Unit III

1.Give an account on the direct and indirect band gap materials. Direct band gap materials: In direct band gap materials direct transition is possible from valence band to conduction band.e.g.GaAs,InP,InGaAs The electron and the hole have the same momentum value. Indirect band gap materials: In indirect band gap materials direct transition is not possible from valence band to conduction.e.g.silicon,germanium. The electron and the hole have the different momentum value. 2.Give an account on !D structures. "urface emitters: Also called as burrus or front emitters. The plane of the active light#emitting region is oriented perpendicularl$ to the a%is of the fiber. The emission pattern is isotropic &ith a 12' half#po&er beam &idth. !dge emitter: (onsists of an active )unction region, &hich is the source of the incoherent light, and the t&o guiding la$ers. The refractive inde% of the guiding la$ers is less than the active region. The emission pattern of the edge emitter is more directional than that of the surface emitter. *. Give an account on the aser diode modes. +abr$#Perot resonator: It consists of partiall$ reflecting mirrors that are directed to&ard each other to enclose the cavit$. The purpose of these mirrors is to provide strong optical feedbac, in the longitudinal section. The device &ill oscillate at the resonant fre-uencies. Distributed feedbac, configurations: In this case lasing action is achieved b$ .ragg reflectors. A pattern of electric and magnetic field lines are set up &hich are called the modes of the cavit$. The different modes are longitudinal, transverse, and lateral. ongitudinal modes are associated &ith the length of the cavit$ and determine the

t$pical spectrum of the emitted radiation. These modes lie in the plane of the pn )unction. The$ depend on the side&all preparation and the &idth of the cavit$. Transverse modes are associated &ith the electromagnetic field and beam profile in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the pn )unction. The$ determine the laser characteristics as the radiation pattern and the threshold current densit$ determines the shape of the lateral profile of the laser beam /. Give an account on the optical confinement of lasers. 1. Gain inde%ed guide 2. Positive inde%ed guide *. 0egative inde%ed guide Inde%ed lasers have the follo&ing structures. 1. buried hetero structure. 2. "electivel$ diffused construction *. 1ar$ing thic,ness structure /. .ent la$er configuration. 2. Give an account on single mode lasers and modulation of laser diodes. "ingle mode lasers: It is used for long#distance communication. It consists of a single longitudinal mode and single transverse mode. The spectral &idth is lo&. Alternative devices developed are 1. 1ertical cavit$ surface emitting lasers 2. "tructures that have a built#in fre-uenc$#selective grating. *. Tunable lasers. 3odulation: The process of imposing information on a light stream is called modulation. This can be achieved b$ var$ing the laser drive current Pulse modulation is used.

UNIT IV
1. Discuss the receiver operation &ith neat bloc, diagram. 4 Digital signal transmission +ig5 "ignal path through an optical data lin, 4 !rror sources +ig50oise sources and disturbances in the optical pulse detection mechanism 4 6eceiver configuration +ig5 "chematic diagram of a t$pical optical receiver

4 +ourier transform representation 2. 7rite in detail about avalanche photodiodes and e%plain briefl$ about photodetector noise and "06. Avalanche photodiodes a. Impact ioni8ation b. Avalanche effect c. 6each#through construction d. p9 4 p n9 reach# through structure e. Principle of reach through f. Ioni8ation rate Photodetector noise 4 "06 at output of an optical receiver 4 (ondition to achieve a high "06 "06 ": ;ip2532 #### ######################################################## 0 2-;Ip9ID532+;3592-I .9/<.T.=6 *. An InGaas pin photodiode has the follo&ing parameters to &avelength of 1*''nm: ID:/ nA, 4:'.>,6 :1''' and the surface lea,age current is negligible. The incident optical po&er is *''n7 ;#*2 d.m5, and the receiver band&idth is 2' 3?8. +ind the various noise terms of the receiver. "hot noise : @Poe ########## hf Total shot noise :2e.;ID9 Ip5 Thermal noise : /<T. ########## 6 /. Discuss the performance of digital receiver b$ defining the probabilit$ of error. 4 .it error rate 4 Probabilit$ distributions +ig5Probabilit$ distributions for received ' and 1 signal pulses 4 3ean # s-uare noise voltage +ig5Gaussian noise characteristics of a binar$ signal 4 !rror function +ig5 Plot of the .!6;Pe5 versus the factor A. 2. !%plain the error sources of fundamental receiver operations. 4 !rrors due to noises and disturbances in the signal detection s$stem 4 Definition of noise 4 T$pes of noises

