1.

23- Thucydides compares the Persian war and the much longer Peloponnesian War, and states the latters true cause was Spartan fear of growth of Athenian power. 1.24- Beset by civil strife, the commons of Epidamnus solicit aid from their mother city, Corcyra, but she refuses them. 1.25- After consulting the oracle at Delphi, Epidamnus seeks and obtains promises of Corinthian help. Corinth had long resented Corcyras contempt for her. 1.26- When Corinthian settlers arrive at Epidamnus, Corcyra decides to support the Epidamnian exiles and besieges Epidamnus 1.27- Corinth organizes a large force to colonize and rescue Epidamnus from Corcyra 1.28- Corcyra offers to submit the dispute to arbitration or to the god at Delphi 1.29- Corinth refuses Corcyras proposals, declares war, and sends a fleet. It is defeated. Epidamnus surrenders. 1.30- The Corcyraeans now control the Ionian Gulf, but Corinth organizes a new fleet to challenge them again 1.31- Alarmed by Corinthian threats, Corcyra sends envoys to Athens to ask for help. Corinth also sends envoys to Athens to present her position 1.32- Speaking to the Athenian assembly, the Corcyraeans acknowledge that their past policy of avoiding alliances have now left them dangerously abandoned 1.33- The Corcyraeans argue that because they are the second greatest naval power in Greece, their offer of alliance is an extraordinary opportunity for Athens, particularly since Sparta will surely start a war against Athens soon. 1.34- The Corcyraeans report that Corinth has attempted to dominate Corcyra and refuses Corcyras offer of arbitration 1.35- Claiming their alliance with Athens will not breach existing treaties, the Corcyraeans argue that Athens should prevent their naval power from becoming subject to a potential enemy of Athens 1.36- Reminding the Athenians of Corcyras strategic location on the route to Italy and Sicily, the Corcyraeans conclude by warning that if Athens refuses alliance now, she may well confront combined Corcyraean and Peloponnesian fleets in a future war

1.37- The Corinthians accuse Corcyra of having pursued a policy of isolation so as to use their geographic position to abuse the many ships forced to put into Corcyra 1.38- The Corinthians claim that Corcyra has always treated them with inappropriate disdain that now at Epidamnus has become open hostility 1.39- The Corinthians argue that Corcyra offered arbitration only after she began to fear Corinthian retaliation, and that her fear also motivates her request for an Athenian alliance 1.40- The Corinthians threaten enmity and retaliation if Athens should ally with Corcyra, and remind the Athenians of Corinths past support for them against rebellious Samos 1.41- The Corinthians demand gratitude for their help in Athens war with Aegina and the revolt in Samos 1.42- The Corinthians call upon the Athenians to return past favors and not incur Corinths enmity to secure a naval alliance 1.43- The Corinthians conclude by telling the Athenians that their best interests lie in rejecting Corcyra 1.44- The Athenians vote with a view toward a Pelponnesian war, noting Corcyras large fleet and her position on the route to Italy and Sicily 1.45- Athens enters a defensive alliance with Corcyra and sends ten triremes to assist her 1.46- A Corinthian fleet sails to Chimerium, near Corcyra 1.47- Corcyra deploys her fleet and army 1.48- The two fleets form up for battle 1.49- In a long unskillful battle, each sides left wing is victorious. The Athenian ships at first abstain from joining the battle, then intervene tentatively, then fiht hard to prevent a Corcyraean rout 1.50- The victorious Corinthians massacre the survivors, gather up the dead, and tow off hulks. Returning to battle they sight the approaching Athenian reinforcements and retire 1.51- Twenty additional Athenian triremes join the Corcyraeans at Leukimme 1.52- The Corinthians fear that the Athenians will try to prevent their departure

