quality means a product or service of excellence. A quality can ensure the products performance, reliability,

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durability, serviceability, feature and others. If the company follow the standard and also quality that set by the government, we strongly believed that the defective products will reduced since our government does not allow any defective products occurs in our country. Moreover, the consumers should also be more careful when they are purchasing products. They should always double check the products and testing their product before they take it back to home. If they found out that the product that they purchased having some defective, they should inform the company and request for the warranty or request the company replace the defective products with a new one. If the company refuses to do so, the consumers have the right to bring this case to the court.

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REFERENCES
[1] Ryan Whitwam. (2012, April) geek.com. [Online]. http://www.geek.com/articles/chips/apple-loses-court-case-on-defective-nvidia-gpus-inmacbooks-20120419/ [2] Christopher Leggett. (1999) Law&Valuation. [Online]. http://www.wfu.edu/~palmitar/Law&Valuation/Papers/1999/Leggett-pinto.html [3] Wooten & Fryhoher Butler. (2012) BWF Exceptional Trial Lawyers. [Online]. http://www.butlerwooten.com/Automobile-Defect-Cases/ *4+ The Ford Pinto Case, February 15, 2004. *Online+. Available: www.sprynewmedia.com/clients/wakeforest/papers/1999/Leggett-pinto.html. [Accessed: Dis 8, 2011]. *5+ Apple loses court case on defective Nvidia GPUs in MacBooks, Ryan Whitwam, Apr. 19, 2012 [Online]. Available: http://www.geek.com/articles/chips/apple-loses-court-case-ondefective-nvidia-gpus-in-macbooks-20120419/ . [Accessed: Dis 8, 2011]. *6+ Georgia Personal Injury Law Firm,*Online+. Available: http://www.butlerwooten.com/Results/Howard-v-Ford-Motor-Co-4-23-03.shtml [Accessed: Dis 9, 2011]. *7+ Ford Motor Found Liable for Bulk of $17M Award to Injured Passenger, court esy of the Georgia Trial Reporter, [Online]. Available: http://www.sjl-law.com/lawyer-attorney1555484.html [Accessed: Dis 9, 2011]. [8] Board of Engineers (BEM). (2004, June) Board of Engineers Malaysia. [Online]. http://www.bem.org.my/v3/codes_conduct.html [9] ilawyersource. (2008) ilawyersource:Lawyers and Legal Information. [Online]. http://www.ilawyersource.com/Info/Defective-Products [10] Steven A. Karg, Products Liability Risk Rduction 101 for Clients,http://www.nmmlaw.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=178&Ite mid=28, November 24, 2012. [11] Product Recall Communications: the Effects of Source,Media, and Social Responsibility Information, http://www.acrwebsite.org/search/view-conferenceproceedings.aspx?Id=6436, November 25, 2012.

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The Pictures of Group Meeting

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Facebook Group

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