i. Internal noise ii. !%ternal noise 4 Bther t$pes i. shot noise ii. thermal noise 4 +ig5 0oise sources and disturbances in the optical pulse detection mechanism 4 Photocurrent 4 Inter s$mbol interference;I"I5 4 +ig5Pulse spreading in an optical signal that leads to I"I.

Unit V
1. !%plain in detail about the s$stem considerationsC The * s$stem considerations Transmitting distance: decide &avelength#choose components# t%ion distance is not long, operate in ;D''#>''5 nm region#t%ion distance is longE operate in ;1*''#122'5 nm region. Bptical source F detectors: o (hoose photo detector F optical source, compute characteristics of fiber o Detect the amount of light falling on detector to satisf$ .!6. o Pin photodiode r%er is simpler, stable, less e%pensive, need lo& bias vge ;G2'15 than avalanche photodiode. o "ignal dispersion, data rate, t%ion distance F cost decides source ; !D F A"!65. o In laser, spectral &idth is narro&, couple ;1'#125 db more optical po&er, greater repeated, less t%ion, but comple% circuitr$. Bptical fiber: o "elect single#mode or multimode either a step#inde% or graded#inde% core. o 3ulti#mode fibers used &ith !Ds, A"!6s use single#mode or multimode fibers. o Bptical po&er coupled depends on core#cladding inde% difference F thus numerical aperture. o "ingle#mode fiber provides ultimate bit#rate distance products of about *' Gbps=,m. Disadvantages of single#mode fiber 7hen choosing the attenuation characteristics of a cabled fiber, the e%tra losses

from cabling process must be added to the fiber attenuation. 2. !%plain in detail about the methods of fiber splicingC The * methods of fiber splicing !lectric arc fusion splicing or fusion splicing +igure .ro,en fiber edges aligned, pressure is appliedE heat is applied Hnite as a single fiber Plastic )ac,et made of epo%$ resin to cover the splice oss of ;'.22#'.15db is achieved 3echanical splicing or elastic tube splicing +igure .ro,en fiber edges aligned, loc,ed in position &ith positioning devices F optical cement !dges polished, splicing compound added (entral hole diameter of precision tube is similar than fiber Insert fiber, e%pands hole diameter A s$mmetrical force allo&s accurate or automatic alignment of the a%is of t&o )oined fibers 1#groove splicing or loose tube splicing o +igure o +iber ends are fi%ed in v#shaped groove o Grooved silicon, plastic ceramic or metal substrate o "plice loss dependent on metal si8e 2/. !%plain about the t&o t$pes of connectorsC The 2 t$pes of connectors. ensed t$pe= !%panded beam connectors +igure T&o lenses: (ollimator lens F pre focusing lens Ad)ust the t&o lenses, optical signal from one fiber is connected to other. +errule t$pe connector o +igure o +ibers placed in ferrule, fi%ed b$ an adhesive material o .rought together under c$lindrical sleeves. *. !%plain in detail about lin, po&er budget F rise time budgetC in, po&er budget: In the optical po&er loss model for a pt#to#pt lin,, the optical po&er r%ed at the photo detector depends on the amount of light coupled into the fiber F losses occurring in the fiber at the connectors F splices. The lin, loss budget is derived from the se-uential loss contribution of each element