1.53- The Athenians tell the Corinthians that the treaty is still valid, that they may not attack Corcyra, but that they may otherwise sail where they wish 1.54- Both sides erect trophies claiming victory 1.55- The Athenian role at Sybota was the first Corinthian complaint against Athens 1.56- Athens takes measures against Corinthian influence at Potidaea 1.57- As Perdiccas plots with the Spartans, Chalcidians, and Bottiaeans, Athens sends a fleet to Macedonia 1.58- When Potidaea fails to placate Athens, and Sparta promises to invade Attica, Potidaea revolts. The Chalcidians move from their costal cities to Olynthus 1.59- The Athenian fleet attacks Macedon 1.60- Corinth sends volunteers and mercenaries to Potidaea 1.61- The Athenians force Perdiccas to return to his alliance with them, and then march against Potidaea 1.62- An indecisive battle occurs near Potidaea. Most Potidaeans retire inside their walls 1.63- Potidaean troops break through the Athenian lines and enter their city. Olynthian forces retire. Losses are enumerated 1.64- Athenian reinforcements under Phormio complete the investment of Potidaea 1.65- The siege of Potidaea commences 1.66- Athens and Corinth complain much abou Potidaea, yet there is still peace 1.67- Many cities denounce Athens to the allies assembled at Sparta. The Corinthians speak last 1.68- The Corinthians complain of Athenian aggression against them at Corcyra and Potidaea, and also of Spartan inaction, which both injures Spartas allies and strengthens Spartas rival 1.69- The Corinthians assert that Spartan inaction has permitted Athens to grow at the expense of the Hellenes, and that Athens perception of Spartas acquiescence encourages her to commit further aggression. Once the Spartans could have stopped

her easily, but Athens has now become such a formidable adversary that Hellenic confidence in Sparta is shaken 1.70- The Corinthians characterize the Athenians and the Spartans as opposites; where the Athenians are active, innovative, daring, quick, enterprising, acquisitive, and opportunistic, the Spartans are passive, cautious, conservative, timid, and slow. The Athenians take no rest and allow none to others 1.71- The Corinthians conclude by blaming Spartas old-fashioned ways for her failure to perceive the effectiveness of Athenian innovation. They beg Sparta to assist Potidaea now as she had promised. They threaten to seek another alliance if the Spartans continue to fail them 1.72- Some Athenian envoys at Sparta ask for permission to address the assembly; it is granted 1.73- The Athenians hope to show that their country merits consideration for its achievements, particularly in the Persian wars in which all Hellenes benefited from extraordinary and courageous Athenian efforts 1.74- The Athenians claim to have provided the most powerful and essential contributions to the Hellenic success at Salamis, which proved to be the decisive blow to the Persian advance. They remind the Spartans that they courageously abandoned their hopes and fought on even before the Peloponnesians arrived to help 1.75- The Athenians claim that Athens acquired her empire peacefully, honorably, and by the default of Sparta; now it cannot be given up without risk. No state can be faulted for pursuing its own interests 1.76- The Athenians argue that Athens acted normally within the common practices of mankind to maintain her empire; fear, honor, and interest motivate her as they would any others in her place. Indeed, she deserves praise for acting with greater justice and moderation than her power would require 1.77- The Athenians speculate that Sparta would be equally hated were she to take Athens place, and perhaps more so, because her peculiar institutions render her people unfit to rule other Hellenes 1.78- In conclusion, the Athenians advise the Spartans to decide carefully, reminding them of the chances of war and noting that the treaty calls for disputes to be submitted to arbitration 1.79- The Spartans declare the Athenians to be aggressors

1.80- The Spartan king, Archidamus, warns the Spartans that Athens is a powerful adversary with many advantages in war. He advises them to prepare carefully for such a struggle and not to act rashly 1.81- Archidamus points out that Sparta can only devastate Attica, which will not harm Athens materially. He warns that the war will not be short, and wonders aloud how the Spartans can win 1.82- Archidamus advises Sparta to continue discussions with Athens and to use the time thus gained to gather allies and to develop its resources for war. Such preparations might induce the Athenians to submit, but if not, Sparta will enter the war much strengthened 1.83- Archidamus asserts that Sparta must accumulate money for a war with Athens 1.84- Archidamus tells Sparta to ignore her allies impatient calls for action and to move slowly and moderately. He praises Spartan character, a product of practical, limited education, and adds that Sparta traditionally will plan wisely and not blunder 1.85- Archidamus concludes that the Spartans must decide calmly. He reminds them that Athens offers arbitration, but asks them to continue to prepare for war. 1.86- The Spartan ephor Sthenelaidas demands a declaration of war against Athens 1.87- The Spartans vote by acclamation to declare war and to convene a decisive meeting of all their allies 1.88- Fearing Athens growing power, Sparta votes for war 1.118- 432 BC Thus in fifty years after the defeat of Persia, the power of Athens grew until Sparta felt complled to oppose it. 1.119- The Corinthians speak at a meeting of the Spartans and their allies 1.120- Corinth applauds Spartas vote for war and urges all states in the Peloponnesian League to recognize their common interests and potential for injury, and to vote for war 1.121- The Corinthians optimistically assert that the Peloponnesians can raise enough money by contributions and by Ioans from Delphi and Olympia to finance a fleet and to subvert that of Athens; they say that the Peloponnesians with practice will soon equal the Athenians at sea 1.122- The Corinthians add that the Peloponnesians can suborn Athenian allies and establish fortified posts in Attica. They call for unity in the face of Athenian

aggression since the alternative is slavery. They assert that the Peloponnesians must prevent Athens from ruling all Hellas as a tyrant state just as they have put down other tyrants in the past 1.123- The Corinthians claim that the god of Delphi sanctions war, which proves that the treaty has already been violated by Athens FIRST YEAR OF WAR (431) 2.1- The war begins 2.2- In the fifteenth year of the Thirty Years Peace, Thebes attacks Plataea 2.3- After perceiving the weakness of the occupying enemy force, the Plataeans counterattack 2.4- The Thebans are defeated, many surrender 2.5- Theban reinforcements arrive too late. When the Plataeans threaten to harm the prisoners, the Thebans retire without taking hostages; but the Plataeans execute the prisoners anyway 2.6- Athenian instructions to preserve the prisoners arrive too late. Athens sends supplies and a garrison, and gives refuge to Plataean noncombatants 2.7-Both sides prepare for war. Sparta sends embassies to neutrals and barbarians, and asks her Italian and Sicilian allies to build triremes. 2.8- Enthusiasm for war among young men runs high. Most Hellenes hope for Sparta to win, fearing absorption in Athens empire or desiring liberation from it 2.9- The allies of the two belligerents are listed 2.10- Sparta and her allies assemble forces at the Isthmus 2.11- Archidamus, Spartas king, speaks to the army, calling for caution, vigilance, and discipline 2.12- After the final herald sent by Archidamus to the Athenians is rebuffed, the Peloponesians invade Attica 2.13- Pericles donates his country estate to the city and describes Athens best war strategy to the assembly, listing the citys financial and military resources. 2.14- The Athenians move inside their city walls

2.15- Thucydides tells how the cities of Attica became politically united 2.16- The Athenians are greatly distressed at having to abandon their homes in the country 2.17- Rural Athenians settle wherever they can within the city walls. Athens prepares a fleet of one hundred triremes to raid the Peloponnesus 2.18- The Peloponnesians besiege Oenoe. Archidamus slow pace is criticized, but he hopes the Athenians will give in before their property is ravaged 2.19- Failing to take Oenoe, Archidamus marches into Attica to Acharnae. It is midsummer and the corn is ripe 2.20- Archidamus hopes that Athens will now give battle, since the Acharnaean hoplites might not fight for the property of others after their own had been destroyed 2.21- Outraged by the sight of the enemy ravaging their land, the Athenians wish to sally out to attack. They turn against Pericles, whose past advice they now forget 2.22- Pericles, certain that the Athenians should avoid a land battle, refuses to call an assembly or a meeting of the people. A cavalry skirmish takes places between Athenians and Thessalians against the Boeotians 2.23- After Athens sends a fleet to raid Peloponnesus, the Peloponnesian army returns home 2.24- Athens sets aside a reserve of one thousand talents and one hundred triremes for a defense against naval attack 2.25- The Athenian fleet, reinforced by allies, raids the coast of Peloponesus 2.26- An Athenian fleet attacks Locris 2.27- After Athens expels the Aeginetans Sparta gives them refuge at Thyrea 2.28- An eclipse of the sun 2.29- Athens concludes alliances with Sitalces, king of Thrace, and Perdiccas, king of Macedonia 2.30- The Athenian fleet conducts operations in Acarnania 2.31- An army under Pericles ravages Megara