in the lin,. +igure +ormula "$stem margin is usuall$ ;I#D5 db. 6ise time budget: It is a convenient method to determine the dispersion limitation of an optical lin,. This is particularl$ useful for digital s$stems. +or this purpose, the specifications of the light sources are converted to e-uivalent rise time. The overall s$stem rise time is given in terms of the light source rise time, fiber dispersion time F the photo detector rise time. +ormula .asic s$stem components /. Discuss the operational principles of 7D3 and its ,e$ featuresC An optical beam consists of different &avelengths. "everal channel information are transmitted over a single channel and increases the information carr$ing capacit$. The three basic performance of 7D3 are: o Insertion loss: amount of po&er loss arises from the fiber optic lin, b$ the addition of 7D3 coupling devices. Also the loss occurs at the )unction of the fiber optic lin, to the 7D3 device. o (hannel &idth: &avelength range allocated to a particular source. +or lasers, channel &idth is several 1's of nm re-uired for no interference. o (ross tal,: problem at the receiver caused b$ the mi%ing of t&o or more channels. It depends on the application. Tolerable level is above #*' d.. 2. Describe the noise effects on the s$stem performanceC It is assumed that the optical po&er falling on the photo detector is a clearl$ defined function of time &ithin the statistical nature of the -uantum detection process but in realit$ various interactions bet&een spectral imperfections in the propagating optical po&er and the dispersive &aveguide give rise to the variations in the optical po&er level falling on the photo detector. The main penalties are modal noise, &avelength chirp, spectral broadening, mode# partition noise. 3odal noise: It arises &hen the light from a coherent laser is coupled in to a multimode fiber operating at /''3bps and higher. It mainl$ occurs due to mechanical vibrations and fluctuations in the fre-uenc$ of the optical source.

The measures to avoid are: 4 use !Ds 4 use A"!6 having more longitudinal modes 4 use a fiber &ith large numerical aperture 4 use a single mode fiber 3ode partition noise: The mode partition noise is associated &ith intensit$ fluctuations in the longitudinal modes of a laser diode. It becomes more pronounced for the higher bit rates. (hirping: It means that the d$namic line broadening ;line broadening is a fre-uenc$ chirp5 in the laser &hich oscillates in the single longitudinal mode under (7 operation &hen the in)ection current is intensit$ modulated. The$ cause optical feedbac, &hich leads to optical instabilities that ma$ lead to inter s$mbol interference and intensit$ noise. 6eflection noise: It is the optical po&er that gets reflected at the refractive inde% discontinuities such as in splices, couplers and filters, or connectors. The reflected signals can degrade both the transmitter and receiver performance. The$ cause optical feedbac, &hich leads to optical instabilities that ma$ lead to inter s$mbol interference and intensit$ noise. I. ;a5;i5 Discuss the operational principles of 7D3. ;ii5 Describe the ,e$ features of 7D3. An optical beam consists of different &avelengths. "everal channel information are transmitted over a single channel and increases the information carr$ing capacit$. The three basic performance of 7D3 are: o Insertion loss: amount of po&er loss arises from the fiber optic lin, b$ the addition of 7D3 coupling devices. Also the loss occurs at the )unction of the fiber optic lin, to the 7D3 device. o (hannel &idth: &avelength range allocated to a particular source. +or lasers, channel &idth is several 1's of nm re-uired for no interference. o (ross tal,: problem at the receiver caused b$ the mi%ing of t&o or more channels. It depends on the application. Tolerable level is above #*' d.. ;b5 !%plain the rise#time budget of a fiber#optic point#to#point lin,. 6ise time budget: It is a convenient method to determine the dispersion limitation of an optical lin,. This is particularl$ useful for digital s$stems. +or this purpose, the specifications of the light sources are converted to e-uivalent

rise time. The overall s$stem rise time is given in terms of the light source rise time, fiber dispersion time F the photo detector rise time. +ormula .asic s$stem components