2.32- The Athenians fortify a base on Atlanta 2.33- A Corinthian fleet retakes Astacus raids Acarnania, and is repulsed at Cephallenia 2.34- The Athenian procedure for burying their war dead is described. Pericles is chosen to deliver this wars first funeral oration 2.35- Pericles begins his Funeral Oration by noting how difficult it is to properly praise the dead, but, since it is the law, offers to do his duty and accept it 2.36- After Pericles praises all those who contributed to Athens acquisition of its empire he describes the form of government under which the city grew great 2.37- Praising Athens unique democratic institutions, Pericles says equality before the law leads to rewards based on merit and creates a society both free and law abiding 2.38- Pericles notes that Athens provides means for pleasure and recreation 2.39- Pericles says Athens is open to the world, relying upon its citizens natural capacity, not special training, to meet any challenge 2.40- Pericles applauds Athens concern for culture, her sensible use of wealth, her inclusion of all citizens in politics, her combination of daring and deliberation in action, and her liberal generosity 2.41- Pericles says Athens is a model for Hellas, a city worthy to rule others, and worthy of the devotion of the men who died in her cause 2.42- Pericles asserts that these men died gloriously, preferring death to submission or dishonor 2.43- Pericles calls upon those who survive to emulate the war deads valor and patriotism, saying that they risked all and lost their lives, but the renown of their deeds will last forever 2.44- Pericles comforts the parents of the war dead while acknowledging their grief. He advises those who can to have more children and those past child-bearing age to ease their years with knowledge that their sons died with honor 2.45- He says that sons and brothers of the dead may seek to equal their renown, but that their widows should best seek to avoid notice of any sort 2.46- Pericles concludes by reminding those present that Athens will pay for the upbringing of the children of the dead

Year2 2.47- The Spartans invade Attica again. Plague appears in Athens. 2.48- Thucydides describes the origin of the plague 2.49- Symptoms of the plague and its progression through the body are discussed. Inflammation of the eyes, bad breathe, sneezing, a hard cough, spasms, ulcers, fever, diarrhea, and loss of memory were side effects 2.50- Birds of prey abstained from eating plague victims or were poisoned. Such birds actually vanished from the area 2.51- Strong and weak alike succumbed to the illness. Despair robbed the afflicted of resistance. Those who nursed the sick were only stricken in turn. Only people who survived the plague could show compassion with impunity 2.52- The crowded and poor housing of the refugees aggravated the calamity. Burial and cremation rites were upset due to the large number of victims 2.53- Obsessed by death, men sought pleasure with no respect for honor, law, or the gods 2.54- The Athenians argued about the ancient prophecies and oracles. The plague struck Athens most severely and never entered the Peloponnesus 2.55- Attica is ravaged, but Pericles again restrains the Athenians 2.56- Pericles leads and expedition to raid Epidaurus and nearby cities 2.57- The longest invasion of Attica lasted forty days 2.58- Athenian reinforcements accomplish nothing at Potidaea and suffer heavy losses from the plague 2.59- Oppressed by invasion and plague, Athens rejects Pericles and sends peace envoys to Sparta; after they fail, Pericles speaks to the Athenian assembly 2.60- Pericles rebukes the Athenians, calling upon them to hold the good of the state above private concerns; he describes himself as wise and honest as a patriot 2.61- Pericles asserts hat Athens has no choice between war or submission, and that his policy remains correct except for the weakness of the Athenians themselves, who must overcome private grief cause by the unforeseeable plague

2.62- Pericles argues that the Athenians naval supremacy permits them to go wherever they wish at sea; that the loss of land and houses is trivial; and that they may face the war with confidence based on a true assessment of their resources 2.63- Pericles points out that the Athenian empire is a tyranny that cannot be given up without risk 2.64- Pericles concludes that all has gone according to plan except for the plague. He calls on the Athenians to cease parleying with the Spartans and to redouble their efforts to win the war 2.65- Thucydides gives an account of Pericles character, accomplishments, leadership, ect READ THIS 5TH YEAR 3.51- Nicias fortifies Minoa opposite Megara 3.52- Plataea surrenders to Sparta 3.53- The Plataeans complain of the unusual and summary form of their trial 3.54- The Plataeans claim to have helped Sparta against the Persians and the Messenian Helots 3.55- The Plataeans argue that since Sparta sent Plataea to Athens for alliance, Sparta must now accept Plataean loyalty to Athens 3.56- The Plataeans call on Sparta to deny Theban wrath and to reward past Plataean help 3.57- The Plataeans say that Spartas reputation will suffer if she permits Thebes to destroy Plataea 3.58- The Plataeans contrast themselves who car for the graves of Spartans who fell beside them fighting the Persians, with the Thebans, who fought against the Spartans with the Persians 3.59- The Plataeans conclude that they surrendered their city to Sparta, not Thebes 3.60- The Thebans ask to speak 3.61- The Thebans describe the origin of their quarrel with the Plataeans

3.62- The Thebans say their government was a tyranny when it Medized, acting against the desires of the people. Now that they have recovered their constitution, Thebes is foremost in the fight against Athenian hegemony 3.63- The Thebans criticize the Plataeans for helping the Athenians to subjugate other Hellenes 3.64- The Thebans emphasize the willingness of the Plataeans to serve Athens, pointing out that they rejected an offer to remain neutral in the current struggle 3.65- Though Theban Medizing was unwilling, Plataean citizens acted honorably to help Thebes in the attack on their own city to save it from its worst enemies 3.66- The Thebans say their intentions were not hostile, but that the Plataeans criminally violated their own agreement when they slew their prisoners 3.67- The Thebans conclude that the Plataeans are unworthy of pity, for they bear full responsibility for their plight after rejecting the Hellenes 3.68- The Plataeans are executed and their city razed 3.69- The Peloponnesian fleet returns to Cyllene 3.70- The Corcyraean oligarchs revolt 3.71- The oligarchs declare Corcyras neutrality 3.72- Corcyraean oligarchs attack The People 3.73- Both sides seek support from slaves 3.74- The oligarchs are defeated 3.75- The Athenian Nicostratus attempts to arrange a truce 3.76- The Peloponnesian fleet arrives at Corcyra 3.77- The Corcyraeans launch a disorganized naval attack 3.78- The Peloponnesians defeat the Corcyraeans at sea 3.79- The Peloponnesians fail to exploit their victory 3.80- The Peloponnesians learn of the approach of a large Athenian fleet

3.81- As the Peloponnesians flee, the Corcyraean popular faction massacres its domestic foes 3.82- Thucydides describes the evils of revolution READ THIS 3.83- More evils 3.84- Finish evils 3.85- The Corcyraean revolution leads to famine and chronic civil strive 7TH YEAR 4.1- Messana invites occupation by Syracuse and Locris and revolts from Athens 4.2- The Peloponnesians invade Attica again. An Athenian fleet leaves Piraeus for Sicily 4.3- A storm forces the Athenian fleet to put into Pylos. Demosthenes wants to fortify the place but generals refuse 4.4- The board Athenian soldiers are suddenly impulsive and decide to build a fort 4.5- The Spartans make light of the news about Pylos and permit the Athenians to complete their fort 4.6- But when Agis learns of the fort, he marches his army back to Sparta 4.7- The Athenians take hold but lose it in Mendaean Eion 4.8- The Spartans concentrate on land and sea forces attacking Pylos. Demosthenes sends for help from the Athenian fleet at Zacynthus. The Spartans plan to blockade Pylos and take it by siege. They occupy the island of Sphacteria 4.9- Demosthenes, joined by some Messenians, prepares to defend Pylos and personally leads the defense against an anticipated Spartan amphibious attack 4.10- Demosthenes addresses his troops, advising them to offer firm resistance at the waters edge and repulse the enemies 4.11- The Spartans attack by both land and sea. Brasidas displays unusual zeal and bravery 4.12- Brasidas is wounded and faints. The Athenians recover his shield and use it for their victory trophy. Thucydides notes the irony of Athenians protecting Spartan land

4.13- The Spartans attack Pylos for two days without success. The Athenian fleet from Zacynthus arrives, and unable to land at Pylos, camps for the night at Prote. The next morning it attacks the Spartans, who are taken by surprise 4.14- The Peloponnesian fleet is routed, but Spartan troops prevent the Athenians from dragging off their beached triremes. The Athenians cruise around Sphacteria to cut off the islands garrison 4.15- Worried Spartan authorities arrive at Pylos and quickly conclude an armistice 4.16- Thucydides lists the terms READ THIS 4.17- Addressing the Athenian Assembly, Spartan envoys convey their wish to settle the war in a matter consistent with Athenian interests and Spartan dignity in this time of misfortune 4.18- The Spartan envoys blame Spartas current troubles on errors of judgment, not loss of power, and urge the Athenians to use their success wisely and moderately 4.19- The Spartan envoys offer Athens a treaty of peace and alliance, pointing out that real peace must arise through generosity, not through military success that spawns a desire for revenge 4.20- The Spartan envoys conclude by saying that Athens will receive credit for the ensuing peace, which will endure, since no one in Hellas could challenge the combined hegemony of Athens and Sparta 4.21- The Athenians, swayed by the demagogic Cleon, refuse Spartas offer of peace and alliance, and instead grasp for something more 4.22- When Cleon attacks a Spartan proposal to confer in private with Athenian commissioners, the Spartan envoys recognize that the Athenians will not negotiate moderately and return to Sparta 4.23- War resumes at Pylos; the Athenians refuse to return the Peloponnesian ships and they reinforce the blockade at Sphacteria 4.24- The Syracusans reinforce their fleet at Messana and prepare to attack the Athenians at Rhegium to take control of the straight between the two cities 4.25- Fighting on land and sea between Athenians, Naxians, Rhegians, Sicels, and Leontines, on one side, and tons on the other is inconclusive 4.26- The hardships of blockading Athenians are described. Spartan Helots risk their lives to bring food to the Sphacteria garrison and thus win their freedom

4.27- The Athenians begin to regret not making peace with the Spartans and blame Cleon, who in turn blames the general Nicias for not attacking and capturing the Spartans on Sphacteria 4.28- Nicias withdraws from the command. The Athenian People now insist that Cleon take it and he does so, asking only for peltasts and archers, and promising their return victorious in twenty days 4.29- Cleon chooses Demosthenes as his partner in command and prepares to depart. Demosthenes feared the Spartans on the island although his forces far outnumbered them 4.30- A fire burns off the brush cover on the island, permitting Demosthenes to see the enemy and better plan his attack. Cleon arrives with his force. A herald is sent to demand the Spartans surrender 4.31- The Athenians embark at night and land on Sphacteria just before dawn. Spartan troops are divided into three unequal forces 4.32- The Spartan advance post is taken by surprise, and the rest of the Athenians land. Demosthenes plan to refuse close combat and attack with Spartans from all sides with missiles is described READ THIS 4.33- The main Spartan force advances, but is thwarted by Demosthenes 4.34- As the Spartans tire, the Athenians grow more confident. Blinded by dust and deafened by the noise of battle, the Spartans find it impossible either to attack or defend themselves 4.35- After many Spartans are wounded, they retire to an old fort at the end of the island, and the Athenians pursue them. There the ground favors defense and prevents encirclement. Both sides endure the torment of sun and thirst 4.36- The Messenian commander leads a force by a hidden route to a position above the Spartans, surprising them and forcing them to give way 4.37- Demosthenes and Cleon halt the advance and ask the Spartans if they will now surrender 4.38- The Spartans surrender after consulting their forces on the mainland. The Spartans have lost about 130 men. Athenian losses are small 4.39- The blockade lasted seventy- two days. Cleon returns to Athens with the prisoners, his promise fulfilled

4.40- All Greece is amazed that the Spartans at Sphacteria surrendered 4.41- The captured Spartans are imprisoned at Athens. The Messenians launch effective raids on Laconia. The Spartans send envoys to Athens to negotiate a peace, but Athenians reject always grasping for more 12TH YEAR